GIFT OF
SELECT EXTEA-TROPICAL PLANTS,
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR
tytltnn or
WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES;
BARON FEED. VON MUELLER,
« t
K.C.M.G., M.D., PH.D., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.O.S., F.K.G.S., C.M.Z.S., H.M.R.H.S., H.C.M.S.A.,
H.F.R.B.S., H.M.G.S.K., H.M.B.S.E., ETC.,
GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR VICTORIA.
Omnia enim in tisus sues creata, sunt." — SYRACH, ^xxix., 2i, 2 .
New Victorian Edition, Revised and Enlarged.
MELBOURNE: JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.
1885. CL
X
.„...... . ,
-:• -•:: : "
•*» • •. !•«•»
TO
THE HONORABLE GRAHAM BERRY, M.L.A.,
CHIEF SECRETARY OF THE COLONY OF VICTORIA,
AN ENLIGHTENED PROMOTER OF RURAL INDUSTRIES AND A GENEROUS
SUPPORTER OF THE AUTHOR'S RESEARCHES,
THIS VOLUME
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
444CG5
PREFACE
In the volumes, issued by the Victorian Acclimatisation- Society from
1871 to 1878, five contributions have appeared concerning such indus-
trial plants, as are available for culture in extra-tropical countries, or in
high mountain -regions within the tropics. These writings were mainly
offered with a view of promoting the introduction and diffusion of the
very many kinds of plants, which may be extensively reared in the
forests, fields or pastures of temperate geographic latitudes. But the
work thus originated became accessible merely to the members of the
Society, while frequent calls arose for these or some similar data, not
only throughout the Australian communities, but also abroad. The
whole was therefore re-arranged and largely supplemented, first for re-
issue in Victoria, and lately also in India, under the auspices of the
Central Government at Calcutta. Subsequently the work was likewise
honored by being reprinted, with numerous additions, for the use of
New South Wales; and at nearly the same time it went through a
German translation, by Dr. Goeze, in Herr Th. Fischer's publishing
establishment in Cassel; while last year it appeared revised and still
further augmented, more particularly for North- American use, through
the generous interest of one of the most enterprising scientific publishers
in the United States, Mr. George Davis of Detroit. The early
Victorian edition having become exhausted, the present one is offered
now, still further enlarged by such notes as could be made very recently.
As stated in the preface to the original essays, they did not claim com-
pleteness, either as a specific index to, or as a series of notes on the
respective rural or technologic applicability of the plants enumerated.
But what these writings may perhaps aspire to, is to bring together some
condensed data in popular language on all the principal utilitarian plants,
hitherto known to prosper in extra-tropical zones. Information of this
kind is widely scattered through many and often voluminous works in
several languages ; yet such volumes apply generally to countries with a
climatic zone far narrower than that, for which these pages were written.
vi Preface.
Most, but not all the books, which it was desirable to consult, were at
the author's command; Jims the necessity of further successive sup-
plements will be apparent, even irrespective of needful references to
future discoveries; because in the progress of geographic, medical, tech-
nologic and chemical inquiries many new plants are likely to be disclosed,
and additional uses of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance,
among the trees and shrubs, or herbs and grasses, occurring in the
middle and higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or, nearer to us, of New
Guinea and the Sunda-Islands, many specific forms may be expected to
occur, which we could transfer to extra-tropical countries or to moun-
tains in equinoctial regions. Moreover the writer would modestly hope,
that his local efforts may prove to be useful in other parts of the globe
for extending rural pursuits; indeed, through the generous action of an
enlightened American, Capt. Ellwood Cooper, President of the State
Board of Horticulture of California, the first fragmentary publications,
then offered for Australian use, were deemed worthy of re-issue in San
Francisco. Gradual or partial reprints had also previously appeared
in weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco and in some other
periodicals.
As already intimated, the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout
all colonial dominions and in other new States is causing a growing
desire for general and particular indications of such plants, which a
colder clime excludes from the northern countries, in which many of the
colonists spent their youth; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind,
that in all warmer latitudes, as compared with the Middle-European zone,
is existing a vastly enlarged scope for cultural choice of plants. Thus,
indicative as these notes merely are, they may yet facilitate the selection.
More extensive information can then be sought for in larger, though less
comprehensive works already extant, or likely still to be called forth by
local requirements in other countries. The writer should even not be
disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to issue, collateral to
the present volume, also another, exclusively devoted to the industrial
plants of the hotter zones, for the promotion of tropical culture, particu-
larly in our Australian continent.
Considerable difficulty was experienced in fixing the limits of such
remarks, as are admissible into the present pages, because certain plants
may be important only under particular climatic "conditions and cultural
applications, or they may have been overrated in regard to the copious-
ness and relative value of their yield. Thus it was not always easy to
sift the chaff from the grain, when these notes were gathered; the
Preface. vii
remarks, offered in these pages, might indeed under less rigorous restric-
tions have been indefinitely extended; and although the author has for
more than twenty years been watching for industrial tests the plants, intro-
duced by him into the Melbourne Botanic Garden, he had still to a very
large extent to rely implicitly on the experience of other observers
elsewhere. It may also be at once here stated, that when calculations
of measurements and weights were quoted, such always represent the
maximum as far as hitherto on record. It was not always found easy, to
fix with accuracy the geographic range of the species for this work in
concise terms, as even some of the best and newest taxologic works
relate not with sufficient distinctness; what is truly indigenous and what
merely naturalized in any particular part of the globe. Furthermore
schematic indices, to facilitate general views over the geographic dis-
tribution of plants, such as given for Australia in " a systematic census
of plants with geographic and literary annotations " have not been yet
forthcoming for any of the other great divisions of the earth with
completeness. To draw prominent attention to the primarily important
among the very many hundreds of plants, referred to in these pages, the
leading species have been designated with an asterisk. It has not been
easy in numerous instances, to trace the original source of that informa-
tion on utilitarian plants, which we find recorded in the various volumes
of phytologic or rural or technologic literature ; many original observa-
tions are however contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentham,
Bentley, Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins, Dyer, Drury,
Engelmann, Engler, Flueckiger, Fraas, Freyn, Asa Gray, Grisebach,
Hanbury, Hooker, King, Koch, Langethal, Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz,
London, Martius, Masters, Meehan, Meyer, Michaux, Naudin. Nuttall,
Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher, Eosenthal, Roxburgh, Sargent,
Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen, Witfstein and others, to whose
names reference is cursorily made in the text. The volumes of the
Agricultural Department at Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker-
Verein, of the Journal of Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Societe
d'Acclimatation de France and of several other periodicals have likewise
afforded data, utilized on this occasion.
In selecting notes from general rural literature great caution had
to be exercised, to guard against being misled by perhaps sometimes
faulty nomenclature. Furthermore in choosing or elaborating the data
for entries injo this work, it had constantly to be kept in view, that the
information is intended for the bread-winning portion of communities in
young colonies mainly if not exclusively; nothing beyond this is aimed at.
viii Preface.
In grouping together at the close of this volume all the genera-,
enumerated according to the products, which they yield, facility is afforded
for tracing out any series of plants, regarding which special economic
information may be sought, or which may at any time prominently
engage the attention of the cultivator, the manufacturer or the artisan.
Again, the placing together in index-form of the respective industrial
plants according to their geographic distribution, as has likewise been
done in the concluding pages, has rendered it easy, to order or obtain
from abroad the plants of such other countries, with which any settlers
or colonists may be in relation, through commercial, literary or other
intercourse. Lists like the present may also aid in naming the plants
and their products with scientific correctness in establishments of
economic horticulture or in technologic or other educational collections.
If the line of demarcation between the plants, admissible into this list
and those which should have been excluded, has occasionally been
extended in favor of the latter, then it must be pleaded, that the final
value of any particular species for a peculiar want, locality or treatment
cannot always be fully foretold. Doubtless, many plants of primary
importance for rural requirements, here again alluded to, have long since
been secured by intelligent early pioneers of immigration, who timely
strove to enrich the cultural resources of their adopted country. In these
efforts the writer, so far as his public or private means would permit,
has endeavored for more than a quarter of a century to take an honor-
able share. But although such plants are introduced, they are not in
all instance as yet widely diffused, nor tested in all desirable localities.
For the sake of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants have
not been passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one, to offer a few
cursory remarks on their value also.
The writer entertains a hope, that a copy of this plain volume may
find a place in the library of every educational establishment for occa-
sional and perhaps frequent reference to its pages. The increased ease
of communication, which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts of
the globe, places us now also in a fair position for independent efforts, to
suggest or promote introductions of new vegetable treasures from unex-
plored regions, or to submit neglected plants of promising value to
unbiassed original tests. It may merely be instanced, that after the
lapse of more than three centuries since the conquest of Mexico, only
the most scanty information is extant on the timber of that empire, and
that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen have been tried
with rural or chemical exactitude for pasture-purposes, not to speak of
Preface. ix
many prominently utilitarian trees, shrubs and herbs, restricted to cool
mountain-regions elsewhere within the tropics, but never yet carried to the
lowlands of higher latitudes. For inquiries of such kind every civilized
State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully directed and
generously supported special scientific establishments the needful aid,
not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort and enjoyment of the
present generation, but also with an anticipation of earning the gratitude
of posterity ; and this, as a rule, is done with a sensitive jealousy, to
maintain also thereby the fair fame of the country for scientific dignity
and industrial development. Friendly consideration will recognize the
fact, that a desire to arouse more and more such a spirit of emulation has
much inspired the writer, to offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened
statesmanship far and wide will foster the aims, which he has had in
view, through liberal and circumspect support.
Melbourne, August 1885.
SELECT PLANTS,
EEADILY ELIGIBLE FOE INDUSTEIAL CULTUBE
IN
EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
Aberia Caffra, J. Hooker and Harvey.
The " Kai- Apple" of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves
for hedges ; it bears only slight frost. The rather large fruits are
edible, and can be converted into preserves. Allied South-African
species are A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder).
Acacia acuminata, Bentham.
A kind of " Myall" from Western Australia, attaining a height of
40 feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that of raspberries.
It is the best of West- Australian woods for charcoal. The stems
much sought for fence-posts, very lasting for this purpose, even when
selected young. A similar tree with hard and scented wood is A.
Doratoxylon (A. Cunn.), of the dry regions of South-Eastern Australia.
Acacia aneura, F. v. Mueller.
Arid desert-interior of extra-tropic Australia. A tree never more
than 25 feet high. The principal " Mulga " tree. Mr. S. Dixon
praises it particularly as valuable for fodder of pastoral animals;
hence it might locally serve for ensilage. Mr. W. Johnson found in
the foliage a considerable quantity of starch and gum, rendering it
nutritious. Cattle and sheep browse on the twigs of this and some
allied species, even in the presence of plentiful grass, and are much
sustained by such Acacias in seasons of protracted drought. Drome-
daries in Australia crave for the Mulga as food. Wood excessively
hard, dark -brown, used preferentially by the natives for boomerangs,
sticks to lift edible roots, end-shafts of Phragmites-spears, woomerangs,
nulla-nullas and jagged spear-ends.
Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.
The "Kikar" or " Babur." Northern and Central Africa, also
. in South-Western Asia, growing in dry, calcareous soil. This small
tree can be utilized for thorny hedges. It furnishes one of the best
2 •'• Select Plants for Industrial Culture
'. . 'kinds of gum. ara-bl-e for medicinal and technical purposes. The lac-
insect lives also on the foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly
yielded by this tree. The stem attains a circumference of 10 feet.
The astringent pods are valuable for tanning, also the bark, which is
known as "Baboot" bark; the wood is very durable if water-seasoned,
extensively used for wheels, well-curbs and many kinds of imple-
ments, also for the knees and planks of boats. This species is of com-
paratively quick growth. A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) is among the
species, which yield gum arabic in North- Africa. A. latronum
(Willdenow) and A. modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India
according to Dr. Brandis.
Acacia armata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much grown
for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge-plants,
and not so fire-proof. More important for covering coast-sand with
an unapproachable prickly vegetation.
Acacia binervata, I>e Candolle.
Extra- tropical East- Australia. A tree attaining a height of 40 feet.
The bark used by tanners, but not quite so valuable as that of A.
decurrens (W. Dovegrove).
Acacia Catechu, Willdenow.
India, East- Africa, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining 40 feet in
height. Will bear some frost (Brandis). Wood hard, heavy, ex-
tremely durable, locally chosen for underground posts, particularly
also mill-work. The extract prepared from the bark and heartwood
is the catechu of medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is worth
about £25 per ton; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of cutch. A.
Suma (Kurz) is closely allied.
Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.
The " Espino " of the present inhabitants of Chili, the " Cavan "
of the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard wood,
resisting underground-moisture. The plant is well adapted for hedges.
The husks contain 32 per cent, tannin (Sievers), particularly valuable
as a dye-material.
Acacia Cebil, Grisebach. (Piptadenia Cebil, Grisebach.)
La Plata-States. This is one of the most useful of all trees there,
on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannic acid; a
species well worthy of introduction elsewhere, even as an ornamental
tree. Numerous other Acaciae, particularly the Australian species,
deserve yet tests for tannin.
Acacia concinna, De Candolle,
India, China. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge-shrub.
The pod contains saponin.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. &
Acacia dealbata, Link.
Sou th-Eas tern Australia and Tasmania. This tree is generally
known amongst Australian colonists as Silver- Wattle. It prefers for
its habitation humid river-banks, and sometimes attains there a height
of 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough timber used by coopers and
other artisans, but principally serving as select fuel of great heating
power. The bark of this variety is much thinner and greatly inferior
in quality to that of the Black Wattle, yielding only about half the
quantity of tannin-principle. It is chiefly employed for lighter leather.
This tree is distinguished from the Black Wattle by the silvery or
rather ashy hue of its young foliage: it flowers early in spring, ripen-
ing its seeds in about 5 months, while the Black Wattle occurs chiefly
on drier ridges, blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of summer,
and its seeds do not mature in less than about 14 months.
Acacia decurrens, Willdenow.*
The Black Wattle. ' From the eastern part of South -Australia,
through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of Queens-
land, also in Tasmania. A small or middle-sized tree. Its wood is
used for staves, for turners' work, occasionally also for axe- and pick-
handles and many other purposes; it supplies an excellent firewood;
a chief use of the tree would be also, to afford the first shelter in
treeless localities for raising forests. Its bark, rich in tannin, and
its gum, not dissimilar to gum arabic, render this tree highly im-
portant. The English price of the bark ranges generally from £8 to
£11. In Melbourne it averages about £5 to £8 per ton. It varies,
so far as experiments made in my laboratory have shown, in its con-
tents of tannic principle from 30 to 40 per cent, in bark completely
dried. In the mercantile bark the percentage is somewhat less, ac-
cording to the state of its dryness — it retaining about 10 per cent,
moisture. 1J Ibs. of Black Wattle-bark give 1 Ib. of leather, whereas
5 Ibs. of English Oak-bark are requisite for the same results, but the
tannic principle of both is not absolutely identical. Melbourne tan-
ners consider a ton of Black Wattle-bark sufficient to tan 25 to 30
hides; it is best adapted for sole-leather and other so-called heavy
goods. The leather is fully as durable as that tanned with oak -bark,
and nearly as good in color. Bark carefully stored for a season im-
proves in tanning power considerably. From experiments made
under the author's direction it appears, that no appreciable difference
exists in the percentage of tannin in Wattle-bark, whether obtained
in the dry or in the wet season. The tannin of this Acacia yields a
gray precipitate with ferric, and a violet color with ferrous salts; it
is completely precipitated from a strong aqueous solution by means
of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark improves by age and
desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent, of catechu, rather more than
half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of potash added in a
minute quantity to the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces
a ruby -red liquid, fit for dye-purposes; and this solution gives with
the salts of sub-oxide of iron black pigments, and with the salts of the
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
full oxide of iron red-brown dyes. As far back as 1823 a fluid extract
of Wattle-bark was shipped to London, fetching then the extraordinary
price of £50 per ton, one ton of bark yielding 4 cwt. of extract of
tar-consistence (Simmonds), thus saving much freight and cartage.
Tan extract is best obtained from the bark by hydraulic pressure
and evaporation of the strong liquid thus obtained in wide pans under
steam-heat, or better still, to avoid any decomposition of the tannic
acid, by evaporation under a strong current of cold air. For cutch
or terra japonica the infusion is carefully evaporated by gentle heat.
The estimation of tannic acid in Acacia barks is effected most expe-
ditiously by filtering the aqueous decoction of the bark after cooling,
evaporating the solution and then re-dissolving the residue in alcohol
and determining the weight of the tannic principle obtained by
evaporating the filtered alcoholic solution to perfect dryness.
The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being
effected by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be obtained
in Melbourne at about 5s. per lb., which contains from 30,000 to
50,000 grains ; they are known to retain their vitality for several
years. For discrimination in mercantile transactions it may be noted,
that the seeds of the genuine A. decurrens are somewhat smaller, com-
paratively shorter, rounder and not so flat as those of A. dealbata,
while the funicular appendage does not extend so far along the seeds,
nor is the pod quite so broad ; from those of A. pycnantha they differ
in being shorter, thus more ovate than oblong.
Seeds should be soaked in warm water before sowing. Any bare,
sterile, unutilized place might most remuneratively be sown with this
Wattle- Acacia; the return could be expected in from five to ten years.
Full-grown trees, which supply also the best quality, yield as much
as 1 cwt. of bark. Mr. J. Dickinson states, that he has seen 10 cwt. of
bark obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions at Southport.
A quarter of a ton of bark was obtained from one tree at Tambo
without stripping all the limbs. The height of this tree was 60 feet,
and the stem 2 feet in diameter. The rate of growth of the tree is
about 1 inch in diameter of stem annually. It is content with the
poorest and driest soil, although in more fertile ground it shows
greater celerity of growth. This Acacia is perhaps the most impor-
tant of all tan-yielding trees of the warm temperate zones, for its
strength in tannic acid, its rapidity of growth, its contenteduess with
almost any soil, the ease with which it can be reared and its early
yield of tanner's bark, and indeed also gum and stave-wood. This
tree is to be recommended for poor land, affected with sorrel. It is
hardier than Eucalyptus globulus, thus enduring the climate of South
England, although it hardly extends to sub-alpine elevations.
The wood of this Acacia, particularly when the trees are in an
unhealthy state, is sometimes bored by the large larva of a moth,
namely that of Eudoxyla Eucalypti.
For fuller information the " Report on Wattle-bark," presented in
1878 to the Parliament of Victoria by a special commission, may be
referred to.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 5
Acacia estrophiolata, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia. A tree, attaining a height of 30 feet and a stem-
diameter of 1 foot, enduring the extremest of dry heat; suitable for
cemeteries on account of its pendent branches. It flowers almost con-
stantly, and accommodates itself to all sorts of soil, even sand. Wood
very durable, locally much used for implements and especially wheel-
wright's work (Rev. H. Kempe). Bark rich in tannin.
Acacia excelsa, Bentham.
The Ironbark-Acacia of Queensland, extending into New South
Wales. Attains a height of 80 feet. Branches pendent. The wood
is dark-colored, hard, heavy and durable, well adapted for furniture
and implements ; towards the centre it is of a deep pinkish color.
The tree exudes a large quantity, of clear gum (O'Shanesy), and
sprouts again from the root after the stem is cut. Also particularly
eligible for cemeteries.
Acacia falcata, Willdenow.
Extra-tropical East-Australia. A small tree. Important for its
bark in tanneries.
Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow.
Dioscorides' small Acacia. Indigenous to Southern Asia; found
eastward as far as Japan; a native also of the warmer parts of Aus-
tralia, as far south as the Darling-River; found spontaneous in tropical
and sub-tropical America, but apparently not in tropical Africa.
Professor Fraas has recognized in this Acacia the ancient plant. The
scented flowers, inappropriately called "cassie" flowers, are much
sought for perfumery, and develop successively. This species may
well be utilized as a hedge-plant ; a kind of gum arabic may also be
obtained from it. The scent perhaps obtainable from the fresh and
slightly moist flowers by gentle dry distillation under mere steam-heat.
Ordinarily the odorous essential oil is withdrawn from the flowers by
the enfleurage-process ; many Australian Acacias might be thus
treated for perfumery.
Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.
South-Queensland. Tree, sometimes to 70 feet high; branches
pendent. Desirable for culture on account of the excellence of its
easily worked dark wood. Eligible also for cemeteries.
Acacia giraffae, Willdenow.
South- Africa. The Camel-Thorn. This tree attains a great age
and a height of 40 feet. The trunk assumes a large size, and sup-
plies a wood of great hardness. The tree will grow on the driest
soil and in the hottest clime.
Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow.
Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about 60 feet.
A kind of " Myall," with hard, dark, prettily grained wood, which
is however less fragrant than that of some other species.
6 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Acacia gummifera, Willdenow.
This tree yields principally the Gum Arabic of Morocco. (Sir
Joseph Hooker and John Ball.) The principal collecting time
extends over six weeks in midsummer.
Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland. A tree, sometimes attaining a height of 90
feet, furnishing locally a considerable share of the mercantile wattle-
bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. P. O'Shanesy,
brown, hard, heavy and elastic, of violet odor; it splits freely and
is thus also well adapted for fancy lathe-work ; used by the natives for
spears. The tree grows naturally on sand-lands, almost to the
exclusion of other trees and shrubs. Saplings used as stakes in vine-
yards have lasted 20 years and more. The tree yields also consider-
able quantities of gum. It is one of the principal " Brigalows " in.
the scrubs of that designation.
Acacia heteroclita, Meissner.
South- Western Australia. This or an allied species furnishes a
particular sort of edible gum, called by the autochthones " Quannot."
(Hon. John Forrest.)
Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham.
The Victorian " Myall," extending into the deserts of South-Aus-
tralia and New South Wales. Never a tall tree. The dark-brown
wood is much sought for turners' work on account of its solidity and
fragrance; perhaps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of
tobacco-pipes. Allied species pass under the aboriginal appellation
"Boree."
Acacia horrida, Willdenow.
The "Doornboom" or "Karra-Doorn" of South- Africa. A for-
midable hedge-bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily available
for impenetrable hedge-rows. It exudes also a gum of good quality,
but often of amber-color. This is the principal species used for
tanners' bark in South-Africa, where Leucospermum conocarpum
(R. Br.) is also extensively employed for the same purpose (Me
Gibbon). It imparts however an unpleasant odor to the leather
made with it (McOwan).
Acacia implexa, Bentham.
Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle size,
content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark-brown with
yellowish stripes; much in demand for turnery, cogwheels and other
purposes, which need tenacity and strength (Dickinson). Bark
available for tanneries.
Acacia Koa, A. Gray.
Hawaii ; there one of the most valuable of timber-trees. Stem
reaching a height of 60 feet, topped by wide-spreading phyllodinous
foliage. Wood easy to work, particularly in a fresh state; formerly
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 7
much used for boat-building and for building purposes generally;
also suitable for cabinet-work. Species of Metrosideros, some
ascending to 8,000 feet, one overtopping all other trees, furnish a
large share of hard, tough and very durable timber in the Hawaian
islands. Their wood varies from a light red to a purplish hue.
(Hon. Judge McCully.)
Acacia leiophylla, Bentham.* (A. saligna, Bentham not Wendland.)
South- Western Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for
tanners' bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for avenues ;
emitting suckers. The weeping habit fits it particularly also for
cemeteries. The bark contains nearly 30 per cent, of mimosa-tannin,
and is extensively used by tanners in West-Australia. Perfectly
dried leaves yield from 7 to 8 per cent, mimosa-tannic acid, giving a
lead-precipitate of a light yellow color; the leaves contain also a
considerable quantity of sulphate of lime. The London price of fair
West- Australian gum arabic from this species was from 46s. to 49s.
per cwt. in 1879. The tree has proved in Algeria to resist the sirocco
better than most species (Dr. Bonand). A. cyanophylla (Lindley) is
a closely allied species, serving the same purposes.
Acacia longifolia, Willdenow.
South-Eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this list,
inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophoras (R. Brown)
renders most important service in subduing loose coast-sand, the lower
branches striking root into the soil ; it should therefore be disseminated
on extensively bare sand- shores in regions, where no severe frosts
occur. The bark of A. longifolia is only half as good as that of
A. decurrens for tanning, and used chiefly for sheep-skins. The tree
is of quick growth — 20 to 30 feet in o to 6 years (Hartmann).
Acacia macrantha, Bentham.
From Mexico to Argentina, also in the Galapagos-Group. This
tree, usually small, provides the " Cuji-pods " for tanning (Sim-
monds).
Acacia Melanoxylon, R. Brown.*
South-Eastern Australia. Generally known as Blackwood-tree,
passing also under the inappropriate name of Lightwood-tree. In
irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80 feet,
with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most valuable for
furniture, railroad-cars and carriages, boat-building (stem and stern-
post, ribs, rudder), for tool-handles, crutches, some portions of the
work of organ-builders, casks, billiard-tables, pianofortes (for sound-
boards and actions) and numerous other purposes. The fine-grained
wood is cut into veneers; it takes a fine polish, and is considered
almost equal to walnut. The best wood in Victoria for bending under
steam; it does not warp and twist. Local experiments gave the
strength in transverse strain of Blackwood equal to Eucalyptus-
wood of middling strength, approaching that of the American White
8 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Oak, and surpassing that of the Kauri. The bark contains about 20
per cent, mimosa-tannin. The tree has proved, with A. decurrens
and A. dealbata, hardy in the Isle of Arran (Rev. D. Landsborough).
Acacia microbotrya, Bentham.
South- Western Australia. " The Badjong." A comparatively tall
species, the stem attaining a diameter of 1 to 1^ feet. It prefers
river-valleys, and lines brooks naturally. According to Mr. Geo.
Whitfield, a single tree may yield 50 Ibs. of gum in a season. The
aborigines store the gum in hollow trees for winter use ; it is of
a pleasant, sweetish taste.
Acacia moniliformis, Grisebach.
Argentina. The " Tusca." The young pods are used for feeding
horses and cattle (Dr. Lorentz), like those of Acacia Cavenia in
South- Western America.
Acacia pendula, Cunningham.
New South Wales and Queensland, generally in marshy tracts
of the interior. The " Weeping Myall." Reaching 35 feet in height.
Wood violet-scented, hard, close-grained, beautifully marked ; used by
cabinet-makers and turners, in high repute for tobacco-pipes (W.
Hill). The tree is desirable for cemeteries.
Acacia penninervis, Sieber.
Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. A small tree, so
hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains about 18
per cent, of tannin.
Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*
Victoria and South- Australia. The "Golden Wattle " of the
colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height of about 30
feet, is second only to A. decurrens in importance for its yield of
tanners' bark ; the quality of the latter is even sometimes superior to
that of the Black Wattle, but the yield is less, as the tree is smaller
and the bark thinner. It is a tree of rapid growth, content with
almost any soil, but is generally found in poor sandy ground, particu-
larly near the sea-coast, where A. decurrens would not succeed, and
thus also important for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted
by me have proved the absolutely dried bark to contain about 30
per cent tanning principle, full-grown sound trees supplying the best
quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced by boil-
ing to a dry extract, which in medicinal and other respects is equal to
the best Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia Catechu and A.
Suma. It yields nearly 30 per cent., about half of which or more is
mimosa-tannic acid. This catechu is also of great use for preserving
against decay articles subject to exposure in water, such as ropes,
nets and fishing-lines. The fresh leaves yield 6 per cent, and dry
leaves 15 to 16 per cent, of mimosa -tannin. While, according to
Mr. Simmoiads, the import of the bark of oaks and hemlock-spruce
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 9
into England becomes every year less, and while the import of sumach
and gambir does not increase, the annual demand for tanning sub-
stance has within the last twenty years been doubled. A. pycnantha
is also important for its copious yield of gum, which is in some
localities advantageously collected for home-consumption and also for
export. The wood, though not of large dimensions, is well adapted
for staves, handles of various implements and articles of turnery,
especially bobbins (Dickinson). By improved methods, the fragrant
oil of the flowers could doubtless be fixed, though its absolute isolation
might be difficult and uuremunerative. The tree as a rule seeds well.
Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal.
South-Eastern Australia. Ascertained so early as 1846 by Dr.
Hermann Behr to yield a good tanners' bark and much gum. This
Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect almost exceptional. It
likes river-banks, but never grows beyond the height of a small tree.
A. neriifolia (A. Cunningham) of New South Wales is a closely
allied species.
Acacia Sentis, F. v. Mueller.
Interior of Australia. This shrub or small tree is suitable for
hedges. The seeds of this species and also of A. Kempeana, A.
cibaria and some others are eaten by the natives. Horses, cattle,
sheep and camels browse in Central Australia with avidity on the
foliage (Rev. H. Kempe). This species will endure most protracted
drought and a shade-temperature of 118° F.
Acacia Seyal, Delile.
In the Libyan and Nubian Deserts. This thorny tree exudes a
brownish kind of gum arabic. It is adapted for the most arid desert-
country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady tree. Native
name " Soffar." Can be utilized for thorny hedges as well as A.
tortilis (Forskael), the latter also yielding gum arabic.
Acacia stenocarpa, Hochstetter.
Abyssinia and Nubia. A large tree, which yields the brownish
" Suak-" or " Talha "-Gum, a kind of gum arabic. (Hanbury and
Flueckiger.)
Acacia stenophylla, Cunningham.
On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far south
as the Murray-River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark wood,
serving the same purposes as Myall-wood, and also known as Iron-
wood. Attains a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 2 feet.
Acacia supporosa, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia. Straight stems over 50 feet long are
formed by this tree; the wood is tough and elastic, fit for carriage-
shafts, gunstocks, various select tools. (L. Morton.)
B 2
10 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Acacia Verek, Guillemin and Perrottet.
From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum arabic
of the Nile-region, and a large quantity of this on a commercial scale.
A. Etbaica (Schweinfurth) from the same region produces also a
good mercantile gum.
Acanthophoenix rubra, H. Wendland.
Mauritius and Reunion. This palm has proved hardy in Florida,
also as far south as Sydney (C. Moore). Height reaching 60 feet.
The upper rings of the stem are of a bright red. In gardens usually
passing as an Areca.
Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch.
In the deserts of Angola, Benguela and Damarland. This thorny
erect, cucurbitaceous shrub bears fruit of the size and color of oranges
and of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also edible. No rain
occurs in the Acanthosicyos- and Welwitschia-region, but the mean
heat does not exceed 70° F. and the soil is kept somewhat moist
through capillarity from beneath.
Acer Campbellii, J. Hooker and Thomson.
The chief Maple of the North-Eastern Himalayas. A large tree.
Freely reproduced by seed or coppice. Wood pale, close-grained,
particularly valuable for planking (Gamble).
Acer campestre, Linn^.
The British Maple. Extends from South- and Middle-Europe to
Northern Africa, also to many parts of Asia. Height reaching 40
feet, in shelter and deep soil; the yellow and purple tints of its foliage
in autumn render the tree then particularly beautiful. Occurs in Nor-
way to 63° 26' N. L. (Prof. Schuebeler). The wood is compact and
fine-grained, and sought for choice furniture, machinery and musical
instruments. The tree can be trimmed into hedges. Comparatively
quick in growth, and easily raised from seed. These remarks apply
to many kinds of maples.
Acer circinatum, Pursh.
The Vine-Maple of North- Western America, forming in some
parts of Oregon impenetrable forests on account of its long branches
bending to the ground and striking root; its autumnal tint gives
quite a picture to the landscape.' The stem is sometimes 40 feet
long, but slender. Found to be hardy as far north as Christiania
or even Nyborg, in lat. 70° 10', where the mean annual temperature
is 29° F., the highest 95° and the lowest — 40° F. (Professor Schue-
beler). The wood is heavier and of closer grain than that of A.
macrophyllum (Dr. Gibbons); very tough, used for helves.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (.4. saccharinum, Linne".)
The Silver-Maple of North-America. Requires a rather warmer
climate than the other American maples, but has proved hardy in
Norway as far as 59° 55' N. (Schuebeler). Height reaching 50 feet;
stem sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Much praised for street-planting;
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 11
growth comparatively rapid. It produces no suckers, nor is the tree
subject to disease. A most beautiful tree, with a stout stem and a
magnificent crown, growing best on the banks of rivers with limpid
water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy ground, where the
Red Maple takes its place. The wood is pale and soft, of less
strength and durability than that of many of its congeners, but makes
excellent charcoal. It may be cut into extreme thinness for wood-
paperhangings (Simmonds). The tree also yields maple-sugar, though
not in such quantity as A. saccharinum. With other maples, an
early yielder of honey to bees.
Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Large Oregon-Maple. From British Columbia to Northern
Mexico. A fine shade-tree of quick growth; sometimes reaching a
height of 90 feet; stem attaining 16 feet in circumference; wood
whitish, beautifully veined; delights on banks of streams. The
inner bark can be utilized for baskets, hats and superior mats; the
hard and close wood is a substitute for hickory. The wood when
curled is splendid for ornamental work. Maple-sugar is also manu-
factured from the sap of this species (Sargent).
Acer Neglindo, Linne. (Negundo aceroides,M.oench.)
The Box-elder of North-America. Hardy in Norway to 59° 55'
N. (Schuebeler). A tree, deciduous like the rest of the maples; may
attain a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in saccharine sap;
according to Vasey it contains almost as much as the Sugar-maple.
In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree. Cultivated, the
stem attains about 8 inches in diameter in 8 years (Brewer). The
wood is yellow, marked with violet and rosy veins (Simmonds).
Rate of stem- girth in Nebraska about 2 feet in fourteen years
(Governor Furnas).
Acer niveum, Blume.
Continental and Insular India, up on the forest-ranges. This is
the tallest of the maples, attaining a height of 150 feet. Several
other large maples, worthy of cultivation particularly in parks, occur
on the mountains of India.
Acer palmatum, Thunberg.
Japan. A beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves; various varie-
ties with red- and yellow-tinged leaves occur. Unhurt by frost at 0°
F. (Gorlie). Should it be an aim, to bring together all the kinds of
maples, which could be easily grown in appropriate spots, then Japan
alone would furnish 22 species.
Acer pictum, Thunberg.
From Persia to Japan. Ascending the Himalayas to 9,000 feet.
Foliage turning yellow and red in autumn. Wood close-grained and
elastic, particularly sought for load-poles, ploughs, chairs and various
implements and utensils (Brandis); twigs lopped off for fodder
(Gamble).
12 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Acer platanoides, Linne.
The Norway-Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to 80
feet high. Found hardy in Norway (cultivated) to 67° 56' N.;
attained in 59° 46' a stem-diameter of 3^ feet (Schuebeler). The
pale wood much used by cabinet-makers. Tint of the autumn-foliage
golden-yellow. The tree is of imposing appearance, and much recom-
mended for ornamental gardening; it gives a denser shade than most
of the other maples. Sap of this species also saccharine.
Acer Pseudo-Platanus, Linne.
The Sycamore-Maple, or Spurious Plane. Middle and Southern
Europe, Western Asia. Hardy to 67° 56' N. in Norway (Schue-
beler). The celebrated maple at Trons, under which the Grisons
swore the oath of union in 1424, exists still (Langethal). Attains a
height of over 100 feet. The wood is compact and firm, valuable for
various implements, instruments and cabinet-work; thus mangles,
presses, dishes, printing and bleaching works, beetling-beams, and in
foundries the patterns are often made of this wood (Simmonds) ; for
the back, neck, sides and circle of violins, for pianofortes (portion of
the mechanism) and harps it is utilized, it being free-cutting and
clean on the end-grain. This like some other maples furnishes a
superior charcoal for intense and continuous heat (Hartig). Will
admit of exposure to sea-air. The sap also saccharine.
Acer rubrum, Linne.
The Red Maple of North- America. Hardy in Norway to 63° 26'
N. (Schuebeler). A tree, attaining over 100 feet in height, 5 feet
in stem-diameter. This species grows well with several other maples
even in dry, open localities, although the foliage may somewhat
suffer from hot winds, but thrives most luxuriantly in swampy,
fertile soil. It is valued for street-planting. The foliage turns red
in autumn, the flaming tints being indescribable (A. J. Cook). The
wood is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for
saddle-trees, yokes, turnery and various furniture; that of old trees
is somewhat cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion of the curled
Maple-wood, which is so beautiful and much in request for gun-
stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also Maple-sugar, but like A.
dasycarpum, only in about half the quantity obtained from A. sac-
charinum (Porcher). The flowers of some, if not all, maples are
early frequented by bees for honey.
Acer sacch.ari.nuni, Wangenheim.* (A. nigrum, Michaux.)
The Sugar- or Rock-Maple; one of the largest of the genus.
Eastern North- America, extending to Arizona. It is the national
emblem of Canada. In the cooler latitudes often 80 or rarely 120
feet high, with a stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter. Hardy to 59° 55'" N.
in Norway (Schuebeler). The wood is strong, tough, hard, close-
grained, of rosy tinge, and when well seasoned is used for axle-trees,
spokes, shafts, poles and furniture, exteriors of pianos, saddle-trees,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 13
wheel-wrights' work, wooden dishes, founders' patterns and flooring;
not apt to warp; preferred for shoe-lasts; when knotty or curly it fur-
nishes the Bird's-eye and Curly Maple- wood. From the end of Feb-
ruary till the early part of April the trees, when tapped, will yield
the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted into Maple-
sugar, each tree yielding 12 to 24 gallons of sap in a season, 3 to 6
gallons giving 1 Ib. of sugar; but exceptionally the yield may rise to
100 and more gallons. The tapping process commences at the age of
20 years, and may be continued for 40 years or more without destruc-
tion of the tree (G. Maw). According to Porcher, instances are on
record of 33 Ibs. of sugar having been obtained from a single tree in
one season. The Sugar-Maple is rich in potash, furnishing a large
proportion of this article in the United States. The bark is import-
ant for the manufacture of several American dyes. The tree is par-
ticularly recommendable in Australia for sub-alpine regions. It bears
a massive head of foliage on a slender stem. The autumnal coloring is
superb. In the Eastern States of North-America the Sugar-Maple is
regarded as the best tree for shade-avenues. Numerous other maples
exist, among which may be mentioned Acer Creticum (Linne) of
South- Europe, 40 feet; A. laevigatum, A. sterculiaceum and A.
villosum (Wallich) of Nepal, 40 feet'.
Achillea Millefolium, Linn&
Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia and North- America.
A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astringency, pervaded with
essential oil, containing also a bitter principle (achillein) and a peculiar
acid, which takes its name from the generic appellation of the plant.
Fitted for warrens and light sandy soil. Recommended by many for
sheep-pastures, but disregarded by Langethal. Found indigenous in
Norway as far as 71° 10' N. (Schuebeler).
Achillea moschata, Wulfen.
Alps of Europe. The " Genipi " or " Iva " of the Swiss. This
perennial herb ought to bear transferring to any other alpine moun-
tains. With the allied A. nana (Linne) and A. atrata (Linne) it enters
as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea. A. fragran-
tissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby species from the deserts of Egypt,
Turkey and Persia, valuable for its medicinal flowers.
Achras Sapota, Linn^. (Sapota Achras, Miller.)
The " Sapodilla-Plum " of the West-Indies and Central America.
A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit. Yields also gutta-
percha. The bark possesses tonic properties. Achras Australis (R.
Brown; Sideroxylon australe, J. Hooker), a tree yielding also tole-
rably good fruit, occurs in New South Wales and Queensland. Other
sapotaceous trees, producing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa
(the Marmalade-tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito
(the Star- Apple), all from West India, and Lucuma Cainito of Peru,
might also be subjected to trial-culture in sub-tropical forest-valleys;
14 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
so furthermore many of the trees of this order, from which gutta-
percha is obtained (species of Dichopsis, Isonandra, Sideroxylon,
Cacosmanthus, Illipe, Mimusops, Imbricaria and Payeuia) might prove
hardy in sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an equable
humid and mild climate, than the heat of the torrid zone.
Aconitum Napellus, Linn4.
The " Monk's Hood." In the colder parts of Europe and Asia,
extending to the Himalayas and also to arctic America, especially in
mountainous regions. A powerful medicinal plant of perennial growth,
but sometimes only of biennial duration, variable in its forms. It
was first introduced into Australia, together with a number of other
Aconites, by the writer. All the species possess more or less modi-
fied medicinal qualities, as well in their herbage as in their roots; but
so dangerously powerful are they, that the plants should never be ad-
ministered except as prescribed by a qualified physician. Napellus-
root contains three alkaloids: aconitin, napellin and narcotin. The
foliage contains also a highly acrid volatile principle, perhaps chemi-
cally not unlike that of many other Ranunculaceae. Aconitin, one of
the most potent poisons in existence, can likewise be obtained from
the highly powerful Nepalese and Himalayan Aconitum ferox
(Wallich) and probably from several other species of the genus.
Acorus Calamus, Linn£.
The " Sweet Flag." Europe, Middle and Northern Asia, North-
America. In Norway indigenous to 61° N., cultivated up to 63° 26'
(Schuebeler). A perennial pond- or marsh-plant. The aromatic
root is used as a stomachic and also in the preparation of confec-
tionery, in the distillation of gin and liqueurs, and in the brewing of
some kinds of beer. The flavor of the root depends mainly on a
peculiar volatile oil.
Acrocomia Mexicana, Karwinski.
Mexico, in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet, with a mean -tempera-
ture of 65° F. (Drude). A prickly palm, reaching 20 feet in height,
accompanied by very splendid Chamsedora-Palms in the shade of oak-
forests. A. Totai (Martius) of Argentina yields sweet fruit.
Actsea spicata, Linn£.
The " Baneberry." On wooded mountains, mainly on limestone-
soil in Europe, Northern Asia and North- America. A perennial
medicinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar acrid and bitter as
well as tonic principles. In North- America this species and likewise
A. alba (Bigelow) are also praised as efficacious antidotes against
ophidian poisons.
Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon.
Southern Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations
" Queule, Nuble and Aracua." Wood durable and beautifully
veined. Fruit edible.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 15
Adesmia balsamica, Bertero.
The " Jarilla " of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding
a fragrant balsam of some technic value (Philippi).
jiEglceras majus, Gaertner.
Southern Asia, Polynesia, Northern and Eastern Australia. This
spurious Mangrove-tree extends far south into New South Wales. It
may be employed for preventing the washing away of mud by the
tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to inundation by sea-
floods.
-ZEschynomene aspera. Linn£.
The " Solah " of tropical Asia and Africa. A large perennial erect
or floating swamp-plant. Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of
Melbourne early into the tropical parts of Australia. Pith-hats are
made from the young stems of this plant; this pith is also a substi-
tute for cork in some of its uses. The Solah is of less importance for
cultivation than for naturalization.
Californica, Nuttall.
California. This beautiful tree attains a height of 50 feet, with a
stem 6 feet in diameter, the crown spreading out exceptionally over a
width of 60 feet, the upper branches touching the ground. In full
bloom it is a magnificent ornament, with its crowded snow-white.
flowers, visible for a long distance. The wood is light and porous,
and used for the yokes of oxen and for various other implements
(Dr. Gibbons).
^Bsculus Hippocastanum, Linn£.
The " Horse-Chestnut Tree." Indigenous to North-Greece,
Thessaly and Epirus, on high ranges (Heldreich), where it is asso-
ciated with the Walnut, several Oaks and Pines, at an altitude of
3-4,000 feet, occurring likewise in Imeretia, the Caucasus (Eichwald),
and possibly wild also in Central Asia, ascending the Himalayas to
10,000 feet. One of the most showy of deciduous trees, more parti-
cularly when during spring "it has reached the meridian of its glory,
and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms."
Height reaching 60 feet, circumference of stem sometimes 16 feet.
In cool climates one of the choicest of trees for street-planting.
Flowers sought by bees in preference to those of any other northern
tree except the Linden. Even in Norway, in latitude 67° 56' N., a
cultivated tree attained a height of 60 feet and a stem-circumference
of 11 feet (Schuebeler). It will succeed even in sandy soil, but
likes sheltered spots. The wood adapted for furniture, also par-
ticularly for mould-patterns in casting, the slips of pianofortes and
a variety of other purposes ; it remains free from insects. The
seeds yield starch copiously, and supply also food for various domestic
animals; the bark serves as a good tanning material. A variety
is known with thornless fruits. Three species occur in Japan and
several in North-America and South- Asia, mostly not of great height.
16 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
JEsculus Indica, Colebrooke.
In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet. Height finally
50 feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth of
25 feet. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the Horse-
Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree. Twigs lopped off for fodder
in India. Wood whitish, soft, available for various purposes, parti-
cularly liked for water-troughs, drinking-vessels, platters (Gamble).
Other Asiatic species are A. Punduana (Wallich), A. Chinensis
(Bunge), A. dissimilis (Blume).
JEsculllS lutea, Warigenheim. (A. flava, Aiton.)
The " Buck-eye." North- America. This showy tree rises occa-
sionally to a height of 80 feet. The wood is light, soft and porous,
not inclined to split or crack in drying. It is valuable for troughs,
bread-trays, wooden bowls and shuttles (Simmonds) ; also for ceiling
and wainscoting (Mohr).
JEsculus turbinata, Blume.
Japan. Allied to A. Chinensis. The seeds are there used for
human food.
Agaricus csesareus, Schaeffer.
In the spruce-forests of Middle and Southern Europe. Trials
might be made, to naturalize this long famed and highly delicious
mushroom in our woodlands. It attains a width of nearly one foot,
and is of a magnificent orange-color. Numerous other edible
Agarics could doubtless be brought into this country by the mere
dispersion of the spores in fit localities. As large or otherwise
specially eligible may here be mentioned, on the authority of Dr.
Rosenthal, who alludes to many more, A. extinctorius L., A. melleus
Vahl, A. deliciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Cardarella Fr., A.
Marzuolus Fr., A. Eryngii Cand., A. splendens Pers., A. odorus
Bulliard, A. auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt., A. esculentus Wulf.^
A. mouceron Tratt., A. socialis Cand., A. laccatus Scop., all from
Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species from other
parts of the globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible species, sold
in Silesia and other parts of Germany: A. decorus Fries, A. fusipes
Bull., A. gambosus Fries, A. procerus Scop., A. scorodonius Fries,
A. silvaticus Schaeff., A. virgineus Wulf., A. volemus Fries, besides
the almost cosmopolitan A. campestris Linne and A. arvensis
Schaeffer. Dr. M. C. Cooke mentions of Agarics besides as
European (mostly British) kinds, fit for the kitchen: A. rachodes
Vitt., A. personatus Fr., A. nebularis Batsch, A. dealbatus Sow.,
A. geotropus Bull., A. salignus Tratt., A. prunulus Scop., A.
mutabilis Schaeff., A. squarrosus O. Muell., A. pudicus Viv. Dr. L.
Planchon noted the following among the French edible species addi-
tionally: A. vaginatus Bull., A. ovoideus Bull., A. rubescens Fr., A.
caligatus Viv., A. terreus Schaeff., A. albellus Cand., A. nudus Bull.,
A. crassipes Desm., A. piperatus L., A. oreades Bolt., A. cylindrius
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 17
Cand., A. pluteus Fr., A. bombycinus Schaeff. Several of these
extend spontaneously to Australia. Mushroom-beds are best made
from horse-manure, mixed with one-eighth loam, the scattering of the
mushroom-fragments to be effected, when the temperature of the hot-
bed has become reduced to 85° F., this sowing to be made 2-3 inches
deep and 4 inches apart; 1 inch sifted loam over the damp bed and
some hay to cover the whole. After two months mushrooms can be
gathered from the bed. Mushroom-beds can also be prepared in spare
places of cellars, stables, sheds and other places, where equability of
mild temperature and some humidity can be secured. According to
Mr. C. F. Heinemann, of Erfurt, the needful hot-beds can best be
made one above another, inclined forward, generating a temperature of
from 60° to 90° F., a surface-layer of cut straw being applied subse-
quently, to be removed after about two weeks, then to be replaced by
a stratum of rich loam as a matrix for the root-like organs of the push-
ing fungs. In Japan mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs,
and largely consumed. In France mushrooms are grown in caves to
an enormous extent. Puff-balls when young are also edible, and
some of them delicious (Meehan).
Agaricus flammeus, Scopoli.
Europe, Asia. In Cashmere particularly noticed as a large and
excellent edible mushroom (Dr. Atchison). Some of the noxious-
mushrooms become edible by drying. Professor Morren mentions
among edible Belgian species Agaricus laccatus, Scop., Russula
integra, Fr. Any kind of cavern might be turned into a mushroom
field; the spawn is spread on fermented manure, and kept moist by
water, to which some saltpetre is added. They all afford a highly
nutritious nitrogenous food, but some require particular cooking. See
also the agaric-like mushrooms noticed under Cantharellus^ Coprinus,
Cortinarius, Russula.
Agaricus ostreatus, J acquin.
On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe. The
delicious oyster-mushroom, renowned from antiquity, hence pro-
minently on this occasion mentioned. For fuller information on fungs
for the table consult as very accessible works Badham's " Esculent
Funguses of England/' and Cooke's " British Fungi "; for systematic
characteristics see the works of Fries and of Berkeley.
Agave Americana, Linn^.
One of the gigantic Aloes of Central America, quite hardy at Port
Phillip. In the open air it comes into flower in about ten years or
later. The flowering stem may shoot up to the extent of ten feet in
a week, and may finally rise to 40 feet; mellaginous sap flows
also from the flower-stem. Mr. Fred. Hickox at Clnnes saw the
young offshoots producing also small flower-bunches, while the
maternal plant was in bloom. The pithy stem can be utilized for
some of the purposes, for which cork is usually employed — for
instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey-sucking
18 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
birds and bees are very fond of the flowers of this prodigious plant.
The leaves of this and some other Agaves, such as A. Mexicana,
furnish the strong Pita-fibre, which is adapted for ropes, and even for
beautiful textile frabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is
considerably greater than that of hemp-ropes, as well in as out of
water. The leaves contain saponin. The sap can be converted into
alcohol, and thus the " Pulque " beverage is prepared from the young
flower-stem. Where space and circumstances admit of it, impene-
trable hedges may be raised in the course of some years from Agaves.
One kind rose in Fiji also to 38 feet (Thurston).
Agave inaequidens, K. Koch.
A species closely allied to A. Americana; it seems to include A.
Hookeri and A. Fenzliana, Jacobi, according to Baker (in Bot. Mag.,
6589 and Gardener's Chron., 1871, p. 718).
Agave rigida. Miller. (A Ixtli, Karwinski.)
Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexicans,
furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott and Engelmann
indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre being therefore
also variable, both in quantity and quality. The leaves of the Sacci
or Sacqui giving the largest return. The yield of fibre begins in
four or five years, and lasts for half a century or more, the plant
being prevented from flowering by cutting away its flower-stalk when
. very young. The leaves are from 2 to 6 feet long and 2 to 6 inches
wide; the flower-stem attains a height of 25 feet; the panicle of
flowers is about eight feet long, bearing in abundance bulb-like buds.
Other large species of Agave, all fibre- yielding, are A. antillaruni
(Descourtil) from Hayti; A. Parryi (Engelmann) from New Mexico;
A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from South- Arizona, up to a cool elevation
of 6,000 feet. Concerning the uses of Agaves refer also to Dr. Fr.
P. Porcher's" Southern Fields and Forests," p. 596-599 (1869).
Agonis flexuosa, De Candolle.
The Willow-Myrtle of South-Western Australia. A tree, attaining
finally a height of 60 feet, with pendent branches. One of the best of
evergreen trees for cemeteries in a climate free from frost. The
foliage is rich in antiseptic oil.
Agriophyllum Gobicum, Bunge.
Eastern Asia. The " Soulchir " of the Mongols. Prevalsky says,
that the seeds of this plant, wild as well as cultivated, afford a great
part of the vegetable food of the Ala-Shan nomads. Several other
annual salsolaceous herbs belong to the genus Agriophyllum, among
them A. arenarium (Bieberstein) being closely cognate to A. Gobicura.
Agrostis alba, Linne.
The Fiorin or White Bent- Grass. Europe, Northern and Middle
Asia, North- Africa, North- America. Perennial, showing a predilection
for moisture ; can be grown on peat-soil. It is the herd-grass of the
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 19
United States and valuable as an admixture to many other grasses,
as it becomes available at the season, when some of them fail. Sinclair
regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and Dactylis
glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis The variety with
long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted for sandy pastures, and
helps to bind shifting sand on the sea-coast, or broken soil on river-
banks. It luxuriates even on saline wet soil or periodically inundated
places, as well observed by Langethal. It is more a grass for cattle-
runs than for sheep-pastures, but wherever it is to grow, the soil must
be penetrable. Its turf on coast-meadows is particularly dense and of
remarkable fineness. For sowing, only one-sixth of the weight of
the seeds as compared with those of the rye-grass is needed. The
creeping variety is also valuable for fine and enduring lawns.
Agrostis rubra, Linne.
Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass, called
red-top and also herd-grass in the United States of North- America.
Professor Meehan places it for its value on pasture-land among grasses
cultivated there next after Phleumpratense and Poa pratensis (the latter
there called blue grass), and before Dactylis glomerata, the orchard-
grass of the United States.
Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.*
The hair-grass of North-America. Recently recommended as one
of the best lawn-grasses, forming a dense turf. It will grow even on
poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well as extreme cold. Its
fine roots and suckers spread rapidly, forming soon dense matted sods
(Dr. Channing). It starts into new growth immediately after being
cut, is selected for its sweetness by pasture-animals, has proved one of
the best grasses for dairyground, and suppresses weeds like Hordeum
secalinum. One bushel of seed to an acre suffices for pastures ; two
bushels are used for lawns. A. perennans (Tukermann) is an allied
species of similar value.
Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large
quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey). Valuable as a
meadow-grass (W. Hill). In Australia it is essentially a winter-grass,
but available also in our sub-alpine regions (J. Stirling). Chemical
analysis in spring gave the following results : Albumen, 4'08; Gluten,
8-81 ; Starch, 1'34 ; Gum, 2'50 ; Sugar, 9'75 per cent. (F. v. Mueller
and L. Rummel.) Under the name A. Forsteri (Roemer and Schultes)
only some forms of this very variable grass are comprehended.
Agrostis vulgaris, Withering.
Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia, North- America. One of
the perennial grasses, which disseminate themselves with celerity,
even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a tall grass, it may
be destined to contribute perhaps with others largely to the grazing
20 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
capabilities of desert-lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist soil
and alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep-pastures ;
counted by Hein and many others among valuable lawn-grasses.
Ailantus glandulosa, Linne.
South-Eastern Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, reaching 60 feet in
height, of rather rapid growth and of very imposing aspect in any
landscape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves, which
afford food to a silk-worm (Attacus Cynthia) peculiar to this tree.
Wood extremely durable, pale-yellow, of silky lustre when planed,
and therefore valued for joiners' work ; it is tougher than that of oak
or elm, easily worked, and not liable to split or warp. In Southern
Europe this tree is much planted for avenues. Valuable also for
reclaiming coast-sands, and U> this end easily propagated by suckers
and fragments of roots, according to Professor Sargent. The growth
of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so in somewhat
calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey). Professor Meehan
states, that it checks the spread of the rose-bug, to which the tree is
destructive. In Norway hardy to latitude 63° 26' N. (Schuebeler),
but suffers from frost in youth.
Aira csespitosa, Linne.
Widely dispersed over the globe, reaching as indigenous also
Australia. A rough fodder-grass, best utilized for laying dry any
moist meadows ; affords fair pasturage, if periodically burnt down
(J. Stirling). Extends to 71° 7' N. in Norway (Schuebeler).
Albizzia basaltica, Bentham.
Eastern sub-tropic Australia. A small tree. The wood praised
by Mr. P. O'Shanesy for its beautiful reddish color and silky
lustre. Cattle like the foliage. As a genus Pithecolobium differs
no more from Albizzia than Vachelia from Acacia or Cathartocarpus
from Cassia. The oldest generic name is Zygia, but no species was
early described under that name.
Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium bigeminum, Martins.)
India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000 feet.
Desirable for Australian forestry on account of its peculiar dark and
hard wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolobium sub-
coriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains of India is deserving of
utilitarian cultivation with numerous other tall species.
Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium duke, Bentham. )
Mexico. A valuable hedge-plant. The sweet pulp of the pod is
regarded as wholesome.
Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini.
From the Caucasus to Japan. A favorite ornamental red-flower-
ing Shade-Acacia in Southern Europe. Naturally it seeks river-
banks.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 21
Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham.)
Tropical America. A large spreading tree; trunk attaining a
diameter of 3 feet; wood excellent for select cabinet-work, excelling
according to Nuttall the Mahogany in its variable shining tints,
which appear like watered satin; it is hard and close-grained.
Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.
The Siris-Acacia of Southern and Middle Asia and Northern
Africa. Available as a shade-tree. It produces also a good deal of
gum; the flowers much sought for honey by bees. An allied species
is the North-Eastern Australian A. canesceus (Bentham).
Albizzia lophantha, Bentham. ( A cdcia lophantha, Willdenow. )
South-Western Australia. One of the most rapidly-growing plants
for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities, but never
attaining the size of a real tree. It produces seeds abundantly, which
germinate most easily. For the most desolate places, especially in
desert-tracts, it is of great importance, quickly affording shade,
shelter and a copious vegetation. Cattle browse on the leaves, The
bark contains only about 8 per cent, mimosa-tannin ; but Mr. Rum-
mel found in the dry root about 10 per cent, of saponin, so valuable
in silk- and wool-factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia dolabrifor-
mis of Southern Asia. In Australia this plant is found better even
than the Broom-bush for sheltering new forest-plantations in open
sand-lands ; in rich soil known to have grown 14 feet in a year.
Albizzia micrantha, Boivin. (A. odoratissima, Bentham.)
India; ascending to 5,000 feet ; growing in almost any kind of
soil; hardy in sub-tropical countries. A middle-sized tree; timber
particularly hard, dark-colored, durable and strong ; well adapted
for naves and felloes (Drury and Brandis). Regarded by Roxburgh
as one of the most valuable jungle-timbers.
Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium .Saman, Bentham. )
The " Rain-tree " or " Guango," extending from Mexico to Brazil
•and Peru. It attains a heighth of 70 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in
diameter, the colossal branches expanding to 150 feet ; it is of quick
growth, and in outline not unlike an oak ; it is content with light soil,
and forms a magnificent feature in a landscape. In India it attained
in ten years a stem-girth of about 6 feet at 5 feet from the ground,
its ramifications by that time spreading out to 90 feet (Blechyndon).
It thrives particularly in the dry salt-pond districts of the West
Indies, and likes the vicinity of the sea, " its foliage possessing the
power, to an unusual extent, to attract, absorb and condense aerial
humidity " (Consul for France at Laroto). Not ascending to above
1,000 feet altitude in Jamaica ; resisting drought. The pods mature
for fodder at a time, when grass and herbage on pastures become
parched. Rain and dew fall through the foliage, which is shut up at
night, thus allowing grass to grow underneath. The tree thrives
best where the rainfall fluctuates between 30 and 60 inches a year.
22 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
One of the best trees in mild climates for shade by the roadsides.
The wood is hard and ornamental; but the principal utility of the tree
lies in its pulpy pods, which are produced in great abundance and
constitute a very fattening fodder for all kinds of pastoral animals,
which eat them with relish (Jenman, J. H. Stephens).
Albizzia stipulata, Bentham.
Continental and insular South-Asia, extending to the Himalayas
and China, ascending to 4,000 feet. An umbrageous tree of easy
culture.
Alchemilla vulgaris, Bnmfels.
Europe, West- Asia, Arctic North- America, Alpine Australia;
extending in Norway to 71° 10' N. (Schuebeler). This perennial
herb is important for moist dairy-pastures. The same can be said of
other congeners; for instance, A. alpina(L.) from the coldest parts of
Europe, North-Asia and North-America; A. Capensis (Thunberg)
and A. elongata (Ecklon and Zeyher) of South-Africa, some Abys-
sinian species, as well as A. pinnata (Ruiz and Pavon) and other con-
geners of the Andes. _ .1, •
Aletris farinosa, Linn4.
The " Colic-root " of the woodlands of North-America. This pretty
herb is of extreme bitterness, and is employed medicinally as a tonic;
inaptly called also " Star-Grass."
Aleurites cordata, R. Brown.
From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree deserves culti-
vation for its beauty and durable wood in warm humid districts. The
oil of the seeds serves as a varnish. Perhaps in localities, quite free
from frost, it would be of sufficiently quick growth.
Aleurites triloba, R. and O. Forster.
The " Candlenut-tree/' a native of some of the tropical regions of
both hemispheres ; it furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits and
copious oil from its seeds, the yield being about one-third. I found
the tree barely able to endure the winters of Melbourne.
Alibertia edulis, A. Richard.
Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely dis-
persed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub is edible
and known as " Marmeladinha." A. Melloana (J. Hooker), of
Southern Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose.
Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.
On sandy and calcareous places around and near the Mediterranean
Sea, extending to Hungary. Cultivated in the open air to perfection
up to 59° 55' N., by Professor Schuebeler. This perennial herb yields
the " alkanna-root," used for dying oleaginous and other substances.
It might be naturalized. Can be grown in almost pure coast-sand.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 23
Allium Ampeloprasum, Linn<$.
The British Leek. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia
and North- Africa. Called in culture the Summer-Leek, a variety of
which is the Pearl-Leek. The specific name arose already from
Dioscorides' writings.
Allium Ascalonicum, Linn£.
The Shallot. South- Western Asia. Specific name already used by
Theophrastos and Plinius.
Allium Canadense, Kalm.
Eastern North-America. This Garlic could be cultivated or
naturalized on moist meadows for the sake of the tops of its bulbs,
which are sought for pickles of superior flavor.
Allium Cepa, Linn£.
Wild in Turkestan (Dr. A. Hegel). The ordinary Onion. At
Aschersleben and Quedlinburg alone about 130,000 Ibs. of onion-seeds
are raised annually (B. Stein). The specific name in use already by
Plinius and Columna. Raw onions quench excessive thirst. One
of the staple-products of Bermuda (Sir J. Lefroy).
Allium. flstulosum, Linn£.
Central Asia. The Welsh Onion.
Allium Porrum, Linn£.
The Leek. Regarded by Gay and Regel as a cultural variety of
A. Ampeloprasum.
Allium roseum,
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This; with Allium Neapoli-
tanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible bulbs, according
to Heldreich.
A Ilium rubellum, Bieberstein. (A. kptophyllum, Wallich.)
The Himalayan Onion. Captain Pogson regards the bulbs as
sudorific; they are of stronger pungency than ordinary onions; the
leaves form a good condiment.
Allium sativum, C. Bauhin.
The Garlic. Soongarei and in the farthest N.W. of India, as shown
by Dr. von Regel. Nearest allied to A. Scorodoprasum. The "Al-
lium" of Plinius.
Allium Schcenoprasum,
The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North- America. Culti-
vated in Norway to latitude 70° 22' (Schuebeler). Available for
salads and condiments. This species of Allium seems here not yet so
generally adopted in our culinary cultivation as other congeners.
C
24 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Allium Scorodoprasum, Linn£.
The Sand-Leek. Europe and North-Africa. Resembles in some
respects Garlic, in others Shallot. The Scorodoprason of Dioscor-
ides according to Fraas seems A. descendens (Linne), indigenous to
South-Europe.
Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner.
The common Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical Asia;
indigenous to 64° 10' N. lat. in Norway (Schuebeler). Reaches a
height of 90 feet; attaining even in lat. 61° 47' a stem-diameter of
10 feet. Easily clipped, when young, into hedges; well adapted for
river-banks; recommended by Wessely for wet valleys in coast-sand;
wood soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best charcoals
for gunpowder; it is also durable under water, and adapted for turners'
and joiners' work; the wood is also well suited for pump-trees and
other underground-work, as it will harden almost like stone. The
tree is further valuable for the utilization of bog-land. A. incana
(Willd.) extends to North- America; it is of smaller size; was found to
grow over 60 feet high in lat. 70° of Norway by. Professor Schuebeler.
The bark of .several alders is of medicinal value, and a decoction will
give to cloth saturated with lye an indelible orange-color (Porcher) ;
it contains a peculiar tannic principle to the extent of 36 per cent.
(Muspratt). American alder-extract has come into use for tanning;
it renders skins particularly firm, mellow and well-colored (Eaton).
A. Oregana (Nuttall), of California and Oregon, rises to a height of
80 feet; its wood is extensively used for bent-work (Meehan). A.
Japonica and A. firma (Siebold and Zuccarini), of Japan, furnish
wood there for carvers and turners, and bark for black dye (Dupont).
A; rubra (Bongard), the Red or Tag Alder of California and British
Columbia, rises to fully 100 feet, and gets finally a- stem-diameter of
6 feet. The timber is excellent for piles and bridge-bottoms, also for
pumps, and proved exceedingly durable; the wood serves further for
carving, turnery, furniture, machinery (Dr. Kellogg). .
Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don. .^ /
Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Reaches a height of
60 feet. With another Himalayan alder, A. nitida (Endlicher), it can
be grown along streams for the sake of its wood.
Aloe dichotoma, Linn4 fil.
Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of 30
feet, and occasionally an expanse of 40 feet. The stem is remarkably
smooth, with a girth sometimes of 12 feet. It is a yellow-flowering
species. A. Zeyheri is still more gigantic than the foregoing, it at-
taining exceptionally a height of 60 feet (Dyer) ; it occurs in Caff-
raria and Natal, with a stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet from
the ground. A. Bainesii and A. Barberse are identical, according to
Mr. J. G. Baker. A. speciosa (Baker) rises also to a height of 25
feet. All grand scenic plants.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 25
Aloe ferox, Miller.
South- Africa. This species yields the best Cape-aloes, as observed
by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the leaves of the
various species of the genus constitutes the aloe-drug. It is best
obtained by using neither heat nor pressure for extracting the sap.
By re-dissolving the aqueous part of Aloes in cold water, and reducing
the liquid through boiling or other processes of exsiccation to dryness,
the extract of aloes is prepared. The bitter sap, used for dressing
wounds, keeps off flies very effectually. It deserves introduction par-
ticularly in veterinary practice. All species are highly valuable, and
can be used, irrespective of their medicinal importance, to easily and
inexpensively beautify any rocky or otherwise inarable spot.
Aloe linguiformis, Miller.
South- Africa. According to Thunberg, the purest gum-resin is
obtained from this species.
Aloe Perryi, Baker.
Socotra. It is now known, that it was this species, which furnished
the genuine "Aloes," renowned in antiquity (Baker, Balfour). It
grows best in limestone-soil, and ascends to 3,000 feet. Flowers
turning from scarlet to yellow. Closely allied to A. vulgaris.
Aloe plicatilis, Miller.
South- Africa. The drug of this species acts more mildly than that
of A. ferox.
Aloe purpurascens, Haworth.
South- Africa. Another of the plants, which furnish the Cape-aloes
of commerce. The South- African Aloe arborescens (Miller) and A.
Commelyni (Willdenow) are also utilized for aloes, according to Bail-
Ion, Saunders and Hanbury.
Aloe spicata, Thunberg.
South- Africa. This also furnishes Cape-aloes, and is an exceed-
ingly handsome plant.
Aloe vera, Miller. (A. succotritw, Lamarck.)
South- Africa. A purplish flowered species, figured already by
Commelyn in 1697 (Baker). Yields the common Socotrine-aloes and
Moka-aloes.
Aloe vulgaris, Bauhin. (A. vera, Linne"; A. JBarbadensis, Miller.)
The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea, also Canary-Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea- coast. Such
places could also be readily utilized elsewhere for this and allied
plants. Dr. Sibthorp has identified this species with the AXo»/ of
Dioscorides ; thus it is also the real Aloe of Plinius ; hence it is not
probable, that A. vulgaris is also simultaneously of American origin,
although it is long cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from
C 2
26 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
thence the main supply of the Barbadoes-aloes, also Guinea-aloes;
likewise in East-India this species seemingly only exists in a cultivated
state. Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer and
more succulent, than these of any other aloe. It is said to be the
only species with yellow flowers among those early known, and it is
also the only one, which Professors Wilkomm and Parlatore record as
truly wild in Spain and Italy.
Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.
Cochinchina, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe- wood,
so famed from antiquity for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal pro-
perties, is derived from this tree.
Alopecurus bulbosus, Linne".
Middle- and South-Europe. An important rural grass for salt-
marshes.
Alopecurus geniculatus, Linne",
Europe, Asia, North- Africa. A perennial fodder-grass, valuable
for swampy ground ; easily naturalized.
Alopecurus pratensis, Linne".
Meadow " Fox-tail" grass. Europe, Northern Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia. In Norway indigenous to lat. 69° 11' (Schue-
beler). One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses. It reaches
its full perfection only after a few years of growth, as noticed by
Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to Dactylis glomerata for
crop-rotation, but it is more nutritious than the latter, although the
annual return in Britain has proved less. Langethal places it next
to Timothy-grass for artificial pastures. Sheep thrive well on
it. Sinclair and others have found, that this grass, when exclusively
combined with white clover, will support after the second season five
ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy loam; but to thrive well
it needs land not altogether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures
this Alopecurus should form one of the principal ingredients, because
it is so lasting and so nutritive. It is also one of the best grasses for
maritime or alluvial tracts of country. In alpine regions it would
also prove prolific, and might gradually convert many places there into
summer-pastures. It does not altogether dislike shade, is early
flowering and likes the presence of lime in the soil.
Alstonia constricta, F, v. Mueller.
Warmer parts of East- Australia, particularly in the dry inland-
districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic-bitter, and
regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It is allied to
the Dita-bark of India and North-Eastern Australia, procured from
Alstonia scholaris (R. Brown), and from this bark a peculiar alkaloid,
the Porphyrin of Hesse, is prepared. The sap of all Alstonias should
be tried for caoutchouc, that of A. plumosa and another species yield-
ing Fiji-rubber (Hooker).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 27
Alstrcemeria pallida, Graham.
Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this
plant, which for its loveliness alone deserves a place in any garden.
The tubers of others of the numerous Alstroemerias can doubtless be
practically utilized in a similar manner.
Althaea officinalis, Linne".
The real "Marsh-Mallow." Europe, Northern Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia. Hardy to lat. 59° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler).
A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. The mucilaginous
root and also the foliage are used for medicinal purposes. The plant
succeeds best on damp, somewhat saline soil.
Amarantus Blitum, Linne".
Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South- Western Asia. This
annual herb is a favorite plant amongst allied ones for spinage, but
not the only species of this genus, as also many other Amarantaceae
serve for culinary purposes. The dried plant contains 10 to 12 per
cent, nitrate of potash. It arrives at maturity in two or three months,
producing on favorable soil about 4 tons per acre, calculated to
contain about 400 Ibs. saltpetre. A. cruentus L., A. hypochon-
driacus L. and A. caudatus L. are cultivated in Ceylon, though not all
of the agreeable taste of real spinage. A. Mangostanus, A.
Gangeticus, A. melancholicus, A. tristis, L. and A. polystachyus,
Willdenow, likewise furnish in Southern Asia, either foliage for spinage
or seeds for porridge. Amarants for spinage must be well boiled
and the water repeatedly changed.
Amarantus paniculatus, Linne*. (A. frumentaceus, Royle.)
In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual herb,
attaining a height of 6 feet, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious
seeds on a square yard of ground in three months, according to
Roxburgh. Extensively cultivated in India for food-grain; the leaves
serve as vegetable.
Amelanchier Botryapium, Be Candolle.
The " Grape-pear" of North-America; also called " Shadbush."
Cultivated in Norway as far north as 59° 55' (Schuebeler). This
handsome fruit-tree attains a height of 30 feet. Its purplish or
almost black fruits are small, but of pleasant subacid taste, and ripen
early in the season. It bears abundantly; and Mr. Adams, of Ohio,
has calculated the yield at 300 bushels per acre annually, if the variety
oblongifolia is chosen; it is the Dwarf " June-berry" of North-
America. This bush or tree will live on sandy soil; but it is one of
those hardy kinds, particularly eligible for alpine ground; it is
remarkably variable in its forms.
Anacylus Pyrethrum, De Candolle.
Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this perennial
herb is used medicinally.
28 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Ananas sativa, Schultes.
South-America. The famous " Pine-apple" plant. Mr. Th. Mead
remarks, that in Florida the fruit is produced by merely piling a little
brush over the plant during the three cool months of the year.
Fruits even to 10 Ibs. weight have there been produced. The leaves
yield an excellent fibre.
Andropogon annulatus, Forskael.
Intra- and Sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Recommended
by Mr. Walter Hill as a meadow-grass. Dr. Curl observes, that in
New Zealand it is both a summer- and autumn-grass, that it does not
grow fast in winter, but at the period of its greatest growth sends up
an abundance of foliage.
Andropogon argenteus, De Candolle.
Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best pasture-grasses of the
Cordilleras of Chili.
Andropogon australis, Sprengel. (Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.)
Tropical and also Eastern Extra-tropic Australia as far south as
Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an admirable
perennial pasture-grass. The allied A. serratus (Thunberg) of tropical
Australia, Southern Asia, China and Japan, serves similar purposes.
General Sir H. Macpherson proved some Indian Andropogons well
adapted for Silos.
Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum, Willdenow.)
North- and Central-America. This tall perennial grass lives in dry
sandy soil, and should be tried for growth of fodder.
Andropogon bombycinus, R. Brown.
Australia. This robust grass, which is generally well-spoken of by
graziers, seems to like a somewhat strong soil, and is often found
among the rocks on hill-sides. The bases of the stems of this species,
like several others of the genus, are highly aromatic (Bailey). It
will live in shifting sand and endure the hottest desert-clime. The
Australian A. procerus (R. Br.) and the Mediterranean A. laniger
(Desf.) are closely allied congeners.
Andropogon Calamus, Royle.
Central India. The " Sweet Cane " and " Calamus " of Scripture,
according to Calcott; it is regarded as the aromatic reed of Dioscorides
by Royle. From this species the gingergrass-oil of Nemaur, an article
much used in perfumery, is distilled. It is the " Cusha " of India.
Gibson and Dalzell regard it identical with A. nardoides (Nees) of
South- Africa.
Andropogon cermiUS, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum cernuum, Willd.
One of the Guinea-corns. India, where it is much cultivated, as in
other tropical countries. It is annual (according to Hackel); but
in Extra-Tropical. Countries. 29
Roxburgh distinctly asserts that " the plant is of two or more years'
duration, if suffered to remain." It forms the " staff of life " of the
mountaineers beyond Bengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with
leaves over 3 feet long. The thick stems root at the lower joints, and
cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white. The specific limits
of the various sorghums are not well ascertained. This belongs to the
series of A. Halepensis.
Andropogon erianthoid.es, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this perennial
species, that " it would be difficult to find a grass superior for fodder
to this ; it produces a heavy crop of rich, sweet, succulent foliage ; it
spreads freely from roots and seeds, and shoots again when fed down."
Andropogon falcatus, Steudel.
India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good lawn-
grass, as it is of dwarf compact growth, and of bright verdure.
Andropogon involutus, Steudel.
From Nepal to China. The " Bhaib-Grass," used for the manu-
facture of ropes, string-matting and other textile articles; approaches
Esparto in the quality of its fibres; grows readily on dry soil. (Dr.
Hance).
Andropogon Gryllus, Linne.
In the warm temperate and the hot zone of the eastern hemisphere.
A perennial pasture-grass, of easy dissemination, particularly useful
in arid climes.
Ajidropogon Halepensis, Sibthorp. (Sorghum Halepense, Persoon.)
Southern Europe, warmer parts of Asia, Northern Africa. Praised
already by Theophrastus more than 2,000 years ago. Not easily
repressed in moist ground. A rich perennial grass, cultivated often
under the name of Cuba-grass. All the vernacular names given to
this grass should be discontinued in maintaining the very appropriate
original appellation " Haleppo-grass." It keeps green in the heat of
summer (J. L. Dow), is not eaten out by pastoral animals (Hollings-
worth) ; the roots resist some frost ; three tons can be cut from one
acre in a single season; it yields so large a hay-crop, that it may be cut
half a dozen times in a season, should the land be rich. All kinds of
stock have a predilection for this grass. It will mat the soil with its
deep and spreading roots; hence it should be kept from cultivated
fields. Detrimental to Lucerne on meadows (Rev. Dr. Woolls). In
Victoria hardy up to 2,000 feet elevation.
Andropogon Ischaemum, Linne*.
Southern Europe, Southern Asia, Africa. One of the fittest of
grasses for hot dry sand -regions, and of most ready spontaneous
dispersion. Perennial. Succeeds well on lime-soil and that contain-
ing gypsum. In its new annual upgrowth it is particularly liked by
sheep. It needs burning off in autumn.
30 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Andropogon montanus, Roxburgh.
Southern Asia, Northern and Eastern Australia. Rapid in growth
and valuable for fodder when young; resists fire better than many-
other grasses (Holmes). Perennial, like most other species of this
large genus.
Andropogon muricatus, Retzius.
' India. The " Vitivert " or " Kus-kus." A grass with delight-
fully fragrant roots. According to Surgeon-Major Dr. G-. King, the
fragrant Indian mats are made of this grass, and according to Prof.
Lindley, awnings, tatties, covers for palanquins and screens are
manufactured from this species; also an essence.
Andropogon Nardus, Linnd (A. Ivarancusa, Blane.)
Southern Asia. Perennial. One of the lemon-scented species.
* Prof. Hackel suggests, that A. Calamus may be referable to this
species. Kunth unites with this A. citriodorus (De Candolle) the
A. citratus of many botanic gardens, while Link referred this grass
to A. Schoenanthus. It yields an essential oil for condiment and
perfumery, and is occasionally used for tea. Simmonds gives the
export value of this oil as from Ceylon alone at £7,000. " Citrionella"
Oil to the extent of 40,000 Ibs. annually is in Ceylon distilled from
this grass (Piesse).
Andropogon nutans, Linn£. (Sorghum nutans, Gray.)
North-America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content with
dry and barren 'soil.
Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow.
Southern Asia, Tropical and Sub-tropical Australia. Perennial.
Mr. Nixon, of Benalla, regards it .as one of the best grasses to with-
stand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of feeding. It
endures cold better than some other Andropogons of Queensland,
according to Mr. Bailey's observations.
Andropogon provincialis, Lamarck.
Southern Europe. Strongly recommended by Bouche for fixing
loose maritime sand. Attains a height of 5 feet. A. furcatus
(Muehlenberg) is the same species, according to Hackel. •
Andropogon refractus, R. Brown.
Northern and Eastern Australia, Polynesia. Mr. Bailey observes
of this perennial grass, that it is equally excellent for pastures and
hay, and that it produces a heavy crop during summer; the root is
fragrant. According to Mr. Holmes, it is easily inflammable, of
inferior fodder-value, but is particularly useful for mattresses.
Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum saccharatum, Persoon. )
Tropical Asia, or perhaps only indigenous in equatorial Africa.
The Broom-corn or Sugar-Millet; also passing as " Durra,"
" Dodhna " and " Battari." A tall annual species. Produces
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 31
of all grasses, except the Teosinte and maize, the heaviest of all
fodder-crops in warm climates. From the saccharine juice sugar is
obtainable. A sample of such, prepared from plants of the Mel-
bourne Botanic Garden, was shown already at the Exhibition of 1862.
This Sorghum furnishes also material for a well-known kind of
brooms. Mr. Simmonds relates, that as many as 150,000 doz. of
these brooms have been made in one single factory during a year.
To pigs this plant is very fattening also. The plant can be advan-
tageously utilized for preparing syrup. For this purpose the sap is
expressed at the time of flowering, and simply evaporated; the yield
is from 100-200 gallons from the acre. Already in I860 nearly
seven millions of gallons of sorghum-treacle were produced in the
United States. General Le Due, then commissioner for agriculture
at Washington, states that Mr. Seth Kenny, of Minnesota, obtained
from the " Early Amber " variety up to 250 gallons of heavy syrup
from one acre of this sorghum. Machinery for the manufacture of
sorghum-sugar on plantations can be erected at a cost of £50 to £100.
Sorghum juice can be reduced to treacle and sugar without the use of
chemicals, beyond clearing with lime and neutralizing the lime
remaining in the juice by sulphurous acid. Eaw sorghum-sugar is
nearly white. By an improved method Mr. F. L. Stewart obtained
10 Ibs. of sugar from a gallon of dense syrup. At the State-
University's experimental farm, in Wisconsin, Professors Swenson
and Henry have proved, that sorghum-sugar, equal to the best cane-sugar,
can be produced at 4J cents per pound. The seeds are very valuable
for stable-fodder as well as for poultry-feed, and may even be utilized
for bread and cakes. The stem can be used as a culinary vegetable.
See also the elaborate chemical reports by Dr. P. Collier, Washington,
1880-1882; further, the essay by Commissioner Hon. G. B. Loring,
1883.
An able report from a committee of the National Academy of
Science, submitted to the Senate of the United States on the
sugar-producing capacity of the Sorghum, gives the following con-
clusions: That from about 4,500 most accurate analyses, instituted by
Dr. Collier in the Department of Agriculture in Washington, the
presence of cane-sugar in the juice of the best varieties of Sorghum
(Amber, Honduras and Orange) in such quantity is established, as to
equal the yield of that of sugar-cane, the average quantity of crystallis-
able sugar in the juice being 16 per cent., the average percentage of
juice in stripped stalks from plants grown at Washington being 58 per
cent., the sugar really obtainable by ordinary processes of manufacture
from the juice being 11 '30 per cent. It is further demonstrated,
that the Sorghum-stalks should be cut only, when the seeds are
already of a doughy consistence or still* harder, and the stalks should
be worked up immediately after cutting; further it is shown, that the
sugar from Sorghum is not inferior to that from cane or beet, and
that excellent sugar can likewise be obtained from maize ; that
Sorghum when advanced to maturity will resist some frost ; that
no more than 12-J per cent, of the sugar is lost by the evaporation
32 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
of the juice to syrup, quite as great a loss taking place in the juice
of sugar-cane by defecation, skimming and inversion (change into
glucose or grape-sugar). The committee considered this new
Sorghum-industry placed already on a safe and profitable footing.
Sorghum-stubbles are of surprising value as pastoral feed. Sugar-
Sorghum was introduced into the United States for rural purposes
only 30 years ago ; but its culture spread with unexampled rapidity
there, having only its counterpart in the tea- and cinchona-culture of
the last decennia in India. The process of manufacture of sugar
from Sorghum is not more difficult than that of cane, and less com-
plicated than that of beet. Some varieties mature in 80 days,
others require twice that time, the Orange-variety becoming perennial,
and is with the Amber- variety most saccharine, while the Honduras -
variety gives a very heavy crop; the broomcorn-variety is poor in
sugar. Sorghum will thrive well in sandy loam too light for maize
and in a clime too dry for that corn, and can be grown closer. The
variety A. bicolor (Roxburgh) ripens its seeds in Lower India within
three or four months of the time of sowing, the produce being often
upwards of one-hundredfold, and the grain particularly wholesome
for human sustenance. Sorghum giganteum (Edgeworth) represents
a form of very tall growth.
Andropogon Schcenanthus, Linn4. (A. Martini, Roxburgh.)
Southern Asia and Tropical Australia, extending to Japan. One
of the " Lemon-grasses/' It will live in arid places. The medicinal
Siri-Oil is prepared from the root. The Australian A. bombycinus
(R. Brown) approaches in affinity this species.
Andropogon scoparius, Michaux.
North-America. Takes permanent possession of sandy or other-
wise poor land, and is regarded as one of the best forage-resources of
the prairies.
Andropogon sericeus, R. Brown.
Hotter regions of Australia, even in desert-tracts, also extending
to New Caledonia and the Philippine-Islands. A fattening perennial
pasture-grass, worthy of praise.
Andropogon Sorghum, Brotero.* (Sorghum vulgare, Persoon.)
The large " Indian millet " or " Guinea-corn " or the " Durra."
Warmer parts of Asia, but according to Alph. De Candolle perhaps
indigenous only in Tropical Africa. It matures seed even at
Christiania in Norway (Schuebeler). A tall annual plant. The
grains can be converted into bread, porridge and other preparations
of food. It is a very prolific corn; Sir John Hearsay counted 12,700
seeds on one plant; it is particularly valuable for green fodder. The
panicles are used for carpet-brooms, the fibrous roots for velvet-
brushes. The grain of this millet is in value superior to that of A.
saccharatus. A variety (A. caffrorum, Kuiith) yields the " Kaffir-
corn." The " Imphee " affords a superior white food-grain. Even A..
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 33
saccliaratus may be only an extreme form of A. Sorghum. In Cen-
tral Australia it ripens within three months (Rev. H. Kempe). A
kind of beer called " Merisa " is prepared from the seed. Many
others of the numerous species of Andropogon, from both hemispheres,
deserve our attention.
Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne".
Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone-soil. This pretty
perennial herb is of some medicinal importance.
Angophora intermedia, De Candolle.
South-Eastern Australia. This is one of the best of the
Angophoras, attaining a large size, and growing with the rapidity of
an Eucalyptus, but being more close and shady in its foliage. It
would be a good tree for lining public roads and for sheltering plan-
tations. Exudes much kino. The Rev. J. Tennison- Woods states,
that it is not rarely over 150 feet high, that the wood is hard and
very tough, bearing dampness well, but that the many kino-veins
lessen its usefulness. Carefully selected, it can be employed in car-
penters' and wheelwrights' work. Mr. Kirton observes, that a single
tree of this species or of A. lanceolata, will yield as much as two
gallons of liquid kino. Timber useful, when extra-toughness is to
be combined with lightness (Reader). A lanceolata (Cavanilles) of
the same geographic region is a closely allied species. Flowers of all
Angophoras much frequented by the honey-bee (Ch. French).
Angophora subvelutina, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland and New South Wales. Attains a height of 100 feet-
The wood is light and tough, soft while green, very hard when dry,
used for wheel-naves, yokes, handles and various implements; it burns
well and contains a large proportion of potash (C. Hartmann).
Anona Cherimolia, Miller.
Ecuador to Peru. One of the " Custard-Apples." This shrub or
tree might be tried in frostless forest- valleys, where humidity and rich
soil will prove favorable to its growth. It is hardy in the mildest coast-
regions of Spain, also in Chili. It yields the Cherimoyer-fruit. The
flowers are very fragrant. A. muricata L. (the Sour Sop), A.
squamosa L. and A. sericea Dunal (the Sweet Sop) and A. reticulata
(the Custard- Apple), all natives of the Antilles, can probably only
under exceptionally favorable conditions be grown in any extra-tropic
countries, though they produce fruits still in Florida.
Anthemis nobilis, Linne".
The true " Chamomile." Middle and Southern Europe, Northern
Africa. A well-known medicinal plant, frequently used as edgings
for garden-plots. Flowers in their normal state are preferable for
medicinal use to those, in which the ray florets are produced in in-
creased numbers. They contain a peculiar volatile oil and two acids,
similar to angelic and valerianic acid. Hardy in Norway to lat.
63° 52' (Schuebeler).
34 Select Plants for Industrial Cidtivre
Anthemis tinctoria, Linne".
Middle and Southern Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The
flowers contain a yellow dye.
Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical and Central Australia. A nutritious, perennial
pasture-grass. Called by Mr. Bailey " one of the most productive
grasses of Australia"; it produces a large amount of bottom-fodder,
and it has also the advantage of being a prolific seeder, while it
endures a hot, dry clime.
Anthistiria ciliata, Linne" fil. (Anthistiria Australia, R. Brown.)
The well-known " Kangaroo-grass," not confined to Australia, but
stretching through Southern Asia also and through the whole of
Africa; perennial, nutritious, comparatively hardy, ascending to sub-
alpine elevations. Chemical analysis of this grass during its spring-
growth gave the following result: — Albumen, 2*05; gluten, 4-67;
starch, 0-69; gum, 1'67; sugar, 3*06 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L.
Hummel.) Several species of Anthistiria occur variously dispersed
from South- Africa to Japan, deserving introduction and naturaliza-
tion into countries of warm-temperate or tropical climates.
Anthistiria membranacea, Lindley.
Interior of Australia. Esteemed as fattening ; seeds freely
(Bailey). Particularly fitted for dry, hot pastures, even of desert-
regions.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linne.
The " Scented Vernal-grass." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia,
North-Africa. Found wild in Norway to lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler).
Perennial, and not of great value as a fattening grass, yet always
desired for the flavor, which it imparts to hay. Perhaps for this
purpose the scented Andropogons might also serve. On deep and
moist soils it attains its greatest perfection. It is much used for
mixing among permanent grasses in pastures, where it will continue
long in season. Discarded as a pasture- or hay-grass by Professor
Hackel, liked by many as an admixture to lawn-grasses. It would
live well in any alpine region. Dr. Curl observes, that in New Zealand
it grows all the winter, spring and autumn, and is a good feeding-
grass. The lamellar crystalline cumarin is the principle, on which
the odor of Authoxanthum depends.
Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann.
Europe and Western Asia. The Chervil. An annual culinary
plant; its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the root is
seemingly deleterious. The plant requires in hot countries a shady
situation (Vilmorin); the foliage forms the principal ingredient of
of what in France is called " fines herbes."
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 35
Anthyllis vulneraria, Linne.
The Kidney-vetch. All Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
This perennial herb serves as sheep-fodder, and is particularly recom-
mended for calcareous soils. It would also live in any alpine region.
Indigenous in Norway as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler).
Apios tuberosa, Moench.
North-America. A climber with somewhat milky juice. The
mealy tubers are edible.
Apium Chilense, Hooker and Arnott.
Western Extra-tropic temperate America. A stouter plant than
the ordinary celery, but of similar culinary use.
Apium graveolens, Linne.
The a Celery." Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle
Asia. Grows in Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). It is here merely
inserted with a view of pointing out, that it might be readily natural-
ized anywhere on sea-shores. The wild plant is however by some
considered unwholesome in a raw state. The fruitlets are occasionally
utilized for condiment. Seeds will keep for several years.
Apium prostratum, La Billardiere.
The Australian Celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand,
Extra-tropical South- America. This also can be utilized as a culinary
vegetable.
Apocynum cannabinum, Linne".
North- America. Locally known as " Indian Hemp." A perennial
herb. This is- recorded among plants yielding a textile fibre. A.
androsaemifolium (Linne) yields medicinally the " Bitter Root " of
the United States, that of A. cannabinum being likewise medicinally
valuable.
Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg.
From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of this
water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though not large.
The same remarks apply to A. monostachyos (Linne fil.) and several
other species, all from the warmer regions of the eastern hemisphere.
Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg.
South- Africa. This curious water-plant might be naturalized in
ditches, swamps and lakes, for the sake of its edible tubers. The
scented flowering portion of this plant affords spinage.
Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxburgh.
Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense size. It furnishes the
fragrant calambac or agallochum-wood, known also as aggur or tug-
gur or the aloe-wood of commerce, famed since ancient times. The
odorous portion is only partially distributed through the stem. This
wood is also of medicinal value.
36 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Arachis hypogsea, Linne*.*
Brazil. The "Earth-nut, Pea-nut or Ground-nut." The seeds of
this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used for the ex-
pression of a palatable oil, which is not readily becoming rancid. The
plant is a very productive one, and yields a very quick return. It
ranks also as a valuable fodder-herb ; the hay is very nutritious, much
increasing the milk of cows. A light somewhat calcareous soil is
best fitted for its growth. On such soil 50 bushels may be ob-
tained from the acre, but Mr. Bernays notes the return up to 120
bushels, the weight of which ranging from 25 to 32 Ibs. In 1880 the
pea-nut-crop in the Southern United States came to 2,820,000 bushels,
representing a value of £517,000.
Aralia cordata, Thunberg.
China. The young shoots provide an excellent culinary vegetable.
Aralia Ginseng, Decaisne and Planchon. (Panax Ginseng, Meyer.)
China and Upper India, ascending to 12,000 feet. This herb
furnishes the celebrated Ginseng-root, so much esteemed as a stimu-
lant by the Chinese, the value of which however may be overrated.
'The root, to be particularly powerful, needs probably to be obtained
from high mountain-elevations. The species is closely related to the
North- American A. quinquefolia (Decaisne and Planchon).
Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker.*
Southern Queensland. Bunya-Bunya. A tree, attaining 250 feet
in height, with a fine-grained, hard and durable wood, particularly
valuable for furniture 5 it shows its beautiful veins best when polished.
The seeds are large and edible. Growth in height at Port Phillip,
30-40 feet in 20 years, the big strobiles ripening there.
Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Richard.*
Southern Brazil. A tree to 180 feet high, producing edible seeds.
Dr. Saldanhada Gama reports, that the wood makes spendid boards,
masts and spars, and that the tree also yields a good deal of turpentine.
Except a few palms (Mauritia, Attalea, Copernicia), this seems the
only tree, which in Tropical South- America forms forests by itself.
(Martius.)
Araucaria Cookii, R. Brown.
New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of tree to
200 feet. Habit and technical value similar to that of A. excel sa.
Growth at Port Phillip not quite 30 feet in 20 years.
Araucaria Cunninghami, Alton.*
"Moreton-Bay Pine." Eastern Australia, between 14° and 32°
south latitude, extending also to New Guinea, according to Dr.
Beccari. The tree attains a height of 200 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in
diameter. , Growth in .height at Port Phillip 30 to 40 feet in 20
years. The timber is fine-grained, strong and durable, if not exposed
in ExtrarTropical Countries. 37
to alternately dry and wet influences ; it is susceptible of a high
polish, and thus competes with satin-wood, and in some respects with
birdseye-maple. Value in Brisbane, £2 los. to £3 10s. per 1,000
superficial feet. The tree grows on alluvial banks as well as on rugged
mountains, overtopping all other trees. The resin, which exudes
from it, has almost the transparency and whiteness of crystal, and is
often pendent in the shape of icicles, which are sometimes 3 feet long
and 6 to 12 inches broad (W. Hill). Araucarias should be planted
by the million in fever-regions of tropical countries for hygienic
purposes, on account of their antiseptic exhalations.
Araucaria excelsa, R. Brown.*
" Norfolk-Island Pine." A magnificent tree of remarkable symme-
try, sometimes to 220 feet high, with a stem attaining 10 feet in dia-
meter, and with regular tiers of absolutely horizontal branches. The
timber is useful for ship-building and many other purposes. Growth
in height at Port Phillip about 40 feet in 20 years.
Araucaria imbricata, Pavon.*
Chili and Patagonia, The male tree attains generally a lesser
height than the female, which reaches 150 feet. At Brest it attained
72 feet. in 55 years (de Kersanton). This species furnishes a hard
and durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds, which
constitute a main-article of food of the natives. Eighteen good trees
will yield enough of vegetable food for a man's sustenance all the
year round. The wood is yellowish-white, full of beautiful veins,
capable of being polished and worked with facility. It is admirably
adapted for ship-building. The resin is pale and smells like frankin-
cense (Lawson). The tree is most frequently found on rocky
eminences almost destitute of water (J. Hoopes). It is hardier than
any other congener, having withstood the frosts of Norway up to
latitude 61 ° 15' (Schuebeler). Endures also the clime in many parts
of Scotland. Grows more slowly in Australia than the native species.
Araucaria Rulei, F. v. Mueller.
New Caledonia. A magnificent tree, with large shining leaves;
doubtless not merely of decorative but also of utilitarian value. A
closely allied species, A. Mueller! (Brogniart), comes with A. Balan-
sse and A. montana from the same island.
Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
North- Western America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height of
150 feet, with a stem reaching 8 feet in diameter. It is of compara-
tively quick growth (Dr. Gibbons), and it belongs to the coast-
tract exclusively. Wood exceedingly hard, not apt to rend, splendid
for furniture. The tree requires a deep loamy soil (Bolander), and is
fit only for shady, irrigated woodlands; likes the company of Pinus
Douglasii and of Sequoias. It would be valuable at least as a highly
ornamental garden- or park-plant, being the tallest among about a
thousand Ericese of the world.
38 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann.
Arctic zone and mountain-regions of many parts of Europe. The
young shoots and leaf-stalks of this biennial herb are used for
Angelica-confectionery; the roots are of medicinal use, and likewise
they are chosen as well as the fruitlets for the distillation of some
cordials. Hardy in Norway to lat. 71° 10' (Shcuebeler). In any
sub-alpine regions this plant would particularly establish its value.
The surprisingly gigantic Angelica ursina (Regel; Angelophyllum
ursinum, Ruprecht) forms a conspicuous feature in the landscape of
Kamtschatka and Sachalin. It is delineated on plate XVI. of Lindley
and Moore's Treasury of Botany; it ought to become an important
plant for annual scenic culture.
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel.
Europe, Northern Asia and North- America, in colder regions,
extending to the arctics. A medicinal small shrub, which could best
be reared in the heath-moors of alpine tracts. Valuable also as a
honey-yielding plant (Cook).
Arenga saccharifera, La Billardtere.
India, Cochinchina, Philippines and also most Southern Japan
(Doederlein). This Palm attains a height of 40 feet. The black
fibres of the leaf-stalks are adapted for cables and ropes, intended to
resist wet very long. The juice convertible into toddy or sugar;
the young kernels made with syrup into preserves. This Palm
dies off as soon as it has produced its fruit; the stem then becomes
hollow, and can be used for spouts and troughs of great durability.
The pith supplies sago, about 150 Ibs. from a tree, according to
Roxburgh.
Argania Sideroxylon, Roemer and Schultes.
Western Barbary, on dry hills. " The Argan-tree." Its growth
is generally slow, but it is a long-lived tree. Though comparatively
low in stature, its foliage occasionally spreads to a circumference of
220 feet. It sends out suckers from the root. The fruit serves as
food for cattle in Morocco; but in Australia the kernels would be
more likely to be utilized by pressing an oil from them. Height of
tree exceptionally 70 feet.
Aristida prodigiosa, Welwitsch.*
Angola, on the driest sand-hills. A perennial fodder-grass, of
which the discoverer speaks in glowing terms of praise. In the
West- African desert-country, in places devoid of almost all other
vegetation, the zebras, antelopes and hares resort with avidity to this
grass; it also affords there in the dry season almost the only fodder
for domestic grazing animals. Moreover, this seems to indicate, that
the closely cognate A. plumosa, L. and A. ciliata, Desf., of the
countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea,, might likewise be en-
couraged in their natural growth or be cultivated. All feathery
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 39
grasses are among the most lovely for minor decorative purposes or
designs, and this may also be said of the Australian plumous Stipa
elegantissima (La Billardiere) and S. Tuckeri (F. v. M.).
Aristolochia Indica, Linn£.
Tropical Asia, North-Eastern Australia and Polynesia. A peren-
nial climber; the leaves famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be
grown in places free from frost.
Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance.
The green " Putchuck" of China. A medicinal plant, largely ob-
tained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from £20,000
to £30,000 annually.
Aristolochia serpentaria, Linn<$.
The " Snake-root" of North- America. The root of this trailing
herb is valuable in medicine; it contains a peculiar volatile oil.
Several other Aristolochiae deserve culture for medicinal purposes,
— for instance, Aristolochia ovalifolia (the Guaco) and A. auguicida,
from the mountains of Central America.
Aristotelia Macqui, L'Eteritier.
Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the pleasant
taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in Chili (Philippi). The
plant would thrive in mild forest-valleys.
Arnica montana, Linn<$.
Colder parts of Europe and Western Asia. This pretty herb is
perennial and of medicinal value. It is particularly eligible for sub-
alpine regions. Hardy in Norway to lat. 62° 47' (Schuebeler). The
active principles are arnicin, a volatile oil, caproic and caprylic acids.
Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft.
Mountain-regions of Central America. A perennial umbelliferous
herb. The root is nutritious and palatable. There are yellow,
purple and pale varieties, which are kept up by division of the roots.
Artemisia Abrotanum, Lhm<$.
Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A very odorous shrub,
known as " Southern Wood." The foliage used in domestic medicine,
also as condiment. The plant is easily grown from cuttings.
Artemisia Absinthium, Linn^.
Europe, North- and Middle-Asia and North-Africa. The " Worm-
wood/' A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and anthelmintliic.
Should be avoided where bees are kept (Muenter). Recommended
for cultivation as a preventative of various insect-plagues, even the
Phylloxera. Several other species of Artemisia deserve cultivation
for medicinal purposes. Active principles: Absinthin, an oily sub-
stance indurating to a crystalline mass; also a volatile oil peculiar to
the species.
40 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Artemisia Cina, Berg.
Kurdistan. This herb- furnishes the genuine santonica-seeds (or
rather flowers and fruits), a vermifuge of long-established use. Some
other Asiatic species yield a similar drug.
Artemisia Dracunculus, Linne".
Northern Asia. The " Tarragon or Estragon." A perennial herb,
used as a condiment. Its flavor depends on two volatile oils, one
of them peculiar to the plant. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 52'
(Schuebeler). Propagation by division of root; the wild plant has
but little flavor (Vilmorin).
Artemisia Mutellina, Villars.
Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant deserves
to be established in any alpine region. This plant and A. glacialis,
L., A. rupestris, L. and A. spicata, Wulf. comprised under the name
of " Genippi," serve for the preparation of the Extrait d' Absinthe
(Brockhaus).
Artemisia Pontica, Linne".
Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. More aromatic and
less bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Hardy to lat. 63° 45' in
Norway (Schuebeier). Many other species of this genus deserve
attention of the culturist.
Artocarpus COmmunis, R. and G. Forster. (A. incisa, Linne" fil.)
South Sea-Islands, Moluccas and Sunda-Islands.
The Tahiti "Bread-fruit tree." It stretches in the Sandwich-
Islands through cultivation almost beyond the tropics. According
to Dr. Seemann's excellent account seedless varieties exist, and
others with entire leaves and with smooth and variously shaped and
sized fruits; others again ripening earlier, others later, so that ripe
bread-fruit is obtainable more or less abundantly throughout the year.
The fruit is simply boiled or baked or converted into more compli-
cated kinds of food. Starch is obtainable from the bread-fruit very
copiously. The very fibrous bark can be beaten into a sort of
rough cloth. The light wood serves for canoes. The exudation,
issuing from cuts, made into the stem, is in use for closing the seams
of canoes, and could be turned to technic account.
Artocarpus integrifolia, Linne" fil.
India. The famous "Jack-Tree," ascending like the allied A.
Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4,000 feet ; only fit for places free of frost.
The fruit attains exceptionally a weight of 801bs.; it is eaten raw or
variously prepared; the seeds when roasted are not inferior to chest-
nuts (Dr. Roxburgh).
Arundinaria falcata, Nees.
The Nirgal- or Ningala-Bamboo of the Middle Himalayan zone,
The canes attain a diameter of only 4 inches, are durable and applied
to manifold useful purposes. This bamboo does not necessarily
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 41
require moisture. In reference to various bamboos see the Gardeners'
Chronicle of December, 1876, also the Bulletin de la Societe d' Accli-
mation de Paris, 1878. The closely-allied Jurboota-Bamboo of
Nepal, which occurs only in the cold altitudes of from 7,000 to 10,000
feet, differs in its solitary stems, not growing in clumps. The Tham-
or Kaptur-Bamboo is from a still colder zone, at from 8,500 to 11,500
feet, only 500 feet or less below the inferior limits of perpetual glaciers
(Major Madden). The wide and easy cultural distribution of
bamboos by means of seed has been first urged and to some extent
initiated by the writer of the present work.
Arundinaria Falconer!, Munro. ( Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hooker. )
Himalaya, at about 8,000 feet elevation. A tall species with a
panicle of several feet in length. Allied to the foregoing species.
Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro.
Himalaya, up to nearly 7,000 feet. Grows to a height of about
15 feet. Vernacularly known as " Yoksun and Praong." The seeds
are edible, and also used for a kind of beer (Sir Jos. Hooker).
Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The " Metake " of Japan. Attains a height of from 6 to 12 feet.
Uninjured by even the severest winters at Edinburgh, with 0° F.
(Gorlie).
Arundinaria macrospertna, Michaux and Richard.
Southern States of North-America, particularly on the Mississippi.
This bamboo-like reed forms there the cane-brakes. Fit for low
borders of watercourses and swamps. According to C. Mohr it
affords throughout all seasons of the year an abundance of nutritious
fodder. It requires to be replanted after flowering, in the course of
years. Height reaching 20 feet.
Arundinaria spathiflora, Trimus.
Himalaya, at elevations of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, growing among
firs and oaks in a climate almost as severe as that of England, snow
being on the ground from 2 to 3 months.
Arundinaria tecta, Muehlenberg.
Southern States of North- America. A cane, growing 10 feet high.
Prefers good soil, not subject to inundations ; ripens its large mealy
seeds early in the season, throwing out subsequently new branches
with rich foliage. Fire destroys this plant readily (C. Mohr).
Arundinella Nepalensis, Trimus.
Middle and Southern Africa, Southern Asia, Northern and
Eastern Australia. This grass commences its growth in the spring-
weather, and continues to increase during the whole summer, forming
a dense mat of foliage, which grows as fast as it is fed off or cut.
In New Zealand it is only a summer-grass, but valuable for its rapid
growth at that season, and for thriving on high dry land (Dr. Curl).
D 2
42 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo.
Southern Europe, Northern Africa. Almost as large as a
Gynerium. The tough flower-stems and leaves readily available for
tying.
Arundo Bengalensis, Roxburgh.
China, India. Closely allied to A. Donax. The long panicle
beautifully variegated with white and violet (Hauce).
Arundo conspicua, G. Forster.
New Zealand and Chatham-Islands. Although not strictly an
industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for scenic effect,
flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana comes in bloom, but
not quite .so hardy as that species, still bearing considerable frost.
Arundo Donax, Linn<$.
The tall, evergreen, lasting Bamboo-reed of Southern Europe and
Northern Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its
class for quickly producing a peculiar scenic effect in picturesque
plantations, also for intercepting almost at once the view of
unsightly objects, and for giving early shelter. The canes can be
used for fishing-rods, for light props, rustic pipes, distaffs, baskets
and various utensils. Readily flowering when strongly manured.
The root is used medicinally in France; ^easily transplanted at any
season. Cross-sections of the canes are very convenient, placed
closely and erect, for sowing into them seeds of pines, eucalypts
and many other trees, seedlings of which are to be forwarded on a
large scale to long distances (J. E. Brown), in the same manner as
bamboo-joints are used in India.
Arundo Karka, Roxburgh.
India, China, Japan. The Durma-mats are made of the split stems
of this tall reed.
Arundo Pliniana, Turra.
On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant than
A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves, but similarly
evergreen, and resembling the Donax-reed also in its roots.
Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. (Gynerium saccharoides, Humboldt.)
Northern parts of South-America. Attaining a height of 20 feet.
Like the following, it is conspicuously magnificent.
Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. (Arundo dioica, Sprengel non Loureiro,
Gynerium argenteum, Nees.)
The "Pampas-grass" of Uruguay, Paraguay and La Plata-States.
A grand autumnal-flowering reed, with gorgeous feathery panicles.
As an industrial plant it deserves here a place, because paper can be
prepared from its leaves, as first shown by the author.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 43
Asparagus acutifolius, Linn&
In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in the Canary-
Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the root-shoots, accord-
ing to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in Greece, and are tender and of
excellent taste, though somewhat thinner than those of the ordinary
herbaceous species ; in Istria and Dalmatia they are consumed as
a favorite salad. The shrub grows on stony rises, and the shoots are
obtained without cultivation. A. aphyllus, L. and A. horridus, L.,
according to Dr. Reinhold, are utilized in the same manner, and all
may probably yield an improved product by regular and careful
culture.
Asparagus albus, Linn(*.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in the Canary-Islands.
Serves for garden-hedges.
Asparagus laricinus, Burchell.
South- Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this shrubby species, that
with some other kinds of that country it produces shoots of excellent
tenderness and aromatic taste.
Asparagus officinalis, Linn£.
Europe, North- Africa, North-Asia. The well-known Asparagus-
plant, which, if naturalized on any coast, would aid in binding the
sand. Hardy in Norway to lat. 64° 12' (Schuebeler). The foliage
contains inosit-sugar ; the shoots yield asparagin. Sea-weeds are a
good additional material. for forcing asparagus.
Asperula odorata, Brunfels.
The " Woodruff." Europe, Western and Northern Asia, Northern
Africa, there as in Southern Europe only on mountains, always a
forest-plant. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 66° 59' (Schuebeler).
A perennial herb with highly fragrant flowers ; it deserves natural-
ization in forests ; it contains much cumarin in its flowers, and
serves in Germany for preparing the " Maitrank."
Aspidosperma Quebracho, Grisebach.
Argentina. Shrub or tree, even tall, with wood fit for xylography.
The bitter bark is astringent and febrifugal (Lorentz), being almost
as rich in tannin as that of Acacia Cebil. The leaves even contain
27^ per cent.; both have the advantage of producing an almost color-
less leather (Sievert). F. Jean states, that even the Quebracho-wood
contains 14 to 16 per cent, of tannic and 2 to 3 per cent, of gallic
acid.
Astartea fascicularis, De Candolle.
South-Western Australia. A tall shrub or small tree, with a
predilection for swampy ground, rather remarkable for quick growth,
and evidently destined to take its place in antimalarian plantations .
The foliage is locally used for tea.
44 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Astragalus adscendens, Boissier and Haussknecht.
Persia, in alpine elevations of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. A shrubr
attaining a height of 4 feet. Yields gum-tragacanth in abundance
(Haussknecht). Many species of this genus, numerous in various
parts of Europe and Asia, in California and in some other parts of
the globe, deserve attention for pasture and other agronomic purposes.
Astragalus arenarius, Linne".
Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder-herb for any sandy
desert-country.
Astragalus brachycalyx, Fischer.
'Kurdistan. A low shrub, affording gum-tragacanth (Flueckiger).
Astragalus Cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.)
Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good tragacanth ; and so
probably also does the true A. aristatus of 1'Heritier.
Astragalus Cicer, Linne".
Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious and
well flavored perennial herb, much sought by grazing animals. It
requires, according to Langethal, deep friable grounds and, like most
leguminous herbs, calcareous ingredients in the soil.
Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck.
Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary vermic-
ular tragacanth ; the pale is preferable to the brown sort.
Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linne".
Europe and Northern Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in forest-
regions. It has been recommended as a perennial, substantial fodder-
plant.
Astragalus gummifer, La Billardiere.
Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of traga-
canth.
Astragalus hypoglottis, Linne". (A. Danicus, Retzius.)
Colder regions of Europe, Asia and North- Am erica. This peren-
nial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on calcareous and
gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance in any alpine region. Of
the enormous number of supposed species of this genus (according to
Boissier, not less than 750 merely in Asia Minor and the adjoining
countries) many must be of value for pasture, like some of the closely-
allied Australian Swainsonas, though they also may include delete-
rious species; thus A. Hornii and A. lentiginosus (Gray) of California,
and A. mollissimus (Nuttall) of Texas, are known as loco-weeds, and
are poisonous to cattle and horses, just as Swainsona lessertifolia
(Candolle) and S. Greyana (Lindley) have shown themselves highly
injurious to pastoral animals in Australia ; the active principle of
these plants may however become of importance in medicine.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 45
Astragalus microcephalus, Willdenow.
From Turkey to Russian Armenia. Gum-tragacanth is collected
largely also from this species (Farnsworth) and from the nearly
allied A. pycnocladus (Boissier and Haussknecht).
Astragalus Parnassi, Boissier. (A. Cylleneus, Heldreich.)
Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively the
commercial tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7,000 feet,
becoming therefore alpine.
Astragalus strobiliferus, Royle.
Asiatic Turkey. A brown tragacanth is collected from this
species.
Astragalus stromatodes, Bunge.
Syria, at elevations of approximately 5,000 feet. Exudes Aintab-
tragacanth, which is also obtained from A. Kurdicus (Boissier).
Astragalus venosus, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Central Africa. This perennial herb is subjected
to regular cultivation for fodder, known as " Hamat-Kochata "
(D. Oliver).
Astragalus verus, Olivier.
Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor-
or Smyrna-tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species.
Astrebla pectinata, F. v. Mueller.* (Danthonia pectinata, Lindley.)
New South Wales, Queensland, Northern and Central Australia, in
arid regions, always inland. A perennial desert-grass, resisting
drought ; sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to them
and other pasture-animals.
Astrebla triticoides, F. v. Mueller.* (Danthonia triticoide*, Lindley.)
The " Mitchell-grass." Of nearly the same natural distribution as
the preceding, and equalling that species in value. Both so important
as to deserve artificial rearing even in their native country.
Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker.
New South Wales and Queensland. This Desert-lemon is men-
tioned here, to draw attention to the likelihood of its improving in cul-
ture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid climes.
Atriplex albicans, Aiton.
South- Africa. A good salt-bush for pastures there (McOwan).
Atriplex crystallinum, J. Hooker.
South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania, on the brink of the ocean
and exposed to its spray. This herb vegetates solely in salty coast-
sands, which it helps to bind, like Cakile.
46 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Atriplex halimoides, Lindley.
Gregarious over the greater part of the saline desert-interior of
Australia, reaching the South- and West-coasts. A dwarf bush, with
its frequent companion, A. holocarpum (F. v. M.), among the very
best for saltbush-pasture. All readily raised from seeds.
Atriplex hortense, Dodoens.
Northern and Middle Asia. The " Arroche." An annual spin-
age-plant. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler).
Atriplex Muelleri, Bentham.
Interior of Australia, reaching the South- and West-coasts. Cattle
and especially sheep are so fond of it, that they often browse it to the
root. This species approaches in its characteristics closely to A.
roseum (Linne) from Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia;
which thus perhaps may be of greater rural significance also, than
hitherto supposed.
Atriplex immmularium,
From Queensland through the desert-tracks to Victoria and South-
Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and wholesome of
Australian pastoral salt-bushes. Sheep and cattle, pastured on salt-
bush-country, are said not only to remain free 'of fluke, but to recover
from this Distoma-disease and other allied ailments.
Atriplex semibaccatum, B. Brown.
Extra-tropic Australia. A perennial herb, very much liked by
sheep (R. H. Andrews), thus considered among the best of saline
herbage of the saltbush-country.
Atriplex sponglosum, F. v. Mueller.
Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the South-
and West-coast. Available, like the preceding and several other
species, for saltbush-culture. Unquestionably some of the shrubby
extra-Australian species, particularly those of the Siberian and Cali-
fornian steppes, could also be transferred advantageously to sub-
saline country elsewhere, to increase its value, particularly for sheep-
pasture.
Atriplex vesicarium, Hewerd.
In the interior of South -Eastern and Central Australia. One of the
most fattening and most relished of all the dwarf pastoral salt-bushes
of Australia, holding out in the utmost extremes of drought, and not
scorched even by sirocco-like blasts. Its vast abundance over ex-
tensive saltbush-plains of the Australian interior, to the exclusion of
almost every other bush except A. halimoides, indicates the facility,
with which this species disseminates itself. Splendid wool is pro-
duced in regions, where A. vesicarium and A. halimoides almost
monopolize the ground for enormous stretches. With other woody
species easily multiplied from cuttings also.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 47
Atropa Belladonna, Linn<*.
The " Deadly Nightshade." Southern and Middle Europe and
Western Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb. The
highly powerful atropine is derived from it, besides another alkaloid,
belladonnine.
Audibertia polystachya, Bentham.
California. A shrub, attaining a height of 10 feet; keeps the bees
roaring with activity about its flowers for honey during the whole
spring (A. J. Cook). The same can be said of A. Palmeri (Gray)
and some other species.
Avena elatior, Linn£. (Arrhenatherum elatius, Beauvois.)
The tall Meadow-Oat-grass. Europe, Middle Asia, North-Africa.
Indigenous in Norway to lat. 68° 11' (Schuebeler). This grass
should not be passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes
easily irrepressible on account of its wide-creeping roots. It should
be chosen for dry and barren tracts of country, having proved to
resist occasional droughts better than rye-grass. Mr. J. L. Dow
regards it as one of the very best of grasses for sandy soil. Yields
more green feed in the southern states of North- America during
winter than most other grasses (Loring). The bulk yielded by
it is great; it submits well to pasturing, and gives two or three crops
of hay annually; it is however not so much relished by animals as
many other grasses.
Avena fatua, Linn£.
Wild Oat. Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia,
eastward as far as Japan. The experiments qf Professor Buckman
seem to indicate, that our ordinary cultivated Oat (Avena sativa, L.)
is descended from this plant. Cultivated in California for fodder,
but requiring early cutting, as it matures and sheds its seed in July.
For this reason it is also hard to exterminate it in grain-fields, where
it sometimes proves quite troublesome, except by change of crops.
Avena flavescens, Linn£. ( Trisetum flavescens, Beauvois. )
Yellowish Oat-grass. Europe, Northern Africa, Middle and
Northern Asia, eastward as far as Japan. . One of the best of
perennial meadow-grasses, living on dry soil; fitted also for alpine
regions. Lawson observes, that it yields a considerable bulk of fine
foliage, and that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but that it thrives
best intermixed with other grasses. It likes particularly limestone-
soil, where it forms a most valuable undergrass, but is not adapted
for poor sand, nor will it stand well the traversing of grazing animals
(Langethal).
Avena pratensis, Linn£.
Meadow-Oat-grass. Europe, Northern Asia. Indigenous in Nor-
way, to lat. 66° 40' (Schuebeler). It thrives well on dry clayey
soil, is well adapted also for alpine mountains, where it would readily
48 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
establish itself, even on heathy moors. It produces a sweet fodder,
but not in so great quantity as several other less nutritious grasses.
It is perennial, and recommended by Langethal for such ground, as
contains some lime, being thus as valuable as Festuca ovina. Eligible
also for meadows, especially under a system of irrigation.
Avena pubescens, Linn£.
Downy Oat-grass. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A sweet
perennial grass, requiring dry but ^ood soil containing lime; it is
nutritious and prolific, and one of the earliest kinds, but not well
resisting traffic. Several good Oat-grasses are peculiar to North-
America and other parts of the globe. Their relative value for
fodder is in many cases not exactly known, nor does the limit
assigned to this volume allow of their being enumerated specially.
Avena sativa, Linne.
The Common Oats. In Middle Europe cultivated before the
Christian era, and in Switzerland already at the Bronze-Age. A. de
Candolle regards it as probably indigenous to Eastern temperate
Europe, particularly the Austrian Empire, thence perhaps extending
to Siberia. Annual. Important for fodder, green or as grain — for
the latter indispensable. Fit for even poor or moory or recently
drained land, though not so well adapted for sandy soil as rye, nor
well available for calcareous ground; resists wet better than other
cereals; best chosen as first crop for inferior land, when newly broken
up; middling grassy soil is particularly suited for oats; in rich
ground more prolific for green fodder. It succeeds in rotation after
every crop, though variously as regards yield, and best after clover.
In volcanic soil of the Victoria-colony as much as 75 bushels of Oats
have been obtained from an acre in one harvest, and in most favorable
places in New Zealand exceptionally even double that quantity. Its
culture extends not quite so far towards polar and alpine regions as
barley, on account of the longer time required for its maturing; yet it
will ripen still at lat. 69° 28' in Norway (Schuebeler). Varieties
with seeds separating spontaneously from the bracts (chaff) are : A.
nuda, L. and A. Chinensis, Metzger, the Tatarian and Chinese Oats,
which are the sorts preferred for porridge and cakes. Other varieties
or closely allied species are: A. orientalis, Schreber, which is very
rich in grain, and on account of the rigidity of its stem especially
fitted for exposed mountain-localities; A. brevis, Roth, the short-
grained oats, which is particularly suitable for stable-fodder; A.
strigosa, Schreber, which is a real native of Middle-Europe, arid
deserves preference for sandy soil. Russian quas-beer is made of
oats (Langethal, Brockhaus).
Averrhoa Carambola,
Continental and insular India. Not hurt by slight frost, except
when very young. Sir Jos. Hooker found this small tree on the
Upper Indus as far as Lahore. The fruit occurs in a sweet and acid
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 49
variety; the former is available for the table raw, the other for pre-
serves. That of A. Bilimbi (Linne) is of similar use, especially for
tarts.
Avicennia officinalis, Linne".
From the coasts of South-Asia to those of South- Africa, all
Australia and New Zealand. ' It is proposed by Dr. Herm. Behr, to
plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores. The copious
nectar from the flowers eagerly sought by bees.
Aziina tetracantha, Lamarck.
From South-India to South-Africa. A hedge-bush, growing freely
in every kind of soil.
Baccharis pilularis, De Candolle.
California and Oregon. This evergreen bush can be grown for
hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower-boquets and other
decorative purposes, as cut branches do not wither for a considerable
time. It attains a height of 15 feet (Professor Bolander), and could
readily be naturalized along sandy sea-shores.
Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland. Though only a small tree, it is well worth
cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented foliage, from which
also a culinary and cosmetic oil can be cheaply distilled.
Bactris GrasipSBS, Humboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Martins.)
The " Peach-Palm " of the Amazon-River, ascending to the warm
temperate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered, attaining a height
of 40 feet. The fruit grows in large bunches ; Dr. Spruce describes
it as possessing a thick, firm and mealy pericarp, and when cooked
to have a flavor between that of the potato and chestnut, but superior
to either.
Bacularia Arfakiana, Beccari.
In Araucaria-forests of New Guinea up to 6,000 feet. A reed-
like palm, evidently desirable for decorative purposes.
Bacularia mon.ostach.ya, F. v. Mueller. (Areca monostachya, Martius. )
Eastern Australia, extending to extra-tropical latitudes. One of the
best among small Palms for table-decoration. The stems sought for
walking-sticks.
Baloghia lucida, Endlicher. (Codiceum lucidum, J. Mueller.)
East- Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the wounded
trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful red indelible
pigment.
Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker.
Scinde and Beluchistan. Yields the Bdellium-resin.
50 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees. (Commiphora Myrrha, Engler.)
Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the commercial " Myrrh," but
perhaps some other species may produce the same substance.
Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. (B. Gileadense, Kunth.
Commiphora Opobalsamum, Engler.)
Deserts of Arabia, Abyssinia and Nubia. A small tree. This
species furnishes Mekka- or Grilead-Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is
a closely allied congener from Extra- tropical South- Africa. Some
other Balsam-shrubs deserve introduction into warm dry regions.
Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh.*
The " Thorny Bamboo " of India. It likes rich, moist soil, and
delights on river-banks ; it is of less height than Bambusa vulgaris,
also sends up from the root numerous stems, but with bending
branches, thorny at the joints. Used in continental India for hedges.
According to Kurz it will thrive in a climate too dry for B. Tulda and
B. vulgaris. The seeds of this and some other Bamboos are useful as
food for fowls. Whenever seeds of any Bamboos can be obtained
fresh and disseminated soon, large masses of these plants could easily
be raised in suitable forest-ground of other countries ; Bamboo-seeds
moreover, like Palm-seeds, ought to become a very remunerative
article of commercial export for horticultural purposes under practical
and experienced hands.
Bambusa aspera, Poiret
Indian Archipelagus. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems very
strong and thick. This species ascends to cool elevations of 4,000
feet.
Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh.*
From the Plains of Bengal to Assam. Proved hardy at the Cape
of Good Hope. Height reaching 70 feet. With B. Tulda the
principal Bamboo used by the natives for constructing large huts or
sheds, but, as Roxburgh has pointed out, in order to render the
material durable, it needs long previous immersion in water. Mr.
Routledge recommends young shoots of Bamboos as paper-material.
The seeds of Bambusa Tulda have been found by me to retain their
vitality for some time and to germinate readily.
Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes.
Insular India. This Bamboo, with its spiny buds and pendent
branchlets, is according to Kurz one of the best for cattle-proof live-
hedges among the Asiatic species. In continental India B. nana and
B. arundinacea are much used for the same purpose. Periodic
trimming is required.
Bambusa Brandisii, Munro.
Tenasserim, Martaban and Pegu, wild up to elevations of 4,000 feet.
Height of stems reaching 120 feet, diameter 9 inches. It likes lime-
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 51
stone-soil. Locally much used for rural buildings, affording posts,
rafters, flooring-material and shingles ; also many utensils, among
them buckets, are made of this Bamboo (Dr. Brandis).
Bambusa flexuosa, Munro.
China. Only 12 feet high, but very hardy, having resisted in
Southern France a temperature of 8° F (Geoffroy de St. Hilaire).
Bambusa Senaensis, Franchet and Savatier.
Japan. A tall and hardy species, distinguished from all other
Japanese Bambusaceae by its large leaves. Young Bamboo-shoots
(probably of several species) constitute part of the nourishment of
all classes in Japan (Dupont).
Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh.*
Bengal. A Bamboo, attaining 100 feet in height. The central
cavity of the canes is of less diameter than in most other species;
thus the strength for many technic purposes is increased.
Bambusa vulg-aris, Wendland.
The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It rises to a height of 70
feet, and the stems may attain a length even of 40 feet in one season,
though the growth is slower in cooler climes. It has proved to be
capable of resisting occasional night-frosts. It is the best for build-
ing bamboo-houses. Immersion in water for some time renders the
cane still firmer. To the series of large thornless bamboos belong
also Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Balcooa of India, and Bambusa
Thouarsii from Madagascar and Bourbon. These bamboos are much
used for various kinds of furniture, mats, implements and other articles.
Besides these, Kurz enumerates as among the best Asiatic bamboos
for building purposes: Gigantochloa aspera, G. maxima, G. attar,-
while Teysmann notes G. apus for the same purpose. Kurz recom-
mends further, Bambusa arundinacea, B. Balcooa, B. Brandisii, B.
polymorpha, Dendrocalamus Hamilton! and Schizostachyum BlumeL
In the Moluccas, according to Costa, Gigantochloa maxima, or an
allied species, produces stems thick enough to serve when slit into
halves for canoes. Bamboos are utilized for masts and spars of small
vessels. Bambusa Balcooa was found by Wallich to grow 12 feet in
23 days. Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has grown at
first at the rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month. Fortune noticed
the growth of several Chinese Bamboos to be two to two and a half
feet a day. There are many other kinds of Bamboo eligible among
the species from China, Japan, India, tropical America and perhaps
tropical Africa. Two occur in Arnhem's Land, and one at least in
North-Queensland. New Guinea is sure to furnish also additional
kinds of technical importance or eminent horticultural value.
Baptisia tinctoria, B. Brown.
The " Wild Indigo " of Canada and the United States. A peren-
nial herb. It furnishes a fair pigment, when treated like the best
Indigoferas; also used as an antiseptic in medicine.
52 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Brown.
In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to alpine
zones. Hardy to lat. 64° 5' in Norway (Schuebeler). This herb
furnishes a wholesome salad. As with other raw vegetables, particu-
larly watercress (Nasturtium aquaticum, Trag.), circumspect care is
necessary, to free such salads from possibly adherent Echinococcus-ova
or other germs of entozoa, particularly in localities where hydatids
prevail. An excellent honey-plant (Muenter), particularly for cold
regions. Several allied species exist.
Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow.
South-Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco-leaves.
B. crenulata, Hooker (Diosma crenulata, L.) is only a variety of this
species. Active principles: a peculiar volatile oil, a peculiar resin
and a crystalline substance called diosmm. Empleurum serrulatum
(Solander), a small South- African shrub, yields also Bucco-leaves
as noted by Prof. Eichler.
Basella lucida, Linn£.
India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the odour
of Ocimum Basilicum ; other species serve also for culinary purposes.
Basella rubra, Linne.
From Southern Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb serves
as a spinage of pleasant coloration, but is not possessed of the
agreeable flavor of real spinage. It yields also a rich purple dye, not
easily fixed however (Johnson).
Bassowia SOlanacea, Bentham. ( Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier.)
South- America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on account
of its large edible tubers.
Batis maritima, Linn<$.
Central America and northward 'to Florida, also in the Sandwich-
Islands. This shrub can be used, to fix tidal sediments for the
reclamation of harbor-lands.
Beesha elegantissima, Hasskarl.
Java, on mountains of about 4,000 feet elevation. Very tall and
exceedingly slender; the upper branches pendulous. A hardy species
of Bamboo.
Bells jaculifolia, Salisbury. (Cunninghamia Sinensis, R. Brown.)
Southern China. A tree, attaining 40 feet in height. Though too
slow for timber-growth, it should not be passed in this work, as its
Araucaria-like habit entitles it to a place in any arboretum, which is
not subject to severe frosts; it proved hardy at Arran (Rev. D.
Landsborough). The tree furnishes resin; the timber serves building-
purposes well.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 53
Benincasa cerifera, Savi.
India, Philippines, China, Japan, perhaps also North -Eastern Aus-
tralia and Polynesia. This annual plant produces a large edible
gourd, which in an unripe state forms part of the composition of many
kinds of curry.
Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh.
Himalaya. A Berberry-shrub. Hardy in Christiania (Schuebeler).
One of the best among numerous species with edible berries. Among
these may particularly be mentioned B. Lycium (Royle) and B.
aristata (De Candolle), which also yield valuable yellow dye-wood
(Dr. Rosenthal). All kinds of Berberry-shrubs must be kept away
from cereal fields, as they might become the seat of the Aecidium-state
of one of the principal rust-fungs, Puccinia graminis.
Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck.
From Magelhaen's Straits to Chili. This bush, according to Dr.
Philippi, is the best among the South- American species for berries,
which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid, but slightly
astringent. In Valdivia and Chiloe they are frequently consumed.
Berberis Darwinii, Hooker.
Chiloe and South-Chili. Considered one of the most handsome of
all shrubs for garden-hedges. Hardy in England; even at Christiania.
Several other evergreen Berberry-shrubs serve the same purpose.
Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel.
Himalayas, at elevations between 4,000 and 8,000 feet. Hardy to
lat. 59° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler). The fruit of this evergreen
species is edible.
Beschorneria yuccoides, Hooker.
Mexico, at rocky elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet (Finck).
This handsome plant will bear slight frost. The stem attains a height
of 6 feet, and produces flowers annually like yuccas. The leaves
yield a remarkable fine and strong fibre (T. Christy). The two other
'known species, also from Mexico, B. tubiflora (Kunth) and B. Par-
mentierii (Jacobi), are probably similarly useful.
Beta vulgaris, Linn&*
The " Beet or Mangold-Wurzel." Middle and Southern Europe,
Middle Asia, Northern Africa. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70° 4'
(Schuebeler). This well-known perennial or biennial herb ought to
engage the general and extensive attention of any farming population.
Can be grown for mere foliage even in sandy soil near the sea, and is
often chosen for the first crop on heath-lands in Northern Germany.
The herbage is most valuable as a palatable and nutritious spinage ;
the root is of importance not only as a culinary vegetable, but, as is
well-known, also for containing crystallizable sugar. The sugar of
54 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
the beet is indeed now almost exclusively consumed in Russia, Ger-
many, Austria, France, Sweden and Belgium; and these countries
not only produce beet-sugar, but also export it largely to the neigh-
boring States. The white Sicilian Beet is mainly used for salads,
spinage and soups. The thick-ribbed variety serves like asparagus
or sea-kale, dressed like rhubarb. Cereal soil, particularly such as is
fit for barley, is generally adapted also for the culture of beets. The
rearing of the root and the manufacture of the sugar can be studied
from manifold works; one has been compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of
Melbourne. A deeply-stirred, drained soil, rich in lime, brings the
saccharine variety of beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial
beet yields from 12 to 20 per cent, sugar. The Castlenauderry, the
Magdeburg, the Siberian White-rib and the Vilmorin-Beet are other
varieties rich in sugar. About 5 Ibs. of seed are required for an acre.
In rotation of crops the beet takes its place best between barley and
oats. In Middle Europe the yield averages 14 tons of sugar-beets to
the acre, and as many hundredweight of raw sugar. The mercantile
value of the root, at distilleries, has ranged from 20s. to 30s. per ton.
In climates not subject to frost the beet-harvest can be extended over
a far greater portion of the year than in Middle Europe. The extrac-
tion of the sap is effected generally by hydraulic pressure; the juice
is purified with lime and animal charcoal; excess of lime is removed
by carbonic acid, and the purified and decolorized juice is evaporated
in vacuum pans, with a view to prevent the extensive conversion of
the crystallizable sugar into treacle. The production of beet-sugar
needs far less labor than that of cane-sugar, and the harvest is
obtained in so short a time as eight months. The beet has shown
itself subject neither to alarming diseases nor to extensive attacks
of insects. It is mostly grown in extra-tropical zones, while the
sugar-cane is confined to tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. Beet-
culture, by directly or indirectly restoring the refuse, ameliorates the
soil to such an extent, that in some parts of Europe land so utilized
has risen to fourfold its former value. The beet furthermore affords
one of the most fattening stable-fodders; and thus again an ample
supply of manure. In the beet-districts of Middle Europe about one-
sixth of the arable land is devoted to beets, yet the produce of cereals
has not been reduced, while the rearing of fattened cattle has increased.
Notwithstanding a heavy tax on the beetsugar-factories in Europe,
the industry has proved prosperous, and assumes greater and greater
dimensions. In 1865 the sugar-consumption of Europe amounted to
1,583,825 tons, one-third of which had been locally supplied by the
beet, from over one thousand factories. Treacle obtained from beet
is distilled for alcohol. For establishing remunerative factories on a
large and paying scale, it has been suggested, that farmers' companies
might be formed. For ascertaining the percentage of sugar in the
beet, saccharometers are used. In Germany some scientific periodicals
are exclusively devoted to the fostering of this industry. In 1875
the total production of beet-sugar amounted to 1,318,000 tons
(Boucheraux)
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 55
Betula acuminata, Wallich.
Himalaya, between 3,000 and 10,000 feet. Attains a height of 60
feet, and thrives along forest-streams. The wood is hard, strong and
durable. Another Himalayan Birch, B. utilis (D. Don), grows on
arid ground, and produces good timber of less hardness.
Betula alba,
" White Birch." The common Birch of Europe and Extra-tropical
Asia and North- America. With some Willows approaching nearer
to the North-Pole than any other woody vegetation, but ceding in
milder regions before the Beech when occurring mixed. It attains
a height of 80 feet, and would, when cultivated, thrive best in moist
glens of ranges or in the higher regions of mountains, where it would
form at the alpine zone also excellent shelter-plantations. The variety
B. pubescens (Ehrhart) attains still a height of 60 feet in lat. 70° N.
in Norway (Schuebeler). Content with the poorest soil. The
variety B. populifolia (Wllld.) extends to North-Eastern America,
the variety B. occidentalis (Hooker) to North- Western America.
The durable bark serves for rough roofing. Wood white, turning red,
tough, adapted for spools, shoe-pegs and many other minor purposes,
also for some parts of the work of organ-builders; affords like that of
other Beeches charcoal for gunpowder. The oil of the bark is used
in preparing the Russian leather.
Betula lenta, Willdenow.
The "Cherry-Birch" of North -America. A tree, reaching to 80
feet in height, and 2 feet in stem-diameter, liking moist ground, but
also content with dry soil. Hardy at Christiania in Norway (Schue-
beler). Wood rose-colored or dark, fine-grained, excellent for furni-
ture. It is so heavy, that when fresh it will not float in water. It
is used for ships' keels, machinery, furniture and other purposes,
where strength, hardness and durability are required. Bark of a
somewhat aromatic odor. Several Birches occur in Japan, which
might well be tried elsewhere.
Betula lutea, Michaux.
The " Yellow or Gray Birch " of North-Eastern America. Height
sometimes 80 feet. Adapted for moist forest-land. In timber similar
to B. lenta. The wood is used for shoe-lasts and various other
purposes.
Betula nigra, Linn£.
The " Red Birch" or " River Birch " of North- America. One of
the tallest of Birches, occasionally more than 3 feet in stem-diameter,
If grown on the banks of streams, it will bear intense heat. The
wood is compact, of a light color, easily worked, excellent for
turning, also in use by cabinet-makers and carriage-builders; well
adapted to sustain shocks and friction (Robb). It is also used for
E
56 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
shoe-lasts, bowls and trays, and the saplings and branches for hoops.
The bark is well adapted for rough roofing. Twigs of the Red Birch
furnish one of the best materials for rough brooms. Hardy at
Christiania (Schuebeler).
Betula papyracea, Aiton.
The " Paper-Birch " of North- America. A larger tree than B.
albaj with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark; the latter much
used for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation. Hardy to lat.
63° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler).
Boeh.rn.eria nivea, Gaudichaud.*
The " Ramee or Rheea." Southern Asia, as far east as Japan.
This bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fibre, woven into fabric,
which inappropriately is called grass-cloth. The bark is softened by
hot water or steam, and then the bast separable into its tender fibres.
The bast is obtained from the young shoots; it is glossy, tough and
lasting, combining to some extent the appearance of silk with the
strength of flax. The ordinary market-value of the fibre is about
£40 per ton; but Dr. Royle mentions, that it has realized at times
£120. The seeds are sown on manured or otherwise rich and friable
soil. In the third year, or under very favorable circumstances even
earlier, it yields its crops, as many as three annually. The produce
of an acre has been estimated at two tons of fibre. This latter, since
Kaempfer's time, has been known to be extensively used for ropes
and cordage in Japan. Rich forest- valleys seem best adapted for the
Ramee, as occasional irrigation can be applied there. In the open
lands at Port Phillip it suffers from the night-frosts, although not
to such an extent as materially to injure the plant, which sends up
fresh shoots, fit for fibre, during the hot season. The plant has been
cultivated and distributed since 1854 in the Botanic Garden of
Melbourne, where it is readily propagated from cuttings, the seeds
rarely ripening there. Cordage of this Boehmeria is three times as
strong as that of hemp. Numerous shoots spring after cutting from
the same root. Fertile humid soil or rich manuring is necessary for
productive returns. Dr. Collyer, of Saharumpore, boils the whole
branches with soap-water (a process used here since 1866, for
separating the Phormium-fibre) for the easy separation of the fibre,
of which he obtained 150 Ibs. from a ton of Rheea-branches ; the cost
of separation and final preparation being calculated at £10 per ton
(interest on capital for machinery not counted). He also perfected
machinery, to render the process easy and more remunerative. Fibre,
further prepared by Bonsor's process, can be spun into the finest
yarn. Colonel Hannay and Dr. Forbes Watson record, that in Assam
four to six crops are cut annually, that obtained in the cool season
providing the strongest fibre; the latter is obtainable to the length of
6 feet. Other species require to be tested, among them the one,
which was discovered in Lord Howe's Island, namely Boehmeria
calophleba, Moore and Mueller.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 57
Boletus bovinus, Linne".
Europe. Besides this species Dr. Goeppert mentions also the fol-
lowing, as sold for food in the markets of Silesia: B. circinans,
Persoon; B. edulis, Bulliard; B. luteus, Linne; B. sapidus, Harzer;
B. scaber, Bulliard; B. subtomentosus, Linne; B. variegatus, Swartz.
Dr. Cooke lauds B. aestivalis, Fries, for food. Dr. L. Planchon's
list of edible fungs of France includes from this generic group:
B. sereus, Bulliard; B. granulatus, Linne'; B. castaneus, Bulliard.
Among the Victorian species one, allied to B. edulis, attains a weight
of 3 Ibs., and the pileus then is of 12 inches width. The genus is dis-
persed over the globe in numerous species, many doubtless fair esculents.
Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer.
From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial herb,
the leaves of which are utilized like culinary sorrel.
Borassus Aethiopicus, Martius.
Africa, from Zanzibar to Egypt. A palm of gigantic dimensions,
its stem attaining 9 feet in diameter at the base, or 7 feet at 4 feet
above the ground; sometimes even stems have been measured having
a circumference of 37 feet. Leaves occur as much as 12 feet across;
they serve for the manufacture of baskets, mats, ropes and sieves. The
edible portion of the fruit is yellow, stringy, of a fruity flavor. The
sap obtained from incisions in the stem under the leaves yields a kind
of palm- wine. In its natural home the tree always denotes water
(Colonel Grant). Sir W. Hooker admits only one species, and regards
Africa solely as its home.
Borassus flabelliformis, Linne".
The "Palmyra." From the Persian Gulf to India, extending to 30°
North. This noble palm attains a height of 100 feet. The pulp of
the fruit serves as food. Enormous masses of sugar and toddy are
produced in India from the sap, which flows from incisions of the
stalk of the unexpanded flowers. This palm, wherever hardy, should
be reared for scenic plantations. Assumed to reach, like the Date-
Palm, an age of more than 200 years. Many other Palms are notable
for longevity; thus Euterpe oleracea has been calculated to attain 130
years; Cocos oleracea, 650 years; Cocos nucifera, 330 years, according
to the number of their stem-rings (Langethal), of which however
perhaps more than one are formed in a year.
Boronia megastigma, Nees.
In Western Australia, on margins of swamps. This remarkable
bush is recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its externally
blackish flowers rendering it especially eligible for graves. Indus-
trially it interests us on account of its very fragrant blossoms, for the
sake of which this bush well deserves to be cultivated. The perfume
could doubtless be extracted and isolated, particularly by absorbents
in vacuum. Individual plants of this Boronia will endure in a culti-
vated state for very many years. B. heterophylla (F. v. M.) from
King George's Sound is of similar but not quite so strong a scent.
E2
58 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Borrago officinalis, Linne".
Southern Europe, Orient. An annual herb, rich in nitrate of pot-
ash, occasionally used for medicinal purposes or as an admixture to
salad. Readily disseminating itself; not to be overlooked as a honey-
plant.
Boswellia papyrifera, Hochstetter.
Morocco, Nubia and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about Bertat
on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum-resin, and
represents apparently one of the hardiest species of this or allied
genera.
Boswellia serrata, Roxburgh. (B. thurifera, Colebrooke.)
India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest-regions. Yields an
aromatic resin. The real Olibanum is exuded by B. Carteri (Bird-
wood) of Arabia and tropical Africa.
Boussingaultia baselloides, Humboldt.
South-America. This hardy climber is well fitted for bowers; the
mucilaginous tubers are edible. It is not uncommonly grown as a
climber on verandahs, where no severe frosts occur.
Bouteloua polystachya, Bentham.
New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. One of the Gramma-grasses of
the prairies, called with some other species also Muskit-grass; grega-
rious ; famed for nutritive value; fit for arid regions. Dr. Vasey
recently enumerated fourteen kinds of Bouteloua, of which B. f oenea,
B. eriopoda and B. oligostachya (Torrey) are mentioned as those best
liked by the herds; others proved excellent in Argentina.
Brabejum stellatifolium, Linne".
South-Africa. The nuts of this small tree are edible, resembling
those of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also Brabejum is closely
allied in foliage and flowers. The nuts are also similar to those of
the Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit should be roasted, otherwise
it is deleterious. Flowers sweet-scented.
Brachychiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller.
The East-Australian Flame-tree. An evergreen shade-tree, with
magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B. populneum (R.
Br.), eligible for shading promenades, when rapidity of growth is no
object. The mucilaginous sap, when exuded, indurates to a kind of
Bassorin-Tragacauth.
Brahea dulcis, Martius.
Mexico, as far as its northern parts, and ascending to 4,500 feet,
A Brahea-Palm has also been discovered as far north as Arizona, 32°
(Drude).
Brahea edulis, Herm. Wendland.
Lower California. Height to 20 feet. The clusters of plum-
shaped fruits sometimes weigh' 40 Ibs., and are eaten by domestic
animals.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 59
Brassica alba, Visiani. (Sinapis alba, Linne.)
White Mustard. Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and
Middle Asia. An annual. The seeds are less pungent than those of
the Black Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The young leaves
of both are useful as a culinary and also antiscorbutic salad. Can be
employed with great advantage as green manure and suppresses weeds
simultaneously (W. Emerson Mclvor). The cold-pressed oil of mus-
tard-seed serves for table-use. Dr. M. T. Masters enumerates
Brassica dichotoma, tB. Pekinensis, B. ramosa and B. glauca
among the mustards, which undergo cultivation in various parts of
Asia, either for the fixed oil of their seeds or for their herbage. From
15 Ibs. to 20 Ibs. of seed of the White Mustard are required for an
acre. In the climate of California 1,400 Ibs. of seed have been
gathered from an acre. Can be grown in shallow soil, even on land
recently reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous ground. The
return is obtained in a few months. The stalks and foliage after the
seed-harvest serve as sheep-fodder. In Norway the plant comes still
to perfection as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler).
Brassica Chinensis, Linne.
China and Japan. Serves like B. oleracea for cabbage, and pro-
duced in cultivation new varieties, particularly for use very late in
the season. The seeds in Japan extensively pressed for oil. B.
Cretica (Lamarck) is a woody Mediterranean species.
Brassica juncea, J. Hooker and Thomson. (B. Willdenovii, Boissier; Sinapis
juncea, Linne.)
From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury cul-
tivated all over India for Sarepta-Mustard seed ; also a good salad-
plant.
Brassica nigra, Koch. (Sinapis nigra, Linne. )
The " Black Mustard.-" Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia.
An annual. The seeds simply crushed and then sifted constitute the
mustard of -commerce. For medicinal purposes the seeds of this
species are preferable for sinapisin and especially sinapisms. Through
aqueous distillation a volatile oil of extreme pungency is obtained
from mustard-seeds. In rich soil, this plant is very prolific; and in
forest-valleys it is likely to remain free from the attacks of aphides.
Chemical constituents: a peculiar fixed oil, crystalline sinapin, the
fatty sinapisin, myronic acid and myrosin. All mustards can be
regarded as honey-plants. Brassica-seeds of various kinds are
retaining their vitality for several years.
Brassica oleracea, Linne.*
An annual or biennial coast-plant, indigenous to various parts of
Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of showing, that it might
be naturalized on any rocky and sandy sea-shores. One of the best
plants for newly reclaimed lands. From the wild plant of the coast
have originated various kinds of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower;
60 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Brussels-sprouts, kale, kohl-rabi &c. Some regard the fattening
qualities of cabbage as superior to those of turnips, particularly for
stable-food during the autumnal season. The gluten of cabbages on
one acre has been estimated at 1,500 Ibs. against 1,000 Ibs. of gluten
obtainable from turnips. Other races of this species are collectively
represented by Brassica Rapa, L. (B. campestris, L.), the wild Navew,
yielding most of the varieties of turnips, some handed down to us from
ancient times with other cultivated forms. Again, other varieties are
comprehended within Brassica Napus, L., such as the Swedish and
Teltower turnips, while the Eape-seed, so important for its oil (Colza),
is also derived from a form of B. Napus. The Rape-plant should
be reared extensively for agrarian produce, giving a rapid return,
wherever it remains free from aphides. Ordinary Rape is a good
admixture to summer-fodder. Important where bees are kept. The
hardier turnips can be produced on the highest Alps, as they are
grown even within the Arctic Circle, and according to Sir J. Hooker
at a height of 15,000 feet in the Himalayan mountains. Oil-Rape
and Turnips are grown as far north as 70° 22' in Norway (Schue-
beler), yet they also succeed as winter-crops in the hottest parts
of Central Australia. Rhind mentions a very tall variety, introduced
from the Vendee, as cattle-provender. MJUJ
Bromus asper, Murray.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A good perennial fodder-grass
for wood- regions; but like Festuca gigantea late in the season.
Bromus ciliatus, Linne.
North-America. A perennial fattening grass, resembling the
Prairie-grass, growing in mild temperate climes all the winter and also
during summer, if drought is not too long continued, starting afresh
after the least rain (Dr. Curl).
Bromus erectus, Hudson.
Europe, Northern Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious
grass for dry limestone-regions; much liked by cattle and sheep.
Bromus unioloides, Humboldt.* (B. Schraderi, Kunth.)
From Central America to the sub-alpine zone of Northern Argen-
tina. In Australia called the Prairie-grass. It has spread over many
parts of the globe. The writer saw it disseminated on the mountains
of St. Vincent's Gulf as early as 1847. It is one of the richest of all
grasses, grows continuously and spreads rapidly from seeds, particu-
larly on fertile and somewhat humid soil, and has proved as a lasting
and nutritious fodder-grass or pasture-grass one of our best acquisi-
tions. Very early out in the season for fodder. Kept alive in the
hottest and driest parts of Central-Australia, where it was first intro-
duced by the writer of this work. In Norway it comes to perfection
up to lat. 67° 55' (Schuebeler). Chemical analysis in early spring
gave: albumen, 2-80; gluten, 3*80; starch, 3'30; gum, 17'0; sugar,
2-30 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 61
Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat.
The " Paper Mulberry-tree." Islands of the Pacific Ocean, China,
Japan, perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named country. The
bark of this tree or shrub can be converted into very strong paper.
It can also be used for textile fabrics; furthermore, the cloth made
from it can be dressed with linseed-oil for waterproof coverings. In
cultivation the plant is kept like an osier. The leaves cannot be
used for silkworms. European fabrics have largely superseded the
clothing made of this plant in the South-Sea-Islands.
Buchloe dactyloides, Engelmann.*
The true Buffalo-grass of Kansas, also known as one of the mes-
quite-grasses, naturally extending from Canada to Texas, forming a
large proportion of the food of the buffaloes on the prairies (Engel-
mann). Dioecious, creeping, only rising to half a foot or less, but
overpowering the Boutelouas. It is extremely fattening, but apt to
be suppressed by coarser grasses on ground, where these are not
trampled out or kept down by pasture-animals. One of the best of
summer-grasses, resisting also some frost.
Buddlea Asiatica, Loureiro.
Continental and .insular India up to 7,000 feet, thence to China,
the Philippines and New Guinea. Shrub, attaining to 15 feet;
eligible for ornamental copses; flowers produced in profusion, sweet-
scented.
Buddlea Colvillei, J. Hooker and Thomson.
Himalayan mountains at elevations of 9,000 to 12,000 feet. One
of the hardiest of all species, attaining a height of 20 feet, but not so
quick of growth as some other kinds. Extremely handsome, with its
masses of dark-crimson flowers (Gamble).
Buddlea globosa, Lamarck.
Andes of Chili and Peru. Withstands the winter-cold of Arran.
The author has in this as in a very few other instances broke
through the rule, adopted for this work, not to accept into it any
plant on ornamental value alone; but on the present species almost
all the praise of B. Madagascariensis can also be bestowed, and it is
really useful likewise for screening unsightly fences quickly and also
for other kinds of hedgings. A similar species from the same geo-
graphic region is B. connata (Ruiz and Pavon).
Buddlea macrostachya, Bentham.
Mountains of India from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Shrub with
fragrant spikes; flowers with yellowish tube, bluish limb and orange-
colored throat. Highly desirable for sesthetic culture with several
' congeners.
62 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Buddlea Madagascariensis, Lamarck.
Madagascar, Bourbon and Rodriguez. Of the numerous species of
Buddlea the most eligible one for shelter-copses on account of its
great size and always tidy appearance, as well as vigor and celerity
of growth. It is ever-flowering, highly elegant, tolerant to many
kinds of soil, bears some frost and like most congeners is easily pro-
pagated from cuttings in the open air.
Buddlea paniculata, Wallich. (B.crispa, Bentham.)
Himalayan mountains at altitudes between 4,000 and 7,300 feet,
extending to Ava, Cabool and Beloochistan. Attaining the size of
a small tree, resisting English winters unharmed, merely protected by
a wall; flowering there already from the beginning of February till
May, scenting the atmosphere around with fragrance (Sir Will.
Hooker). The trusses of flowers resemble those of the Lilac in shape
and color.
Bursera elemifera, J. Hooker.
Mexico, up to the temperate plateau. This tree furnishes the
Mexican Copal or Elemi.
Butea frondosa, Roxburgh.
The " Dhak'or Pulas" of India. This magnificent tree extends
to the Himalayan mountains, ascending to elevations of 4,000 feet,
and bears a few degrees of frost. It is very rich in a peculiar kind
of kino, which according to Muspratt contains up to 73 per cent, of
tannin. The Lac-insect is also nourished by this tree.
Butomus umbellatus, Linn£.
The " Flowering Rush." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
This elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more for its
value in embellishing our lakes and water-courses than for the sake
of its roots. The latter, when roasted, are edible. The plant would
live in sub-alpine rivulets. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 59° 55'
(Schuebeler).
BUXUS microphylla, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan. There used for the best of wood-engravings and turnery;
considered as good as ordinary box-wood. Native name, Tsougne
(E. Dupont).
Buxus sempervirens, Linnd.*
The Turkey Box-tree. England, Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, South-Western Asia, extending to Upper India and Japan.
This slow-growing tree should be planted, to provide the indispen-
sable box-wood for wood-engravers and instrument-makers, no good
substitute for it having been discovered as yet. It is also employed
for shuttles, rollers and various other select implements, clarionets,
flutes, flageolets. Box-wood on account of its extreme density can
best be used as an unit in comparative scales of the closeness of various
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 63
kinds of wood. The box-tree needs calcareous soil for its best
development. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 63° 26', according to
Prof. Schuebeler, who saw a plant 11 feet high and 6 inches in stem-
diameter in lat. 58° 58'. Among allied species B. Balearica attains
a height of 80 feet. Other congeners are B. subcolumnaris, B.
Cubana, B. Purdieana, B. citrifolia, B. acuminata, B. laevigata, B.
Vahlii, B. gonoclada, B. retusa, B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from the
West Indies; B. Madagascar! ca, also B. longifolia from Turkey and
B. Wallichiana from the Himalayas. It does not however appear to
be known, how the wood of any of these, nor of the various species of
the Indian genus Sarcococca or the genus Styloceras of the Andes
compares with true box-wood; nor is it known, whether or not they
are of much more rapid growth.
Csesalpinia Bonduc, Roxburgh. (Guilandina Bonduc, Linn£.)
Widely dispersed through the inter-tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres with Gr. Bonducella, L. These two species would be well
adapted for hedges in the warmer parts of the temperate zone.
Csesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham. (Balsamocarpon brevifolium, Clos. )
Chili, the " Algorobillo." The pods of this shrub are extraordi-
narily rich in tannic acid. Godeffroy found in the husks 68^ per cent.
The process of tanning with these pods is accomplished in one-third
of the time, required for leather from oak -bark; this material is also
especially valuable as giving a bloom to the leather.
Csesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow.
Wet sea-shores of Central America. Might be naturalized in salt-
marshes elsewhere. Colonel Drury states, that each full-grown tree
produces annually about 100 Ibs. of pods, the husk of which, com-
mercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as the most powerful and
quickly acting tanning material in India. The mercantile price of
the pods is from £8 to £13 per ton.
Casesalpinia crista, Linne*.
West-Indies and Carolina. This shrub or tree furnishes a yellow
dye-wood.
Caesalpinia echinata, Lamarck.
Brazil. The Fernambuc-wood or Red Brazil-wood is obtained
from this tree and allied species; they also furnish the dye-principle
brazilin.
Csesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. (Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker.)
La Plata-States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilized for
hedges.
Csesalpinia Sappan, Linn£.
South-Asia. The wood furnishes a red dye. This shrub can also
be adopted as a hedge-plant.
64 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh.
Southern Asia, east to Japan. There often utilized as a hedge-
bush. It can advantageously be mixed for hedge-growth with
Pterolobiurn lacerans (R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn, It
furnishes a red dye-wood.
Caesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt.
Chili. The bark yields a red dye.
Csesalpinia vesicaria, Linn<$. (G. bijuga, Swartz.)
West-Indies, on dry savannas and limestone-rocks. This tree
furnishes part of the red Fernambuc-wood of commerce, for dye-
purposes and select implements.
Cajanus Indicus, Sprengel.*
The Catjang ; in Assam called Gelooa-mah, often also Arhar. A
shrubby plant of tropical Africa and perhaps Asia, but ascending
to 6,000 feet in the extra-tropical latitudes of. the Himalayas. One
of the upland-varieties will endure a few degrees of frost (C.B. Clarke).
It sustains itself on dry ground, and yields the pulse known as Dhal,
Urhur and Congo-Pea. The plant lasts for about three years, attains
a height of 15 feet, and has yielded in the richest soil of Egypt
4,000 Ibs. of peas to the acre. A crop is obtained in the first year.
The seeds can be used as peas in the green state as well as when
ripe. Even more utilized in India than Phaseolus radiatus and Cicer
arietinum. Some of the tribes of Central Africa use the stem of this
shrub in friction with reeds, to strike fire, according to Speke.
Several species of Cajanus of the Atylosia-section, partly indigenous
to the warmer parts of Australia, might be tested for the sake of the
economic value of their seeds. The insect, active in the formation of
Lac, lives extensively on the Cajanus, according to Mr. T. D,
Brewster of Assam. Silkworms also live on it.
Cakile maritima, Scopoli.
Europe, North-Africa, North- and South-America, extra-tropical
Australia. Not unimportant for aiding to cover drift-sand, cast up
on low sea-shores; not hurt by the spray. Regarded as antiscorbutic^
In Norway hardy to lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler).
Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker.
North- America. Excellent for fixing drift-sand. C. Epigeios
(Roth) and C. Halleriana (De Candolle) serve the same 'purpose
according to Wessely.
Calamintha Nepeta, Hoffinansegg.
From England to the countries around the Mediterranean Sea;
fond of limestone-soil. It is strongest in odor among several species,
but not of so pleasant a scent as C. incana, Boissier, and C. grandiflora,
Moench.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 65
Calaminth.a officinalis, Moench.
Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia, Northern Africa.
A perennial herb, used like Melissa as a condiment.
Calamus montanus, T. Anderson.
Himalaya, up to 6,000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The old
canes are naked. The light but strong suspension-bridges, by
which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed, are constructed of this
palm. It supplies material for the strongest ropes, to drag logs of
wood from the forest. Most durable baskets and cane-work of
chairs are manufactured from the slit stems. Walking sticks and
riding canes made of this species are exported from Sikkim in con-
siderable quantity. Many other Calami serve similar purposes, but
probably few, or perhaps none, are equally hardy.
Callitris arborea, Schrader. ( Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endlicher. )
Southern Africa, 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea-level. A middle-
sized tree, rich in resin.
Callitris calcarata, R. Brown. (Frenela, Endlicheri, Parlatore.)
Eastern Australia. A tree to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in stem-
diameter. Spreads readily over sterile, particularly sandy land.
Wood of local importance, strong, durable, and of agreeable smell. It
is used for piles, and furnishes planks for boats; it is repugnant to
termites. The knotty portion of the stem valuable to cabinet-
makers for inlaying. Market price about £5 per 1,000 feet.
Callitris columellaris, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Australia, on bare and sandy coast-tracts. Height reaching
100 feet. Timber durable, fine-grained, fragrant, capable of a high
polish; used for piles of wharves and sheeting of punts and boats;
it resists the attacks of chelura and whits ants; the knotty portion
valued for veneers. The young stems are liked for telegraph-poles
according to Mr. Thozet. Present market value of timber £6 per
1,000 superficial feet. (Queensland Exhibition, 1878.)
Callitris Macleayana, F. v. Mueller. (Frenela Macleayana, Parlatore.)
New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal growth,
attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable. C. actinostrobus
and C. acuminata from South-West Australia are too small for timber-
purposes, but the first-mentioned is one of the very few conifers fit for
saline soil.
Callitris Parlatorei, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland. Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as a
shade-tree. It attains a height of 60 feet. The wood is esteemed
by cabinet-makers. Several other species of Callitris are worthy of
forest-culture.
66 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Callitris quadrivalvis, Richard.
North- Africa. A middle-sized tree, yielding the true sandarac-
resin. Tables, made of the mottled butt--wood, fetched fabulous
prices already at Plinius's time. (J. St. Gardner.)
Callitris verrucosa, R. Brown. (Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham. )
Through the greater part of Australia. Stems used for telegraph-
posts (C. Moore). Wood obnoxious to insects, hard, heavy, light-
colored, pleasantly scented, fit for furniture and flooring. This tree
disseminates itself with great ease in sandy soil, and will succeed in
the driest clime. Planks 2 feet wide can be obtained. Dromedaries,
according to Giles, browse on the foliage. Some of the other species
are also among the trees, which may be utilized for binding the coast-
and desert-sand. They all exude Sandarac.
Calodendron Capense, Thunberg.
Eastern South- Africa. A large and handsome tree, called the
Wild Chestnut-tree by the colonists. Particularly fit for promenades.
Rate of growth in height at Port Phillip, where it was first brought
by the writer, about 1^ foot in a year. Fresh seeds readily
germinate.
Calyptranthes aromatica, Saint Hilaire.
South-Brazil. The flower-buds of this spice-shrub can be used
almost like cloves, the berries like allspice. Several other aromatic
species are eligible for test-culture.
Calyptronoma Swartzii, Grisebach.
West-Indies. A palm, reaching a height of 60 feet. Ascends on
tropical mountains to over 3,000 feet elevation. It yields the " long
thatch " of Jamaica, the foliage furnishing an amber-colored roofing
material, neater and more durable than any other used on that island,
lasting twenty years or more without requiring repairs (Jenman).
The generic name Calyptrogyne takes precedence.
Camelina sativa, Crantz.
Middle and Southern Europe, temperate Asia. An annual herb,
cultivated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its seeds. It is
readily grown after cereals, yields richly even on poor soil, and is not
attacked by aphides. Mr. W. Taylor obtained 32 bushels of seed
from an acre, and from this as much as 540 Ibs. of oil. The return
is obtained within a few months. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70°
(Schuebeler).
Camellia Japonica, Linn&
This renowned horticultural plant attains a height of 30 feet in
Japan. It is planted there on roadsides for shelter, shade and orna-
ment (Christie). The wood is used for superior xylography
(Dupont). The seeds, like those of C. Sasanqua (Thunberg), are
available for pressing oil. C. reticulata (Lindley) from China is
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 67
conspicuous for its very large flowers, attaining sometimes 20
inches in circumference. Like C. Japonica it is hardy at Arran,
flowering 'there far more freely (Rev. D. Landsborough). In
England a very large plant of C. reticulata, reared in Mr. Byam
Martin's conservatory, had in October 1848 removed from it 2,600
flower buds, to allow for April 1849 about 2,000 flowers to come to
perfection (Sir W. Hooker).
Camellia Thea, Link.* (Thea Chinensis,
The Tea-shrub of South-Eastern Asia, said to be indigenous also
to some localities of Japan, for instance Suruga, traced as spon-
taneous as far as Manschuria (Fontanier). This evergreen and
ornamental bush has proved hardy in the lowlands at Melbourne,
where in exposed positions it endures quite unharmed light night-
frosts as well as the free access of scorching summer-winds. But
it is in humid valleys, with rich alluvial soil and access to springs
for irrigation, that the most productive tea-fields can be formed. The
plant comes into plentiful bearing of its product as early as the Vine
and earlier than the Olive. Its culture is not difficult, and it is
singularly exempt from fungus-diseases, if planted in proper localities.
Pruning is effected in the cool season, in order to obtain a large
quantity of small tender leaves from young branches. Both the
Chinese and Assam tea are produced by varieties of a single species,
the tea-shrub being indigenous in the forest-country of Assam also,.
Declivities are best adapted and usually chosen for tea-culture, par-
ticularly for Congo, Pekoe and Souchong, while Bohea is often
grown in flat countries. In Japan the tea-cultivation extends to 43°
north latitude, where the thermometer occasionally sinks to 16° F.
(Simmouds), and where in winter 'time the ground is frozen several
inches deep for weeks (General W. Gr. Le Due). The Chinese-
variety has withstood the winter of Washington in sheltered positions
without protection (W. Saunders). The Assam-variety succumbs
to frost. For fuller details Fortune's work, " The Tea-Districts of
China" might be consulted. The very troublesome Tea-bug of Asia
is Helopeltis theivora. Fumigation and the application of birdlime are
among the remedies to cope with this insect. The third volume of
the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India is
mainly occupied by Lieut. -Colonel Edw. Money's and Mr. Watson's
elaborate essays on the cultivation and manufacture of tea in India.
For more advice on the culture and preparation of tea consult also the
writer's printed lecture, delivered in 1875 at the Farmers' Club of
Ballarat, further the Report of the Commissioner for Agriculture,
Washington, 1877, pp. 349-367, with illustrations; also Bernays's
Cultural Industries for Queensland, pp. 181-190.
The tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, hea.ted, curled
and sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can be effected by
steam-machinery. Already in 1 866 three machines for dressing tea were
patented in England — one by Messrs. Campbell and Burgess, one by
Mr.Thomson, and one by Mr. Tayse. To give an idea of the quantity
<68 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
of tea, which is consumed at the present time, it may be stated, that
from June to September 1871, 11,000,000 Ibs. of tea were shipped
from China alone to Australia, and that the produce of tea in India
from January to June of 1872 was 18,500,000 Ibs. In 1840 India sent
its first small sample of tea to the European market, but in 1877
exported to England forty million pounds, that is, as much as the
'whole English importation thirty years ago (Burrell). Ceylon alone
exported already in the commercial year 1882-3 one and a half mil-
lion Ibs. of tea. Dr. Scherzer estimates the Chinese home-consumption
at 400,000,000 Ibs., others much higher. In 1873 China exported
242,000,000 Ibs., Japan, 12,000,000 Ibs. Simmonds calculates the
area under tea cultivation in China at 25,000,000 acres. In 1884
Great Britain imported 215,000,000 Ibs. of tea, valued at ten and a
half million pounds sterling; of this quantity 66,000,000 Ibs. came
from India, after such a comparatively short time of culture. 100 Ibs.
of prepared tea is the average yield per acre. Seeds of the tea-bush
are now locally to be gathered in many parts of Australia from plants
distributed by the' writer since 1859; and for years to come the culti-
vation of the tea-bush, merely to secure local supplies of fresh seeds,
ready to germinate, will in all likelihood prove highly lucrative. Tea
contains an alkaloid, caffein, a peculiar essential oil and Boheic acid,
along with other substances.
Canavalia gladiata, De Candolle.*
Within the tropics of Asia, Africa and America. This perennial
climber grows to an enormous height, and bears an abundant crop of
large edible beans, which can be used green (Sir Walter Elliott). It
varies with red and white seeds, and in the size of the latter, which
are said to be wholesome. C. ensiformis (D.C.) is another variety.
C. obtusifolia is deleterious.
Canna Achiras, Gillies.
Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for arrow-
root culture.
Canna coccinea, Roscoe.
West-Indies. Yields, with some other Cannas, the particular
arrowroot called Tous Les Mois.
Canna edulis, Edwards.*
The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of arrowroot-plants.
Seeds will germinate even when many years old. Plants, supplied at
the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, have yielded excellent starch at
Melbourne, Western Port, Lake Wellington, Ballarat and other
localities in the colony of Victoria. The Rev. Mr. Hagenauer, of the
Gippsland Aboriginal Mission-station, obtained over one ton from an
acre. The Rev. Mr. Bulmer found this root to yield 28 per cent, of
starch. The gathering of the roots is effected there about April.
The plants can be set out in ordinary ploughed land. Starch grains
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 69
remarkably large. This Canna resembles a banana in miniature,
hence it is eligible for scenic plantations; the local production in
Gippsiand is already large enough to admit of extensive sale.
Canna flaccida, Roscoe.
Carolina. Probably also available for arrowroot, though in the
first instance, like many congeners, chosen only for ornamental
culture.
Canna glauca, Linn£.
One of the West-Indian Arrowroot-Cannas.
Cannabis sativa, C. Bauhin.*
The Hemp-plant, seemingly indigenous to various parts of Asia,
as far west as Turkey and as far east as Japan, recorded recently
by Dr. A. v. Regel as naturally also wild in Turkestan; A. de Can-
dolle gives Dahuria and Siberia as the native country. Long culti-
vated for its fibre. It exudes the churras or hasheesh, a medicinal
resinous substance of narcotic properties, particularly in hot climates.
The foliage also contains a volatile oil, while the seeds yield by
pressure the well-known fixed hemp-oil. The staminate plant is
pulled for obtaining fibre in its best state immediately after flowering;
the seeding plant is gathered for fibre at a later stage of growth.
Good soil, well-drained, never absolutely dry, is needed for successful
hemp-culture. Hemp is one of the plants yielding a full and quick
return within the season. The average summer-temperatures of St.
Petersburg (67° F.) and of Moscow (62° F.) admit still of the culti-
vation of this plant. The Hemp-plant serves as a protection against
insects on cultivated fields, if sown along their boundaries. The
seeds are sometimes used in medicine, and are a favorite fodder for
various cagebirds. The importations of Hemp into the United
Kingdom in 1884 were 1,335,000 cwt., worth over two million
pounds sterling.
Canella alba, Murray.
West-India and Florida. An evergreen tree, to 50 feet high,
aromatic in all its parts; the bark particularly used, less in medicine
than as a condiment.
Cantharellus edulis, Persoon. (G. tibarius, Fries.)
The Chantarelle. Various parts of Europe, occurring also in
South-Eastern Australia and some other parts of the globe. Dr.
Goeppert mentions this among the many mushrooms, admitted under
Government- supervision for sale in Silesia.
Capparis sepiaria, Linn£.
From India to the Philippine-Islands, ascending to cool elevations
and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent for hedges. Dr.
Cleghorn mentions also as hedge-plants C. horrida (L. fil.), C. aphylla
(Roth), C. Roxburghii (D.C.), some of which also yield capers.
70 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Capparis spinosa, Linne".
The Caper-Bush. Southern Europe and Northern Africa, Southern
Asia and Northern Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing
plant, deserving already for the sake of its handsome flowers a place
in any garden. It sustains its life even in arid deserts. Light
frosts do not destroy this plant; the soil requisite for greatest produc-
tiveness should be of calcareous clay. The flower-buds and young
berries, preserved in vinegar with some salt, form the capers of com-
merce. Samples of capers, prepared from plants of the Botanic
Garden of Melbourne, were placed already twenty years ago in 'our
Industrial Museum, together with many other products, emanating
from the writer's laboratory. The Caper-plant is propagated either
from seeds, or suckers, or cuttings; it is well able to withstand either
heat or drought. The buds, after their first immersion in slightly
salted vinegar, are strained and afterwards preserved in bottles with
fresh vinegar. In sheltered plains of Provence annually about
1,760,000 Ibs., worth at an average 7d. per pound, are collected. The
shrub comes into full bearing at the fifth year, the harvests continuing
well for many years afterwards (Masters). Chemical principle:
Rutin.
Capsicum annuum, Linn£.
Central America. An annual herb, which yields the Chillies, and
thus also the material for cayenne-pepper. Chemical principle: the
acrid, soft, resinous capsicin. Comes to seeding in Christiania still.
Capsicum baccatum, Linne\
The Cherry-Capsicum. A perennial plant. Brought from Brazil
to tropical Africa and Asia, where other pepper-capsicums are like-
wise now naturalized.
Capsicum frutes.cens, Linne". (C.fastigiatum, Blume.)
Tropical South-America. The berries of this shrubby species are
likewise converted into cayenne-pepper.
Capsicum longnm, De Candolle.
Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb, also yield-
ing cayenne-pepper. C. grossum (Willd.) is also mentioned by
Colonel Drury as a very pungent species. The summers of the warm
temperate zone admit of the successful growth of at least the annual
species of Capsicum in all the lowlands. C. humile also binds sand
even when brackish.
Capsicum microcarpum, De Candolle.
South- America. It is this species, which is used by preference in
Argentina. There are annual and perennial varieties.
Caragana arborescens, Lamarck.
The Pea-tree of Siberia, reaching to 70° North. The seeds are of
culinary value, but particularly used for feeding fowls. The leaves
yield a blue dye (Dr. Rosenthal).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 71
Carex arenaria, Linn<L
Western Europe and Northern Asia. Hardy to lat. 62° 30' in
Norway (Schuebeler). One of the most powerful of sedges for sub-
duing rolling sand, its rigid foliage not attracting grazing animals.
The roots are of medicinal value.
Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer.
The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of sedges
for fixing the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating -and creeping
roots. It forms an intricate net-work on the surface and beneath.
Outliving most other fodder-plants at its native places, it becomes
available for cattle- and horse-food — particularly in the cold of winter,
and is held to be singularly invigorating to pasture-animals.
Carica Candamarcensis, Morren.
Andes of Ecuador up to an elevation of about 9,000 feet (Prof.
Jameson). A small, slender tree. Fruit to nine inches long and
sometimes nearly as broad, edible and wholesome, of delicious scent
and grateful taste (Sir Jos. Hooker). Other large-fruited Caricas
occur in andine regions, comprised under the vernacular nameCamburu
(Spruce). Their cultural rearing seems possible in frostless regions
only. Used raw or cooked.
Carica Papaya, Linn<§.
West-Indies and Mexico to Peru. Cultivated northward still in
some parts of Florida, elsewhere to 32° N. (A. de Candolle). The
Papaw-tree. A small branchless tree of short vitality, only fit for
regions not subject to frost. Fruit generally of the size of a small
melon; eaten boiled or preserved in sugar or pickled in vinegar (Sir
James Smith). Fresh seeds germinate readily. The acrid milky juice
of the tree, much diluted with water, renders any tough meat, washed
with it, tender for cooking purposes by separating the muscular fibres
(Dr. Holder). Medicinally the juice has been administered as a
vegetable pepsin and as an anthelmintic. Fruits ripen successively.
Carissa Arduina, Lamarck.
South-Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted for
boundary -lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is not an object.
Quite1 hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E. Meyer) and C. grandinora
(A. de Cand.) are allied plants of equal value. The fruit of the latter
largely used for jam. The East Australian C. Brownii (F. von
Mueller) can be similarly utilized. The flowers of all are very
fragrant. C. Carandas (Linne) extends from India to China; its
berries are edible; it is also a strong hedge-plant.
Carpinus Americana, Michaux.
The Water-Beech or Ironwood of North- America, thriving best on
the margins of streams. The wood is fine-grained, tough and compact,
used for cogs of wheels and any purpose, where extreme hardness is
72 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
required, such as yokes (Robb). It is often speckled and somewhat
curled, thus fitted for superior furniture (Simmonds). C. Caroliniana
(Walter) is the oldest name. Very closely allied to the following.
Carpinus Betulus,
The Hornbeam. Middle and Southern Europe and Western Asia.
A tree to 80 feet high. Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness,
close-grained, but not elastic. It is used for wheel-wrights' work, for
cogs in machinery and for turnery (Laslett). It furnishes a good coal
for gunpowder. This tree would serve, to arrest the progress of bush-
fires, if planted in copses or hedges, like willows and poplars, around
forest-plantations. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler).
Four species occur in Japan : C. cordata, C. erosa, C. laxiflora and
C. Japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea (Wallich) is a species with
durable wood from the middle regions of Nepal.
Carthamus tinctorius, Linne".
From Egypt to India. The Safflower. In Norway grown to lat.
70° 22' North. A tall, annual, rather handsome herb. The florets
produc'e yellow, rosy, ponceau and other red shades of dye, according
to various admixtures. Pigment principles : carthamin and carthamus-
yellow. For domestic purposes it yields a dye ready at hand from
any garden. In India the Carthamus is also cultivated for the sake
of the oil, which can be pressed from the seeds.
Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (C. Copticum, Bentham.)
From the countries around the Mediterranean Sea to India. The
fruits of this annual herb form an excellent culinary condiment with
the flavor of thyme. Its peculiar oil is accompanied by cymol and
thymol.
Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.
Middle- and South-Europe, North-Africa, Middle Asia, on lime-
stone soil, extending in Cashmere to 9,000 feet elevation. The
tuberous roots and also the leaves serve as a culinary vegetable ; the
fruits as a condiment.
Carum Capense, Sender.
South- Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is called
Fenkelwortel.
Carum Carui, Linn6.
The Caraway-Plant. Perennial. Europe, Northern and Middle
Asia. Extends in Norway to lat. 71° 7'. A wholesome adjunct, if
interspersed among the herbs of sheep-pastures. It might be
naturalized even on our Alps, and also along the sea-shores. The
Caraway-oil is accompanied by two chemical principles : carven and
carvol. Among the many other purposes, for which it is employed, is
that of entering into the scents of soaps and cheap essences of per-
fumery (Piesse). The seeds will keep three years (Vilmorin). On
in JExtr a- Tropical Countries. 73
rich soil, in Essex, as much as 20 cwt. seeds on an acre have been
produced (G. Don). Royle mentions two varieties or allied plants
from Upper India.
Canim ferulifolium, Koch. (BuniumferuHfolium, Desfontaines. )
A perennial herb of the Mediterranean regions. The small tubers
are edible.
Carum Gairdneri, Bentham.
Western North-America, particularly in the Sierra Nevada. A
biennial herb, the tuberous root of which furnishes an article of food
as well as the root of the allied Californian C. Kelloggii (A. Gray).
Geyer probably had this plant in view, when he mentions the tubers
of an umbelliferous plant, which are among the dainty dishes of the
nomadic Oregon-natives. The truly delicious root bursts on being
boiled, showing its snowy white farinaceous substance, which has a
sweet cream-like taste and somewhat the aroma of parsley-leaves
(Lindley).
Carum Petroselinum, Bentham. (Apium Petroselinum, Linne". )
The Parsley. South-Europe, North-Africa and Orient. This bien-
nial, well-known culinary herb is always desirable on pastures as a
preventive or curative of some kidney- and liver-diseases of sheep,
horses and cattle. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 70° (Schuebeler).
The root is also valuable for the table. The essential oil of the fruits
contains a peculiar stearopten. Mr. J. W. Fedarb had individual
plants of a very curly variety growing uninterruptedly for nineteen
years without seeding; pieces taken from them grow readily, conti-
nuing the variety.
Carum Roxburghianum, Bentham.
Southern Asia, where it is extensively cultivated for curries, par-
ticularly in North- Western India (Atkinson).
Carum sege turn, Bentham. (Anethum segetum, Linne".) .
Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Western Europe. An
aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes.
Carya alba, Nuttall.*
The Shagbark-Hrckory and Shellbark-Hickory also. Eastern North-
America, extending to Canada and Carolina. Professor Schuebeler
found it to be hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 52'. A deciduous tree,
reaching a height of 90 feet, which delights in rich forest-soil. Wood
heavy, strong, elastic and tenacious, but not very durable; used for
chairs, agricultural implements, carriages, baskets (Sargent), whip-
handles and a variety of other purposes. Yields the main supply of
hickory-nuts. All the hickories are extensively used in North-
America for hoops. Circumference of stem 2 feet above ground 30
inches after 24 years at Nebraska (Furnas).
F2
74 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Carya amara, Nuttall.
The Bitternut-Tree or Swamp-Hickory. Eastern North-America,,
extending to Georgia and Texas. A tree, sometimes 80 feet high.
Wood less valuable than that of other hickories. Richest of all
North-American trees in potash, in which most hickories abound.
Hardy at Christiania. The flowers of all the Caryas yield much
honey (Damkoehler).
Carya glabra, Torrey.* (Carya porcina, Nuttall.)
The Hog-nut-Tree. Eastern North-America, reaching Canada and
Florida. Often to 80 feet high. Wood very tough; the heart-wood
reddish or dark-colored; much used for axletrees and axehandles.
Kate of stem-growth in Nebraska, 38 inches circumference in 24 years-
(Furnas).
Carya microcarpa, Nuttall.
The Balsam-Hickory. Eastern North- America. A fine lofty tree,
attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem 2 feet in diameter. The
wood is pale and tough, and possessed of most of the good qualities
of C. tomentosa, to which this species is also in other respects allied.
Also very closely related to C. alba. The nut is of pleasant taste, but
small (Nuttall).
Carya oliviformis, Nuttall.*
The Paean or Pecannut-Tree of Eastern North- America, extending
to .Texas. A handsome tree, reaching 70 feet in height, with a
straight trunk. The most rapid growing of all the hickories (Meehan).
Its wood is coarse-grained, heavy and compact, possessing great dura-
bility ; in strength and elasticity it surpasses even that of the
White Ash (Harrison). The nuts are usually abundant, and the
most delicious of all walnuts ; they form an article of considerable
commerce in the Southern States. Texas annually exports nuts to
the value of over £10,000 (Dr. C. Mohr). The tree matures fruits as
far north as Philadelphia. It commences to bear in about eight years.
The fresh nuts should be packed in dry moss or sand into casks for
distant transmission. Although the wood of all the hickories is not
well adapted for building purposes, as it is subject to the attacks of
insects and soon decays if exposed to the weather, yet its great
strength and elasticity render it extremely useful for implements,
articles of furniture, hoops and many minor purposes, besides supply-
ing locally the very best of fuel. Hickories, even when very young,
do not well bear transplanting, C. amara perhaps excepted. C. alba
and C. glabra would be particularly desirable for the sake of their
timber, and C. oliviformis on account of its fruit. The bark of all
the hickories contains yellow dye-principles ; by the addition of
copperas an olive color is produced ; by the addition of alum, a
green color. Hickory-stems are known to attain 12 feet in girth.
Carya sulcata, Nuttall.*
The Furrowed-Hickory and the Shellbark-Hickory of some dis-
tricts ; also one of the Shagbark-Hickories. North- America, in the
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 7o
Eastern States. A tree, to 80 feet high in damp woods. Its rate of
growth is about 18 inches in a year, while young. Heart-wood pale-
colored. Seed of sweet pleasant taste. Wood similar to that of C.
alba, but paler. The tree is still hardy in Christiania.
Carya tomentosa, Nuttall.*
The Mockernut-Tree or White-Heart Hickory. Eastern North-
America, extending to Canada. A large tree, likes forest-soil, not
moist. Heart-wood pale-colored, remarkable for strength, elasticity,
heaviness and durability, yet fissile ; used for axles, spokes, felloes,
handles, chairs, screws, sieves and the best of mallets; the saplings for
hoops and wythes. Hickory is the most heat-giving amongst all
North- American woods. Nut small, but sweet; very oily. A variety
produces nuts as large as a small apple, which are called King-
Nuts.
Caryota urens, Linn<*.
India. One of the hardier Palms, ascending the Himalayas to an
altitude of 5,000 feet, according to Dr. Thomas Anderson, yet even
there attaining a considerable height, though the temperature sinks in
the cooler season to 40° F. Drude mentions, that species of this genus
ascend to an elevation of 7,500 feet, where the temperature occasion-
ally approaches the freezing point. The trunk furnishes a sago-like
starch. This palm flowers only at an advanced age, and after having
produced a succession of flowers dies away., From the sap of the
flower-stem, just as from that of the Cocos- and Borassus-Palm, toddy
and palm-sugar are prepared, occasionally as much as 12 gallons of
liquid being obtained from one tree in a day. The fibre of the leaf-
stalks can be manufactured into very strong ropes, also into baskets,
brushes and brooms. It also serves the Indian races as tinder. The
outer wood of the stem answers for turnery. Several allied species
exist, one extending to North-Eastern Australia.
Casimiroa edulis, Llav and Levarz.
Mexico, up to the cool heights of 7,000 feet. This tree comes into
bearing in about ten years. The kernel of its fruit is deleterious
(Hernandez), but the pulp, of a delicious, melting, peach-like taste
(Garner), partaking of which is said to induce sleep. The tree thrives
well in a clime like that of Santa Barbara, California. The fruit
is about an inch in diameter, pale-yellow, of a rich subacid taste, and
most palatable when near decay. Efforts to propagate it from cuttings
were not successful, and seeds do not seem to reach perfection in Cali-
fornia. The Spanish inhabitants call the tree Zapote (Calif. Hortic.
Magaz. 1880).
Cassia acutifolia, Delile.
Indigenous or now spontaneous in Northern and Tropical Africa
and South- Western Asia. Perennial. The leaflets merely dried con-
stitute part of the Alexandrian- and also Tinnevelly-senna. The
active principle of senna — namely, cathartic acid — occurs also in the
Coluteas and in Coronilla varia, according to C. Koch.
76 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cassia angnstifolia, Vahl.
Northern and Tropical Africa and South- Western Asia, indigenous
or cultivated. Perennial. Yields Mecca-senna, also the Bombay-
and some of the Tinnevelly-senna.
Cassia artemisioides, Gaudichaud.
Sub-tropical and extra-tropical Australia. The species of this
series are shrubby and considered valuable for arid and sandy sheep-
runs as affording feed. They brave intense heat, and are adapted for
rainless regions.
Cassia fistula, Linn<$.
Southern Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree contain an
aperient pulp of pleasant taste and of medicinal value. It is also used
in the manufacture of cake-tobacco. Traced by Sir Jos. Hooker to
the dry slopes of the Central Himalayas.
Cassia Marilandica, Linn6
An indigenous Senna-plant of the South-Eastern United States of
North-America. Perennial.
Cassia obovata, Colladon.
South- Western Asia; widely dispersed through Africa as a native or
disseminated plant. Perennial. Part of the Alexandrian Senna and
also Aleppo-senna is derived from this plant; less esteemed and less
collected than the other species. It furnishes also Tripolis, Italian,.
Senegal and Tanacca Senna.
Castanea sativa, Miller.* (G.^vulgaris, Lamarck; C. vesca, Gaertner.)
The Sweet Chestnut-tree. South-Europe and Temperate Asia, as-
far as Japan; a variety with smaller fruit extending to North-
America. Professor Schuebeler records, that even in Norway at
latitude 58° 15' a chestnut-tree attained a height of 33 feet with a
stem 4 feet in circumference; in a shrubby state it is found as far
north as 63°. It reaches an enormous age; at Mount Etna a tree
occurs with a stem 204 feet in circumference. At other places trees
are found 10 feet in diameter, solid to the centre. The tree does not
readily admit of transplantation. The wood is light, cross-grained,
strong, elastic and exceedingly durable, well adapted for staves and
wheel-cogs, the young wood for hoops and mast-rings. The wood is
comparatively rich in tannic acid (about 4 to 6 per cent.), and hence
used for preparing a liquid extract; the bark contains 12 per cent-
tannin (Wiesner). The leaves furnish food for the Bombyx Jamamai
(Dupont). The greatest importance of the tree rests on its adapta-
bility for shade-plantations, its nutritious nuts and timber-value. The
American wood is slightly lighter in color than that of the Red Oak,
and available for shingles and rails; chestnut-rails in North-America
have lasted for half a century. The wood is beautifully laminated
(Simmonds), and largely employed for furniture, for the inside finish
of railroad-cars and steamboats (Vasey). The American nuts are-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 77
smaller, but sweeter than the European; they are largely used for
fattening hogs (Robb). Rate of stern-growth in Nebraska, 24 inches
in 14 years, diametrically (Furnas).
Castanopsis argentea, A. de Candolle.
A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible chest-
nuts. Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valuable, thus
according to the Rev. B. C. Henry the nuts of the Chinese C. jucunda
(Hance) are edible.
Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle.
The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree, attaining a
height of 150 feet and 8 feet in stem-diameter. Either for beauty or
utility worthy of cultivation (Dr. Gibbons). The leaves are golden-
yellow underneath. Wood durable, highly prized by joiners, wheel-
wrights and even shipbuilders (Dr. Kellogg).
Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle.
Mountains of India, at about 4,000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut pro-
duces seeds with the taste of filberts.
Casuarina Decaisneana, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus. The
tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and particularly valu-
able for arid sandy regions. The wood is exceedingly hard, and resists
the attacks of termites and also decay; the stem-wood is straight and
easily fissile (Rev. H. Kempe). Dromedaries delight in getting the
branchlets of this tree for food (E. Giles).
Casuarina distyla, Ventenat.
Extra-tropical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted for
fixing the sand-drifts of sea-coasts. All Casuarinas can be pollarded
for cattle-fodder.
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster. (C. Htorea, Rumph.)
Eastern Africa, Southern Asia, tropical and sub-tropical Australia,
Polynesia. Attains a maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for
fuel, giving great heat and leaving little ashes. The timber is tough,
nicely marked. The tree will live in somewhat saline soil at the
edge of the sea. Colonel Campbell- Walker estimates the yield of
firewood from this tree as four times as great as the return from any
tree of the forests of France. Known to have grown in 10 years to
a height of 80 feet, but then only with a comparatively slender stem
(Blechyndon). In India the wood is much used as fuel for railway-
locomotives ; the tree is there also extensively employed, to reclaim
sand-land of the coast, it succeeding in growth down to high water-
mark, throwing often out decumbent branches, which develop roots,
further to fix the sand and to throw up independent shoots (Dr. Bidie).
It yields a lasting wood for piles of jetties and for underground-work,
and is much used for knees of boats and for tool-handles (Wilcox).
The cost of raising Casuarinas in India has been from £4 to £10 per
acre, and the return, after only eight years, £13 to £32.
78 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Casuarina Praseriana, MiqueL
South- Western Australia. A middle-sized tree; the wood easily
split into shingles. The best furniture-wood of South- Western
Australia, as it does not rend. This tree is adapted even for sterile
heath-land.
Casuarina glauca, Sieber.
Widely distributed through South-Eastern Australia, even in desert-
country, but nowhere forming forest-like masses. This species
attains in favorable places a height of 80 feet. Its hard durable
wood is valuable; used for staves, shingles and various utensils
(Woolls). Important for its rapid growth, for its resistance to ex-
posure, for shelter plantation and its speedy supply of fuel, — a
remark which applies to the following species also.
Oasuarina quadrivalvis, La Billiardiere.
The Coast-Sheoak of South-Eastern Australia. Not living merely
in coast-sand, but also on other barren places, reaching the inland-
hills. Height attaining 60 feet. The foliage of this species is
drooping. The male tree is very eligible for avenues, but the female
less slightly. Cattle are fond of the foliage; indeed it is a "stay-
by to all kinds of stock " in drought, branches then being lopped
from the trees for feed. For arresting the ingress of coast-sand by
belts of timber this is one of the most important trees. It produces
seed early and copiously like other Casuarinas and is easily raised.
The foliage, like that of the other species, is acidulous from a
crystallizable substance allied to bicitrate of lime.
Casuarina suberosa, Willdenow.
The erect-branched Sheoak of South-Eastern Australia. Height
reaching 40 feet. A beautiful shady species. Casuarina trichodon
(Miq.) and C. Huegeliana (Miq.) are arboreous species of South-
Western Australia, valuable for their wood.
Casuarina torulosa, Aiton.
New South Wales and Queensland. Attains a height of 70 feet.
The tough wood of this handsome tree is in demand for durable
shingles and furniture- work, as well as for staves and veneers; it is
also one of the best for oven-fuel.
Catalpa bignonioides, Walter.*
Southern States of North- America, extending to Illinois. A tree
of rapid growth in warm humid climates, attaining a height of about
20 feet in four years. Professor Meehan observed the stem to attain
a diameter of 4 feet in twenty years, even in the latitude of New
York. Rate of growth in the clime of Nebraska, as recorded by
Governor Furnas, considerably less. In many parts of the United
States it is a favorite tree for shade-lines. When closely planted it
will grow tall and straight, with a stem fully 50 feet to the first
branch. It prefers bottom-lands, but will succeed in almost any soil
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 79
and position, according to Mr. Barney. It is hardier than most
Eucalypts, but will not stand severe frosts. According to Professor
Burrill, it is not liable to be destroyed by insects; bears seeds when
quite young. Professor Meehan considers the wood to be as durable
as that of the best Chestnut-trees; indeed, it lasts for an almost inde-
finite period. General Harrison insists, that there is nothing like it
for posts. Catalpa-pickets of the old French stockade are still sound.
Logs thrown across water-courses for crossing have lasted for three
generations; railway-posts and platforms of this wood are almost inde-
structible. Logs a century old, and posts half a century old, were
not in the least decayed (Barney). Railway cross -ties made of this
wood are also very durable, a tree twenty years old furnishing
sufficient timber for four ties. Canoes of Catalpa-wood never crack or
decay.
Catalpa Kaempferi, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan. Grows in eijrht years to about 25 feet in height, with a
trunk of 2 feet circumference; bunches of flowers very large and fra-
grant (Hovey). Proved hardy at Christiania (Schuebeler). C.
Bungei (Meyer) from North-China, or a closely allied species, can be
grown from hedges. Flowers of all Catalpas sought by bees.
Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
In the Mississippi-states. Hardier and taller than C. bignonioides;
blooming earlier; leaves inodorous, flowers larger, growth as rapid and
wood as durable; also only with a very thin layer of destructible
sap wood (Dr. Engelmann). Found to have attained in 40 years a
stem -circumference of 40 feet at 4 feet froaa the ground (Letterman).
Gatha edulis, Forskael.
Arabia and Eastern Africa. The leaves of this shrub, under the
designation of Kafta or Cat, are used for a tea of a very stimulating
effect, to some extent to be compared to that of Erythroxylon Coca.
To us the plant would be mainly valuable for medicinal purposes.
Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall.
California. One of the best of hedge-shrubs, available for dry
situations. Evergreen; to 12 feet high; the branches becoming
densely intricate. In the coast-tracts it is replaced by C thyrsiflorus
(Escholtz), which can also be used for hedges and copses, and will live
in mere coast-sand. C. prostratus (Bentham) forms natural mats on
slopes made by roads and slides, which it gradually covers, and with
its pretty blue flowers soon decorates (Professor Bolander). Irre-
spective of their beauty, the different species are worthy of cultiva-
tion as forming excellent wind-breaks. A fair tea is made from the
leaves of C. velutinus (Dr. Gibbons). Some species are relied on as
forage-plants.
Cedrela australis, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Australia, as far south as 36°. The Australian Red
Cedar. Foliage deciduous in cool regions. Attains a height of 200
80 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
feet and a stem-girth of 18 feet towards the base. Messrs. Danger
and Name measured a tree on the Macleay-River, 48 feet in stem-
circumference at 10 feet from the ground; it yielded 80,000 feet of
sound timber. The Rev. Dr. Woolls noted in New South Wales
trees so large as to yield 30,000 feet (superficial) of timber. Market-
value in Brisbane £7 10s. to £8 10s. per 1,000 superficial feet. The
light, beautiful wood is easily worked and susceptible of high polish;
it is very much in request for furniture, for turnery including
stethoscopes, for the manufacture of pianofortes, for boat-building,
frames of window-blinds and a variety of other joiners' work; thus
it is highly prized for building racing boats, which weigh little over
30 Ibs., though 30 feet long, and yet prove durable (S. Edwards),
The timber from the junction of the branches with the stem furnishes
choice veneers. The bark contains a considerable quantity of tannin,
which produces a purplish leather (Fawcett). This tree is hardy
at Melbourne, but of slow growth in open exposed gardens and poor
soil. C. glabra (Gas. de Cand.) and C. microcarpa (C. de Cand.)
yield Cedar-wood in Sikkim, according to Dr. Geo. King. C. serrata
(Royle) grows at higher altitudes, and furnishes a different but also
good timber (G. King).
Cedrela Brasiliensis, A. de Jussieu.* (C.jissilis, Vellozo.)
From Argentina extending to Mexico. The timber is soft,
fragrant and easily worked; it is known as Acajou-wood. The
wood of C. odorata (Linne) from Central America furnishes the
principal material for cigar-boxes there (Laslett). The Surinam
Cedar -wood is furnished by C. Guianensis (A. de Jussieu).
Cedrela febrifuga, Blume.
Java, Sumatra, Timor, in cooler mountain-regions. More closely
allied to C. australis than to C. Toona. A tree, rising finally to a
height of 200 feet. Bark of tonic property. Hasskarl further notes
from Java C. Teysmanni and C. inodora. Cedrelas occur also in
New Guinea.
Cedrela Sinensis, A. de Jussieu.*
China and Japan. An elegant tree, hardy in South-Europe.
It furnishes a wood not unlike that of the Singapore-cedar, reddish
in color, particularly sought for cigar-boxes and similar articles.
Cedrela Toona, Roxburgh.*
The Singapore-cedar. Southern India, ascending the Himalayas
to 8,000 feet. Foliage deciduous. One of the most important of all
timber-trees for furniture-wood, which is easily worked, light,
seasons readily, takes polish well and is applicable for a multitude of
purposes in joinery. Dr. Brandis gives the stem-girth of trees 35
years old as 7 feet, when the tree grew on rich and moist soil; trees
with 30 feet stem-circumference are known.
Cedrela Velloziana, Roemer.
Brazil. A magnificent tree, with odorous wood of a red hue.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 81
Cedronella cordata, Bentham.
Southern States of North- America. A perennial herb, fragrant
like the following.
Cedronella triphylla, Moench,
Madeira and Canary-Islands. A shrubby plant with highly
scented foliage. The volatile oil obtainable from it resembles that
of Melissa, but is somewhat camphoric.
Celtis australis, Linne".
The Lotus-tree of South-Europe, North- Africa and South-Asia,
ascending the Himalayas to 9,000 feet. Attains a height of about 50
feet. Though of rather slow growth, this tree can be used for
avenues, as its stem finally reaches to 6 feet in diameter. It is sup-
posed, that this Celtis reaches the age of fully 1,000 years. Berries
edible. Wood hard and dense, eligible particularly for turners' and
carvers' work. Used also by instrument-makers for flutes and pipes.
The stem-wood is fine-grained, easily cleft and of a splendid yellow
tinge; the branch-wood is one of the best for whip-sticks.
Celtis occidentalis, Linne*.
The Hackberry-tree. Eastern States of North-America. Height
reaching to 80 feet. Hardy as far north as Christiana. The sweet
fruit edible. Wood elastic and fissile.
Celtis Sellowiana, Miquel.
Argentina. Tree to 40 feet high. Wood strong, used for wagons,,
posts, turnery. Fruit edible (Hieronymus).
Celtis Sinensis, Persoon. (G. Japonica, Planchon.)
China and Japan. The " Heuoki." A tree bearing extreme
cold. Wood useful for carpenters' and turners' work. Fruit edible,
but small.
Celtis Tala, Gillies.
From Texas to the La Plata-States. A thorny shrub, or under
favorable circumstances a good-sized tree. This plant can be used
for forming impenetrable hedges but also shade-avenues. One or
two other Argentine species serve the same purpose.
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Richard.
Brazil, in mountain -woods, consociated with Palms and Tree-
ferns. It is not unlikely, that this herb, which is perennial and
yields the important medicinal ipecacuanha-root, would live in warm
extra- tropic forest-regions. Active principles: emetin and ipecacuanha-
acid.
Cephalantus occidentalis, Linn£.
North-America, extending to Canada and Mexico. A tree, attain-
ing a height of about 50 feet on streams, easily disseminated,
flowering profusely already in a shrubby state, more important for
82 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
ornamental than for industrial growth, admitted here however as a
rich yielder of honey from its fragrant flowers, which last through
several months. The bitter bark, particularly that of the root, used
therapeutically (Dr. Kellogg). The plant was introduced first by the
writer into Victoria, where it thrives to perfection.
Cephalotaxus drupacea, Siebold and Zuccarini.
China and Japan. This splendid Yew attains a height of 60 feet
and is very hardy. According to Dr. Masters, the C. Fortunei
(Hooker) is merely a variety.
Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn^.*
The Carob-Tree, indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean regions.
It attains a height of 50 feet, and resists drought well ; succeeds best on a
calcareous subsoil. Wood pale-reddish. The saccharine pods, Algaroba
or St. John's Bread, of value for domestic animals. In some parts of
South-Europe even used for human food. The frequent unsexuality
of the flowers accounts to some extent for the want of productiveness
in fruit of this plant, where but few plants exist and no bees are
kept. The seeds germinate readily. The exportation of the pods
for cattle-food from Greta is very large. The fruit is used for a
medicinal syrup, an imitation of chocolate and a liqueur (Wittmack).
In some of the Mediterranean countries horses and stable-cattle are
almost exclusively fed upon the pods. The meat of sheep and pigs
is greatly improved in flavor by this food, while its fattening pro-
perties are twice those of oil-cake. The pods contain about 66 per
cent, of sugar and gum. To horses and cattle 6 Ibs. a day are given
of the crushed pods, raw or boiled, with or without chaff. The
Spanish conquerors took this plant early to Central- and South-
America. The seeds should by geographic explorers be carried
through the central regions of Australia, and be sown on humid spots
particularly in the limestone-formation. Instances are on record of a
tree having yielded nearly half a ton of pods in a season (Chambers).
•Ceratopetalum apetalum, Bon.
Extra-tropic Eastern Australia. A beautiful tree with long cylindri-
cal stem. Height reaching 90 feet, diameter 3 feet. Wood soft,
light, tough, close-grained, fragrant, good for joiners' and cabinet-
makers' work, locally in request for coachbuilding and therefore
called coach-wood by the colonists.
<Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall.
California. Becomes in favorable spots a tree 40 feet in height,
with a stem-diameter of 2^ feet. The wood is the hardest known in
California. It is of dark color, very dense, used for bearings in
machinery (Dr. Gibbons). C. parvifolius is of lesser dimensions.
Oereus Engelmanni, Parry.
Utah. A dwarf species, with large scarlet flowers and fruits of
strawberry-flavor and refreshing taste. C. Lecomtei attains there
the size of a flour-barrel.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 83
Cereus Quixo, Gay.
Chili. This stately Cactus attains a height of 15 feet, and is one
of the hardiest species. The charming snow-white flowers are fol-
lowed by sweetish mucilaginous fruits, available for the table (Philippi).
C. giganteus (Engelmann), from New Mexico, which attains the
stupendous height of 60 feet, with a proportionate columnar thick-
ness, also yields edible fruit, and lives unprotected at Port Phillip,
withstanding the sea-air close to the shores, and growing at the rate
of nearly a foot a year. It was introduced by the writer many years
ago. Columnar species of Cereus rising to a height of 40 feet occur
also in Argentina. C. repandus and C. triangularis (Haworth), of
the West-Indies and Mexico, together with several other species, are
available as hedge-plants in places free from frost. Nee speaks of a
Mexican Cactus (probably an Echinocactus) five feet in diameter by &
feet in height.
Cereus Thurberi, Engelmann.
North-Western Mexico and Arizona in arid regions. Attains a
height of 20 feet; the fruits vary in size from that of a hen's egg to
that of an orange; it is of delicious flavor, pleasant taste and very
nutritious.
Cerinthe major, Linne*.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A handsome but
annual herb, particularly alluded to by G. Don as a honey-plant of
superior value. A few congeners exist in the same regions, among
which C. minor (Bauhin) is biennial or pauciennial, and C. alpina
(Kitaibel) perennial.
Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt.*
The Wax-palm of New Granada, ascending the Andes to 11,000
feet. One of the most majestic and at the same time one of the most
hardy of all Palms, attaining occasionally a height of 180 feet. The
trunk exudes a kind of resinous wax, about 25 Ibs. being obtainable
at a time from each stem; this, after the admixture of tallow, is used
for candles. There are several other andine palms, which could be
reared in Australian forests or in sheltered positions about our
dwellings.
Ceroxylon australe, Martius. (Juania australis, Drude.)
Juan Fernandez, latitude 34° South, on the higher mountains.
Ceroxylon Klopstockia, Martins.
Venezuela. This very tall Wax-palm reaches elevations of 6,000
feet.
Cervantesia tomentosa, Ruiz and Pavon.
Forest-mountains of Peru. This tree yields edible seeds. It is
likely to prove hardy in lower forest-regions of the warmer extra-tropic
countries.
$4 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Oestrum nocturnum, Linn4.
West-Indies, Southern Mexico. Praised above almost all other
plants for its fragrance in Mexico, its flowers lasting through the
summer and autumn, and their scent being particularly powerful at
night (Dr. Barroeta).
Cetraria Islandica, Acharius.
Colder regions of Europe, Asia and North-America. This
renowned lichen, inappropriately called " Iceland-Moss/' deserves
translocation to other cold parts of the globe; it yields on boiling a
nutritious jelly, pleasant after removal of the bitter principle (Cet-
rarin), the latter rendering this lichen additionally valuable in medi-
cine.
Chserophyllura bulbosum, Linn£.
Middle Europe and Western Asia. The Parsnip-chervil. A biennial
herb. The root a very palatable culinary esculent, three times- as
rich in starch as potatoes ; to be kept some time before consumed
(Vilmorin).
Chamsedora elatior, Martius,
Mexico, at an elevation of 4-5,000 feet. This graceful palm attains
only a height of about 12 feet and bears some frost. With many of
its congeners available for table-decoration. The oldest generic
name is Morenia.
ChainSBropS excelsa, Thunberg.* (Trachycarpus excelsus, Wendland.)
Southern China, as far north as Napong, also in Japan. This
Fan-palm is highly desirable, although not very tall, as the name
would indicate. The hardiest of all palms; has stood 3° F. with
only a slight litter (Count de Saporta). Hardy in the mild middle
coast-regions of England. Cordage prepared from the leaves does
not decay in water (Dupont). Rate of growth while young at Mel-
bourne about I foot a year. The hairy covering of the stem, of this
palm and of Livistona Chinensis is utilized for fixing lime-plaster to
buildings in Japan (Christie). C. Fortunei (Hooker), the Chusan-
palm from North-China, is a variety or closely allied species. It
attains a height of about 30 feet, and endures considerable frost. The
leaves can be employed for plaiting palm-hats, the fibrous leaf-sheaths
for making brushes, brooms and cordage. Other hardy palms might
be naturalized and used for various purposes, irrespective of their
ornamental features.
Chamserops humilis, Linn£.
The Dwarf Fan-palm of South-Europe, North-Africa and the
most south-western parts of Asia. Height to 20 feet. It is very
ornamental for gardens and plantations, and particularly eligible for
scenic effect. Hats, mats, baskets, fans and brushes are made from
the leaves.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 85
Cham£erops Khasyana, Griffith. (Trachycarpus Khasyanus, H. Wendland.)
In the Himalayas at elevations of from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, also,
according to Kurz, in dry pine-forests of Martaban and Ava.
Chamserops Martiana, Wallich. (Trachycarpus Martianus, H. Wendland.)
Ascends the mountains of Nepal to 8,000 feet. This Fan-palm
attains a height of 50 feet, and is altogether a noble object. Reaches
higher altitudes in the Himalayas than any other species, indeed where
snow occurs or covers the soil four or five months during the year.
Chamserops Ritchieana, Griffith. (Nannorhops Ritchieana, H. Wendland.)
Arid mountains of Afghanistan; seemingly the only native palm
there. Extensively used for cordage; leaves also made into baskets
and mats; fruit locally used like dates (Aitkinson). Has proved hardy
even in England.
Chelidonium majus, Fuchs.
The Celandine. Europe and Western Asia, wild to latitude 63°
N.. in Norway. A perennial herb of medicinal value. Chemical
principles: chelerythrin and chelidonin; also a yellow pigment,
chelidoxanthin.
Chelone glabra, Linns'.
North-America. The " Balmony." A perennial herb, which has
come into therapeutic use.
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linne".
Tropical and sub-tropical America. "Mexican Tea" and "Worm-
seed." An annual medicinal herb. Chenopodium anthelminticum
seems to be a perennial variety of this species. Easily naturalized.
Chenopodium auricomum, Lindley.
Australia, from the Darling-River to Carpentaria and Arnhem's
Land. A tall perennial herb, furnishing a nutritious and palatable
spinage. It will live in arid desert-regions. It is one of the ** Blue
Bushes " of the squatters, who value it as a nutritive and wholesome
pastoral plant. Several other species of Chenopodium, among them
the European C. bonus Henricus (Linne), afford fair spinage, but
they are annual.
Cnenopodium BliturQ, F. v. Mueller. (Blitum virgatum, Linne*.)
From South-Europe to Middle Asia. An annual herb, in use
there as a cultivated spinage-plant. The fruits furnish a red dye.
The genus Blitum was reduced to Chenopodium by the writer in
CaruePs Nuovo Gionale Botanico many years ago, and in 1864 by Dr.
Ascherson, who gave to B.. virgatum the name Chenopodium foliosum.
C. capitatum, Ascherson (Blitum capitatum, Linne) may not be really
a distinct species. Nyman regards its nativity unascertained. Some
of this group of plants are useful to anglers, attracting fish, when
thrown into rivers or lakes.
86 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Chenopodium nitrariaceum, F. v. Mueller.
Interior of Australia, especially in localities occasionally humid,
reaching in some places the south-coast. A rather tall " Salt-bush/r
liked particularly by sheep.
Ch.enopodi.uni Quinoa, Willdenow.
New Granada, Peru, Chili. An annual herb. Admitted here as
a savory and wholesome spinage-plant, which can be grown so
quickly, as to become available during the short summers of even the
highest habitable alpine altitudes. In Peru the seeds are used for a
nutritious porridge (Tschudi, Markham).
Chionachn© cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical and Eastern sub-tropical Australia. With C. barbata
(R. Brown) and C. Wightii (Munro) of India and Queensland a valuable
fodder-grass, yielding a large return. Sclerachne punctata (R. Brown)
from Java is closely allied.
Chloris scariosa, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical Australia. Particularly recommended by Mr. Walter
Hill as a pasture-grass. Dr. Curl mentions, besides this, C. divaricata
(R. Brown), from North- and East- Australia, as useful summer- and
autumn-grasses, even in the cooler clime of New Zealand.
Chloris truncata, R. Brown.
The Windmill-grass. South-Eastern Australia, as far south as
Port Phillip. This perennial and showy grass is regarded by Mr.
Walter Bissill as an excellent summer- and autumn-grass, of ready
growth and relish to grazing animals. C. ventricosa (R. Br.) is
another valuable East- Australian species. Several other congeners
from the eastern or western world deserve the attention of graziers.
Chemical analysis will determine their nutritive value, though the
degree of liking of such grasses by pasture-animals can only be found
out by rural tests.
Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kunth.
California, frequent on mountains. This lily-like plant attains a
height of 8 feet. The heavy bulb is covered with many coatings,
consisting of fibres, which are used for cushions and mattresses; con-
tracts are entered into for. the supply of this material on a very
extensive 'scale (Professor Bolander). The inner part of the bulb
serves as a substitute for soap, and the possibility of utilizing it for
technological purposes, like the root of Saponaria, might be tested, as
it contains saponin.
Chloroxylon Swietenia, De Candolle.
The Satin-wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied Flindersias,
possibly this tree would prove hardy in sheltered places of milder
extra-tropic latitudes, the cognate Cedrela australis advancing in
East-Australia southward to the 36th degree. A resin, valuable for
Tarnishes, exudes from the stem and branches.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 87
Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye.
Shores of the Northern Atlantic Ocean, " Caragaheen." This well-
known alg yields a nutritious and palatable gelatine on boiling, and
has thus become even of some therapeutic importance. The ready
steam-communication all over the world affords doubtless now the
opportunity of carrying also highly useful algs widely from shore
to shore in portable aquaria. In Australia the Eucheuma speciosum
(J. Agardh) and Gelidium glandulifolium (Harvey) are marine jelly-
weeds, well deserving of wide translocation.
Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium, Boccone. (Pyrethrum cinerarifolium,
Trevisan. )
Austria. Furnishes the Dalmatian Insect-powder. It is superior
even to the Persian powder as an insecticide; it will keep for years.
It is prepared from half-opened flowers during dry weather, and ex-
siccated under cover. Best applied in puffs from a tube. To be used
also against aphides (W. Saunders). [See further U. S. Agricultural
Report for 1881-2.]
Chrysanthemum parthenium, Persoon. (Pyrethrum parthenium, Smith.)
Middle and Southern Europe. " Feverfew." The root, foliage and
flowers of this perennial herb are in request for medicinal purposes
since ancient times; the variety with yellow foliage serves for edging
of garden-plots, ribbon- and carpet-culture.
Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam. (Pyrethrum roseum, Bieberstein.)
Sub-alpine South- Western Asia. This perennial herb, with C.
coronopifolium (Willdenow) yields the Persian Insect-powder.
Chusquea Culeou, E. Desvaux.
Chili, Valdivia, Argentina. This Bamboo exceeds not often 2O
feet in height; the autochthones on the La Plata-River use it for
lances. C. heterophylla and C. Cumingii (Nees) serve in the same
region for thatch-roofing (Hieronymus). C. andina (Philippi) grows
in Chili near the snow-line.
Cicer arietinum, Dodoens.
South-Europe and South- Western Asia. The Gram or Chick-Pea.
An annual herb, valuable as a pulse for stable- food, but an extensive
article also of human diet in India. Colonel Sykes counted as many
as 170 seeds on one plant. In Spain, next to wheat, the most ex-
tensively used plant for human food (Honorable Caleb Gushing). The
seeds can be converted into pea-meal or can be used in various other
ways for culinary purposes.
Cichorium Endivia, Linn<5.
South-Europe, North-Africa, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial
plant, used even in ancient times as a culinary vegetable. In Nor-
way it grows to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). The inner leaves are bleached
for food by tying the outer leaves together (Vilmoriii).
G
88 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cichorium Intybus, Linn£.
Chicory. A well-known perennial plant, indigenous to Europe,
Northern Africa and South-Western Asia. The roots much used as
a substitute for coffee; 5,000 tons of Chicory valued at £68,000 were
imported into the United Kingdom in 1884. This plant requires a
rich deep loamy soil, but fresh manure is detrimental to the value of
the root. It is also a good fodder-plant, especially for sheep, and
can be kept growing for several years, if cut always before flowering.
The root can be dressed and boiled for culinary purposes ; the leaves
are useful for salad, particularly when the plants are removed to dark
warm places for bleaching (Kuehnel); seeds will keep for several years
(Vilmorin) ; medicinal use can be made also of the fresh root. In-
digenous in Norway to lat. 63° 30' (Schuebeler).
Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott.
The " Black Snake-Root " and also " Cohosh " of North- America.
A perennial herb of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic pro-
perties.
Cinchona Calisaya, Ruiz and Pa von.*
Andes of Peru, New Granada, Brazil and Bolivia, 5,000 to 6,000
feet above the ocean. This tree attains a height of 40 feet; it yields
the Yellow Bark and also part of the Crown-Bark. It is one of the
richest yielders of quinin, and also produces cinchonidin, but little of
other alkaloids. The most valuable species in Bengal, braving
occasional night-frost. This has flowered at Berwick (Victoria)
already ten years ago under the care of Mr. G-. W. Robinson, from
plants supplied by the author, therefore as far south as Port Phillip,
where also good seeds mature. It grows under conditions more
limited than those of C. succirubra, nor is it so easily propagated. All
of its varieties do not furnish bark of equal value. The Santa Fe
variety ascends the Andes of New Granada 10,000 feet, and produces
the highly valuable soft Columbia-bark. The variety Ledgeriana
comes from Brazil, south-east of Lake Titicaca. Its bark yielded in
Java 11 to 12 per cent, of quinin.
Renewed bark, obtained by covering the stem, where the bark has
been removed, with moss or matting, according to Mr. Mclvor's
method, realized double the ordinary market-price, and in C. succiru-
bra even more (Woodhouse). Young Cinchona-plants are subject to
the attacks of Helopeltis Antonii, which insect preys also on the
Tea-bush.
Cinchona cordifolia, Mutis.*
Peru and New Granada on the Andes, at between 6,000 and 8,000
feet elevation, and according to Mr. Willis Weaver at Bogota (pro-
bably under the shelter of forests) up to the frosty region of 9,500
feet. Provides the hard Cartagena-bark or West Pitaya-bark, one
extremely rich in alkaloids. It is a species of robust constitution,
grows with rapidity and vigor. The thickest bark is obtained in the
highest altitudes, which are often involved in misty humidity by
passing clouds (Cross).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 89
Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon.
Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height of 60
feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco-Bark as well as Lima-
Bark are obtained. It is comparatively rich in cinchonin and quinidin,
contains however also quinin.
Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon.
Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under
favorable circumstances. It also yields Grey Bark and Huanuco-
Bark, besides Loxa-Bark. It will probably prove one of the hardiest
species.. It contains predominantly cinchonin and quinidin.
Cinchona officinalis, Linn4 (partly).* (Cinchona Condaminea? Humboldt.)
Andes of New Granada, Ecuador and Peru, at a height of 6,000
to 10,000 feet. Yields Crown- or Brown Peru-bark, besides part of
the Loxa-bark. Comparatively rich in quiniu and cinchonidin.
The temperature of the middle regions of the Andes, where this tree
grows, is almost the same as that of the Canary-Islands. Super-
abundance of moisture is particularly pernicious to this species. The
hardiest of all cultivated kinds. The Crispilla-variety endures a
temperature occasionally as low as 27° F.
Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a variety of
C. officinalis. This grows, where the mean annual temperature
is that of Rome, with however less extremes of heat and cold.
It yields part of the Pitaya-Bark.
Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis as a
variety. This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes also a
portion of the Pitaya-bark. It is this particular cinchona, which
in Upper India yielded in some instances the unprecedented
quantity of 11 per cent, alkaloids, nearly 6 per cent, quinin, the
rest quinidin and cinchonin; this plant is now annihilated for
bark-purposes in its native forests.
Cinchonas raised from seeds, provided by the writer of this work,
have withstood the slight frosts at San Francisco (G. P. Rixford).
The Uritusinga- or Loxa-variety grows in its native forests to a
height of 60 feet and more (Pavon), and attained in Ceylon in fifteen
years a height of 28 feet with a stem-girth of nearly 2 feet. The
price of its bark in 1879 was about 7s. per pound, and of renewed
bark lls. Mr. Mclvor obtained 6,850 cuttings from one imported
plant in twenty months; but all Cinchonas produce seeds copiously,
so that the raising of great numbers of plants can be effected with
remarkable facility. The bark has yielded 7*4 to 10*0 per cent,
sulphate of quinin (Howard).
In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cinchona
Hasskarliana, Miq., a species seemingly as yet not critically identified.
Cinchona-seeds do not long retain their vitality; but as they are so
very light, no difficulty exists in sending them speedily even to widely
distant places.
G2
90 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cinchona succirubra, Pa von.*
Middle Andine regions of Peru and Ecuador. A tree, attaining a
height of 40 feet, yielding the Red Peru-Bark, rich in cinchonin and
cinchonidin. It is this species, which is predominantly cultivated on
the mountains of Bengal. In India it thrives at lower elevations
than other Cinchonas, proves of quicker growth, and there the mixed
cheap Cinchona-alkaloids forming the " Quinettum " are largely
derived from this plant. (G-. King, J. S. Gamble.) It has been found
hardy in Lower Gippsland and the Westernport-District of Victoria.
It grew in Madeira at an elevation of 500 feet, after having been
planted two and a half years, to a height of 20 feet, flowering freely.
All these Cinchonas promise to become of importance for culture in
the warmest regions of extra-tropical countries, on places not readily
accessible or eligible for cereal culture. The Peruvian proverb, that
Cinchona-trees like to be " within sight of snow," gives some clue to
the conditions, under which they thrive best. They delight in the
shelter of forests, where there is an equable temperature, no frost,
some humidity at all times both in air and soil, where the ground is
deep and largely consists of the remnants of decayed vegetable sub-
stances, and where the subsoil is open. Drippage from shelter-trees
too near will be hurtful to the plants. Closed valleys and deep
gorges, into which cold air will sink, are also not well adapted for
cinchona-culture. The cinchona-region may be considered as inter-
jacent between the coffee- and the tea-region, or nearly coinciding
with that of the Assam-tea. Cross found the temperature of some of
the best natural Cinchona-regions to fluctuate between 35° and 60° F.
We here ought to consociate the Peru-bark plants with naturally
growing fern-trees, but only in the warmest valleys and richest soil.
The best temperature for Cinchonas is from 53° to 66° F.; but for
the most part they will endure in open places a minimum of 32° F.;
in the brush-shades of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, where
already many years ago Cinchonas were raised by the thousand, they
have even resisted uninjured a temperature of a few degrees less,
wherever the wind had no access, while under such very slight cover
the Cinchonas withstood also a heat of a few degrees over 100° F.
The plants are most easily raised from seed, best under some cover
such as mats: they produce seeds copiously a few years after planting.
C. succirubra, first introduced into California by the writer of this
work, together with the principal other species, thrives well in the
lower coast-ranges as far north as San Francisco; better indeed than
C. Calisaya, according to Dr. Herman Behr. The quantity of
alkaloids in the bark can be much increased by artificial treatment,
if the bark is only removed to about one-third on one side of the stem
and the denuded part covered with moss or straw matting (kept
moist), under which in one year as much bark is formed as otherwise
requires three years' growth — such forced bark moreover containing
the astounding quantity of 25 per cent, alkaloids, because no loss of
these precious substances takes place by gradual disintegration
through age. The root-bark of some cinchonas has proved to contain
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 91
as much as 8 per cent, of alkaloids (see Gardeners' Chronicle, 1877,
p. 212). The income from Java-plantations is considerably over
double the cost of the expenses of culture and transit. Mr. Howard's
opinion, that cinchonas in lowland-plantations produce a far less
quantity of alkaloids, needs further confirmation, particularly re-
garding the valuable quiuin and cinchonidin ; probably however
geologic conditions have in all instances to be taken into account.
Young Cinchona-plants are set out at distances of about 6 feet.
The harvest of bark begins in the fourth or fifth year. The price
varies in Europe from 2s. to 9s. per lb., according to quality. The
limits assigned to this literary compilation do not admit of entering
further into details on this occasion ; but I may add, that in the
Darjeeling-district over three millions of Cinchona-plants were already
in cultivation during 1869 in Government-plantations. Cultivation
of Cinchona for commercial purposes was first initiated in Java
through Dr. Hasskarl in 1851. In 1880, 240,000 Ibs. of bark were
already exported from this island. The British harvest in the
Madras Presidency alone amounted to 150,000 Ibs. in 1875. Surgeon-
Major Dr. G.King reports in 1880, that four million trees of Cinchona
succirubra are now under his control in the Sikkim-plantations. This
has proved the hardiest species ; it grows under a wide range of
conditions, and seeds freely; thus it is the most valuable Cinchona in
the elevations of Sikkim. In the Neilgherries more than 600,000
Cinchona plants were distributed from the Government-plantations in
1879, and 1,322 Ibs. of seed (Barlow); from 80,000 to 250,000
seedlings being obtainable from one pound of sound seed, as almost
every grain will grow. All its varieties produce bark of great value.
The total amount of alkaloids is at an average 4 per cent. If the
trees were cut every seven or eight years and simultaneous re-planting
should take place, Dr. King could keep up an annual supply of
366,000 Ibs. of bark. In 1883 there were as many as 128 millions of
plants under cultivation in British India, of which 22 millions were
two years old. The importations of Cinchona-bark into the United
Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 106,000 cwt,, of the value of £907,000;
in 1882 the quantity was 139,000 cwt. and the cost £1,781,000.
The total number of deaths of the Indian population from fever is
considered to approach a million and a half annually.
Cinna arundinacea, Linn£.
North-America. There recorded as a good fodder-grass ; peren-
nial, somewhat sweet-scented. Particularly adapted for forest-
meadows. Blyttia suaveolens (Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa Gray,
a variety with pendent flowers.
Cinnamomum Camphora, Fr. Nees.*
The Camphor-tree of China and Japan, north to Kinsin, attaining a
height of about 40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of a clime
like that of Port Phillip, though the foliage will suffer. The wood,
like all other parts of the tree, is pervaded by camphor, hence resists
92 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
the attacks of insects. The well known camphor is obtained by
distilling or boiling the chopped wood or root ; the subsequently
condensed camphoric mass is subjected to a purifying sublimation-
process.
Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume.
Southern China. It is not unlikely, that this tree, which produces
the Chinese cinnamon or the so-called Cassia lignea, may prove hardy
outside the tropics. Sir Joseph Hooker found on the Khasya-
mountains up to 6,000 feet three cinnamons producing similar bark
— namely: C. obtusifolium, C. pauciflorum and C. Tamala (Nees),the
latter species extending to Queensland. Dr. Thwaites notes the true
Cinnamon-tree (C. Zeilanicum, Breyn) even up to 8,000 feet in
•Ceylon, but the most aromatic bark comes from lower altitudes.
Cinnamon-leaves yield a fragrant oil and the root gives a sort of cam-
phor. Mr. Ch. Ford has ascertained, that the Chinese cut Cinnamomum
Cassia when 6 years old, the time chosen being from March to May,
after which season the bark loses much of its aroma. The branches
are cut to near the root. The bark on distillation affords the Cassia-
oil, 1 cwt. of bark yielding nearly 1 Ib. of oil, which is much in use
for confectionery and culinary purposes and the preparation of scented
soaps. Oil can also be obtained from the foliage.
Cinnamomum Loureiroi, Nees.
Cochin-China. and Japan. A middle-sized tree. The leaves
locally in use as a condiment and for perfumery.
Cistus Creticus, Linn£.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, particularly the eastern.
This shrub, with C. Cyprius (Lamarck) furnishes the best ladanum-
resin. Other species yield a less fragrant produce.
Citrus Aurantium, Linn<$.
The Orange-tree (in the widest sense of the word). A native of
South-Eastern Asia. A plant of longevity ; thus a tree at Versailles,
known as the " Grand Bourbon/' is still in existence, though planted
in 1421. Stems of very good Orange-trees have gained such a size,
as to require two men to clasp them. If intervening spaces exist in
orangeries, they might be used for raising herbaceous honey-plants.
Any specific differences, to distinguish C. Aurantium from C. Medica,
if they once existed, are obliterated now through hybridization, at least
in the cultivated forms. In Central India a peculiar variety is under
culture, producing two crops a year ; the blossoms of February and
March yield their ripe fruit in November arid December, whereas from
the flowers of July mature fruits are obtained in March and April.
To prevent exhaustion only alternate fruiting is allowed. Nearly
5 million bushels of oranges and lemons, representing a value of
£1,782,000, were imported into the United Kingdom during 1884.
It is not unusual for orange-trees to continue in full bearing for 60 or
70 years, and after that the wood is still valued for its durability,
fragrance and beauty. . The Sorrento-honey derives its delicious
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 93
perfume from orange-flowers, and it has become classical as the best,
and analogous to that of Hymethus (Laura Redden). As prominent
varieties of C. Aurantium the following may be distinguished : —
Citrus Bergamium, Risso. From the fruit-rind of this variety
Bergamotte-oil is obtained; the flowers also yield oil. The
Mellarosa-variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite con-
fitures.
Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The 'Bitter Orange. This furnishes
from its flowers the Neroli-oil, so delicious and costly as a per-
fume. It is stated, that orange-flowers to the value of £50
might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year.
The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange-peel. Bitter
principle: hesperidin in the rind, limonin in the seeds.
Citrus decumana, Linne. The Shaddock or Pompelmos. The
fruit will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 pounds. The pulp
and thick rind can both be used for preserves.
Citrus dulcis, Volkamer. The Sweet Orange, of which many
kinds occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to bear
in the Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one tree in
a year. Navel-oranges, weighing 19 ounces, have been obtained
at Rockhampton ; other varieties have been known to reach
3 pounds (Thozet). Neroli-oil is also obtained from the flowers
of this and closely allied varieties. The oil of orange-peel might
be used as a cheap and pleasant one in the distillation of costly
odorous substances.
Citrus nobilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin-Orange. The thin peel
separates most readily from the deliciously flavored sweet pulp.
There are large and small fruited Mandarin-oranges; the Tan-
gerine-variety is one of them. Some varieties are excellent for
hedges, for which they are much used in Japan. Burnt earth is
valuable as an admixture to soil in orangeries. On the high
authority of Dr. Piesse it may be stated, that recently rather more
than 1£ millions pounds weight of orange-flowers were gathered
annually for perfumery-purposes merely at Nice and Cannes.
Citrus Australasica, F. v. Mueller.
Coast-forests of extra-tropical Eastern Australia. A shrubby
species, with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like taste,
measuring 2 to 4 inches in length. They are thus very much larger
than those of Atalantia glauca of the eastern desert-interior of tropic
Australia, but both are of similar taste. These plants are entered on
this list, together with C. Planchoni, merely to draw attention to
them as probably capable of improvement in their fruit through
culture.
Citrus Japonica, Thunberg.*
The Kumquat of Japan. A shrubby Citrus with fruits of the size
of a gooseberry, from which on account of their sweet peel and acid
pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared.
94 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Citrus Medica, Linne.
The Citron-tree (in the widest sense of the word). Indigenous to
Southern Asia. For the sake of convenience it is placed here as
distinct from C. Aurantium. As prominent varieties of the Citrus
Medica may be distinguished : —
Citrus Cedra, Gallesio. The true Citron. From the acid tuber-
cular fruit essential oil and citric acid can be obtained, irrespec-
tive of the ordinary culinary use of the fruit. A large variety
with thick rind furnishes candied the citrionate or succade. The
Cedra-oil comes from a particular variety.
Citrus Limonium, Risso. The true Lemon. Lemon-juice is largely
pressed from the fruit of this variety, while the thin, smooth,
aromatic peel serves for the production of volatile oil or for
condiments. The juice of this fruit is particularly rich in citric
acid. A large variety is the Rosaline-Lemon.
Citrus Limetta, Risso. The true Lime. The best lime-juice is
obtained from this variety, of which the Perette constitutes a
form. Less hardy than most other varieties. The Lime is one
of the best and most enduring hedge-plants for warmer countries
(H. A. Wickham).
Citrus Lumia, Risso. The Sweet Lemon, including the Pear-
lemon with large pear-shaped fruit. Rind thick and pale; pulp
not acid. This variety serves for particular condiments,
Citrus trifoliata, Linne. Japan. Much grown as a hedge-shrub
in its native country; used often as stock for grafting oranges
on.
Coal-oil proved the most effectual remedy in Florida to dislodge
scale from any kind of citrus-plant; half a pint of oil is to be mixed
with sifted wood-ashes and then with 6 gallons of water, this fluid
to be syringed over the trees. The import of lemons and oranges
into the United Kingdom during 1884 was valued £1,782,686.
CitniS Planchoni, F. v. Mueller. (C. Amtralis, Planchon, partly.)
Forests near the coasts of sub-tropic Eastern Australia. A noble
tree, fully 40 feet high, or according to C. Hartmann even 60 feet
high, with globular fruit about the size of walnuts, called in Australia
Native Oranges. The species first appeared under the above name in
the "Report on the Vegetable Products of the Intercolonial Exhibition
of 1867." Its beautiful wood takes a high polish; hence it is made
use of for the finest cabinet-work. Through regular culture doubtless
the fruit could be enlarged and improved.
Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafinesque.
Eastern States of North-America. Yellow-wood. The wood of
this tree produces a saffron-yellow dye.
Clavaria botrytis, Persoon.
Europe. This and the following are species, admitted for sale among
Silesian mushrooms, according to Dr. Goeppert: C. brevipes (Kromb-
holz), C. flava, C. formosa, C. grisea (Persoon), C. muscoides (L.), C.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 95
aurea (Schaeffer), C. palmata (Scop.), C. crispa (Wulfen). Morren
mentions as much consumed in Belgium C. fastigiata (L.). Bergner
and Trog illustrate C. botrytis (Persoon). Several of these extend
naturally to Australia, where also various other species exist. The
puff-balls, comprising species of Bovista, Lycoperdon and Scleroderina,
are not specifically admitted as recommendable culinary fungs into
this work, as they are only convertible into food when very young, and
many become soon noxious. All Clavarias seem adapted for human
sustenance; their growth should therefore be encouraged.
Claytonia perfoliata, Bonn.
From Mexico to California and Cuba. An annual succulent herb,
serving for salad and also spinage. The genus could be reduced to
Montia.
Clinostigma Mooreanum, F. v. Mueller. (Kentia Mooreana, F. v. M. )
Dwarf -palm of Lord Howe's Island, where it occurs only on the
summits of the mountains, at about 3,000 feet elevation. Likely to
prove one of the hardiests of all palms.
Coccoloba uvifera, Jacquin.
Central America, northward to Florida. A tree, attaining a large
size, fit for sandy sea-shores. Sir J. Lefroy noticed in Bermuda
stems 6 feet in girth. The dark-blue sweet or acidulous berries are
edible. A kind of kino is obtained from the bark; the wood yields a
red dye. Dr. Rosenthal notes as likewise producing edible fruits:—
C. nivea (Jacq.), C. pubescens (L.), C. excoriata (L.), C. flavescens
(Jacq.), C. diversifolia (Jacq.). — C. Leoganensis (Jacq.) is also a
coast-tree; other species belong to forest-regions of mountains. They
are all natives of the warmer zones of America.
Coclllearia Annoracia, Linnet (Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries.)
The Horse-radish. Middle Europe and Western Asia. Perennial.
Grown in Norway to lat. 70* 22' N. The volatile oil of the root
allied to that of mustard.
Cochlearia officinalis, Linne".
Water-cress. Shores of Middle and Northern Europe, Northern
Asia and North- America, also on saline places inland, even on the
Pyrenees. A biennial herb, like the allied C. Angelica and C. Danica
(Linne.), valuable as an antiscorbutic, hence deserving naturalization.
It contains a peculiar volatile oil.
Cocos australis, Martius.
From Brazil to Uruguay and the La Plata-States. One of the
hardiest of all palms, hardier than even the Date-palm, withstanding
unprotected a cold, at which oranges and almonds are injured or
destroyed. It remained perfectly uninjured at Antibes at a tempera-
ture of 15° F. (Naudin). C. pityrophylla ascends the Andes to
7,800 feet (de Denterghem).
96 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cocos flexuosa, Martius.
Brazil, extending far south. This slender and rather tall decorative
Palm belongs to the dry Cactus-region with C. coronata, C. capitata,
Astrocaryum campestre, Diplothemium campestre arid Acrocomia
sclerocarpa (Martius). Cocos coronata withstood at Hyeres a tem-
perature of 22° F. (Bonnet).
Cocos plumosa, Loddiges.
South-Brazil. This splendid Feather-palm attains a height of 60
feet. It is one of the hardiest of all palms, requiring no protection
at Port Phillip. Stem comparatively slender.
COCOS regia, Liebmann.
Mexico, up to 2,500 feet. A Palm of enormous height; almost
sure to prove hardy in the mildest extra-tropic latitudes.
Cocos Romanzofliana, Chamisso.
Extra-tropic Brazil. This noble Palm attains a height of 40 feet.
Cocos Yatay, Martius.*
Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina. Forms distinct
forests mainly with C. australis and C. Datil (Drude). The last
mentioned bears date-like fruits, according to Dr. Lorentz. The
kernels of the nuts of C. Yatay are edible. The incomparably
valuable strictly tropical Cocoanut-palm Cocos nucifera (Linne) has
fruited at the verge of the tropics in Queensland at Rockhampton
under the care of Mr. J. S. Edgar.
Coflfea Arabica, Linn£.
Mountains of South-Western Abyssinia, extending as indigenous,
according to Welwitsch and Peters, to Mozambique and Guinea.
The Coffee-plant. This shrub or small tree has been admitted into
this list, not without great hesitation, merely to avoid passing it. The
cultivation within extra-tropical boundaries can only be tried with any
prospect of success in the warmest and at the same time moistest
regions, frost being detrimental to the Coffee-plant. In Ceylon the
coffee-regions are between 1,000 and 5,000 feet above the ocean; but
Dr. Thwaites observes, that the plant succeeds best at an elevation of
from 3,000 to 4,500 feet, in places, where there is a rainfall of about
100 inches a year. The temperature there hardly ever rises above
80° F., and almost never sinks below 45° F. Coffee requires moist
weather, whilst it ripens its fruit, and a season of drier weather to
form its wood. Average-yield in Ceylon 4 to 5 cwt. per acre. An
extraordinarily prolific variety of coffee was introduced twenty years
ago by the writer of this work into Fiji, where it now forms the main
plantations. The Coffee-plant has been found hardy as far north as
Florida. For many particulars see the papers of the Planters' Associa-
tion of Kandy. The importations of Coffee into the United Kingdom
in 1884 amounted to 1,134,000 cwt. (about one-quarter being for
home-consumption) valued at 3j million pounds sterling. Chemical
in Extr 'a- Tropical Countries. 97
principles: caffein, a peculiar taniiic acid and quinic acid. The loss
sustained in 1878 alone by the ravages of parasitic fungus-growth on
Coffee-plants in Ceylon amounted to £2,000,000, the total loss since
1869 from this source reaching £15,000,000 (Abbay). The destruc-
tion of this Coffee-leaf Fungus (Hemileia vastatrix) is effected by
applying flower of sulphur, particularly in dewy weather, and by
dressing the ground with quicklime (Morris). See also essay by Mr.
T. Dyer, in Journal of Microsc. Soc. New series, vol. XX. In
America coffee-plantations have suffered not only from the attacks of
an erysiphoid fungus, but also the Cemiostoma-fly. Elsewhere a
beetle (Xylotrogus quadrupes) and a brown scaly bug (Lecanium
coffeae) have attacked the plant. Coffee-leaves have recently come
into use as a substitute for tea.
Coffea Liberica, Bull.
G-uinea. The Liberian Coffee-plant, distinguished already by
Afzelius. According to Dr. Imray this species has shown immunity
from the Cemiostoma-fly, and it is less affected by the Hemileia-
mquld. It grows to the size of a real tree, is a rich bearer, and the
berries are larger than those of the ordinary coffee-bush; but the
(useless) pulp is about twice as large in proportion to the seeds. The
fruit requires a longer time to ripen (a year), but this species can be
grown in hot tropical countries down to the coast (Lietze, Hegel).
Colchicum autumnale, Linn£.
The Meadow- Saffron. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia,
The seeds and roots of this pretty bulbous-tuberous herb are impor-
tant for medicinal use. The plant has been introduced into Australia
by the writer with a view to its naturalization on moist meadows in
our ranges. Active principle: colchicin. The plant proves hardy in
Norway to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler).
Colocasia antiquorum, Schott.*
The Taro. From Egypt through Southern Asia to the South- Sea
Islands; apparently also indigenous in the warmer parts of East- Aus-
tralia. The stem-like, tuberous, starchy roots lose their acridity by
the processes of boiling, roasting or baking. It is the Kolkas of the
Arabs and Egyptians, and one of their most esteemed and abundant
vegetables. Immense quantities are harvested and kept during the
winter. A splendid starch is obtainable from the tubers of this and
the following species. The plant proves hardy as far south as Mel-
bourne, and is also cultivated in New Zealand. The tops of the
tubers are replanted for a new crop. Taro requires a rich, moist soil,
and would grow well on banks of rivers. For scenic culture it is a
very decorative plant. Colocasia esculenta is a variety of this
species.
Colocasia Indica, Kunth. (Alocasia Indica, Schott.)
South- Asia, South-Sea Islands and Eastern Australia. Cultivated
for its stem and tubers on swamps or rivulets. This stately plant
98 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
will rise in favorable localities to a height of 12 feet, the edible trunk
attaining a considerable thickness, the leaves sometimes measuring
3 feet in length. In using the stem and root for food, great care is
needed, to expel all acridity by some heating process. Colocasia
odora and C. macrorrhiza seem varieties of this species. Several other
aroid plants deserve attention for test-culture on account of their
edible roots, among them Cyrtosperma edule (Seemann) from the Fiji-
Islands.
Combretum butyraceum, Caruel.
The Butter-tree of Caffraria and other parts of South-Eastern
Africa. The Caffirs call the fatty substance, obtained from this tree,
Chiquito. It is largely used by them as an admixture to their food,
and is also exported. It contains about one-quarter olein and three-
quarters margarin. This butter-like fat is extracted from the fruit,
and is of an aromatic flavor. The tree should be hardy in the warmer
and milder parts of extra-tropical countries.
Comptonia asplenifolia, Solander.
The Sweet-Fern of North- America. This dwarf shrub is perhaps
quite worthy of dissemination on sterile hills, as the foliage contains
nearly 10 per cent, of tannin; an extract of the leaves has come
into the tanning trade. The plant is also not without medicinal
value.
Condalia mi.croph.ylla, Cavanilles.
The Piquillin. Chili and Argentina. A bush, yielding sweet,
edible, succulent fruit.
Conium maculatum, Linn£.
The Poison-Hemlock. Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and
Western Asia. A biennial herb, important for medicinal purposes.
It should however not be allowed to stray from its plantations, as it
is apt to be confounded with culinary species of Anthriscus, Chaero-
phyllum and Myrrhis, and may thus cause, as a most dangerous
plant, disastrous mistakes. Active principles: coniin in the fruit,
also conhydrin. The wild or naturalized plant best for therapeutic
use.
Conopodium denudatum, Koch.
Western Europe. The small tuberous roots of this herb, when boiled
or roasted, are available for food, and known as Earth-Chestnuts.
The plant is allied to Carum Bulbocastanum.
Conospernmm Stcechadis, Endlicher.
West-Australia. The question has arisen, whether this shrub, with
C. triplinervium (R. Brown), ought to be introduced into any desert-
country. All kinds of pasture-animals browse with avidity on the
long, tender and downy flower-stalks and spikes, without touching the
foliage, thus not destroying the plant by close cropping.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 99
Convallaria majalis, Linn£.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia to Japan. The " Lily of the
Valley." Far famed as a lovely fragrant spring-plant, desirable for
naturalization in any temperate forest-regions, quite a trade-plant for
bouquet-sellers, reintroduced into medicine also latterly, particularly
in the treatment of cardial affections and dropsy. Both root and
flowers have also sternutatorian properties.
Convolvulus noridus, Linn£ fil.
Canary-Islands. A shrubby species, not climbing or winding.
With C. scoparius it yields the Atlantic Rosewood from stem and
root.
Convolvulus Scamnionia,
Mediterranean regions and Asia Minor. A perennial herb. The
purgative drug, Scammonia-resin, is obtained from the root, which
will grow to 2 feet in length. Plants readily raised from seeds. To
obtain the drug, a portion of the root is laid bare, and into incisions
made some shells are inserted, to collect the juice, which is daily
removed (Maw).
Copernicia cerifera, Martius.*
Brazil, extending into Bolivia and Argentina. This magnificent
Fan-palm has been proved to be hardy as far south as Sydney, by
Mr. Charles Moore. It resists drought in a remarkable degree, and
prospers also on a somewhat saline soil. The stem furnishes starch;
the sap yields sugar; the fibres of the leaf -sheets are converted into
ropes, which resist decay in water; the leaves can be used for mats,
hats, baskets and brooms, and many other articles are prepared from
them. The inner part of the leaf-stalks serves as a substitute for cork.
This palm however is mainly valued for the Carnauba-wax, with which
its young leaves are coated, and which can be detached by shaking.
This is harder than bees' wax, and is used in the manufacture of caudles.
Each tree furnishes about 4 Ibs. annually. In 1862 no less than
2,500,000 Ibs. were imported into Great Britain, realizing about
£100,000.
Coprinus comatus, Fries.
Europe, Asia. Included by Dr. L. Planchon among the Champig-
nons for French kitchens. Other species elsewhere are probably quite
as good, but they all can only be used for food in a very young state.
More important are the deliquiscent species of Coprinus, such as C.
atramentarius, C. ovatus, C. cylindraceus (Fries), for the preparation of
a black water- color and also ink, both indelible (Wilson's Rural
Cyclop.); the black fluid emitted needs the addition of some anti-
septic to preserve it. Various Coprini are also common in Victoria.
Corchorus acutangulus, Lamarck.
Tropical Africa, South-Asia and North- Australia. This plant is
specially mentioned by some writers as a jute-plant. A particular
100 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
machine has been constructed by Mr. Le Franc, of New Orleans, for
separating the jute-fibre. With it a ton of fibre is produced in a day
by four men's work. This apparatus can also be used for other fibre-
plants. The seeds of the Corchorus, which drop spontaneously, will
reproduce the crop.
Corchorus capsularis, Linn£.*
From India to Japan. One of the principal jute-plants. An
annual, attaining a height of about twelve feet, when closely grown,
with almost branchless stem. A nearly allied but lower plant, Cor-
chorus Cunninghami (F. v. Mueller) occurs in tropical and sub-tropical
Eastern Australia. Jute can be grown where cotton and rice ripen,
be it even in localities comparatively cold in the winter, if the summer's
warmth is long and continuous. The fibre is separated by steeping
the full-grown plant in water from five to eight days; it is largely
used for rice- wool- and cotton-bags, carpets and other similar
textile fabrics, and also for ropes. In 1884 Great Britain imported
5,111,000 cwt. of jute, valued at £3,600,000. In 1883 the quantity
amounted even to 7,372,000 cwt. of the value of £4,520,000, and a
large quantity is also sent to the United States. Jute is sown on
good land, well ploughed and drained, but requires no irrigation,
although it likes humidity. The crop is obtained in the course of
four or five months, and is ripe when the flowers are replaced by fruit-
capsules. Good paper is made from the refuse of the fibre. Jute
has been found, like hemp, to protect cotton from caterpillars, when
planted around fields (Hon. T. Watts). In India jute often alternates
with rice and sugar-cane ; as a crop it requires damp soil. It does
not require drained land, according to Mr. C. B. Clarke. Unlike
cotton, it will bear a slight frost. Under favorable circumstances
2,000 to 7,000 Ibs. may be obtained from an acre. It is best grown
on temporarily flooded ground, as otherwise it proves an exhaustive
crop. Two hundred million pounds of jute were woven in 1876 in
Dundee, and fifty million gunny-bags were exported from Britain in
one single year, according to S. Waterhouse. Jute does not decay so
easily as hemp, when exposed to moisture.
Corchorus olitorius, Linne".*
South-Asia and North- Australia. Furnishes, with the foregoing
species, the principal supply of jute-fibre. As it also is an annual,
it can be brought to perfection in the summers of the warm temperate
zone. The foliage can be used for spinage. The fibre is not so
strong as hemp, but very easily prepared. It will not endure long
exposure to water. The seeds will keep for several years. The
allied Corchorus trilocularis (Linne), of Indian origin, is likewise wild
in eastern tropical and sub-tropical Australia.
Cordyline Banksii, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. This lax- and long-leaved Palm-Lily attains a
height of 10 feet; its stem is usually undivided. This and the fol-
lowing species have been admitted into this list for a double reason,
in Extra-Tropical
not only because they are by far the hardiest, quickest growing and
largest of the genus, and thus most sought in horticultural trade for
scenic planting, but also because their leaves furnish a fair fibre for
textile purposes. The small seeds are produced in great abundance
and germinate with extreme readiness. The same may be said of
the three following species ; their seeds can with the greatest ease be
sent to the remotest distances. These Palm-Lilies ought to be natu-
ralized copiously in forest-ranges by mere dissemination.
Cordyline Baueri, J. Hooker. (C. Amtralis, Endlicher non J. Hooker.)
Norfolk-Island. The stem of this stately species attains a height
of 40 feet, and becomes ramified in age. It is very intimately allied
to the following.
Cordyline indivisa, Kunth.
New Zealand. The stem of this thick and rigid-leaved palm-like
species rises to a height of 20 feet, and remains undivided. Leaves
finally 5 inches broad; yield the toi-fibre. Aged leaves persistent
in a perfectly downward position for many years. Panicle at
first erect. Berries white. Grows without protection in Arran
(Capt. Brown).
Cordyline superbiens, C. Koch. (C. Australis, J. Hooker non Endlicher.)
New Zealand. The stem of this noble thin-leaved plant attains a
height of 40 feet, and is branched. Aged leaves readily seceding;
berries blue. Hardy at Torquay (W. Wood), Power's Court, Lim-
erick, and in others of the milder localities of South -England and
Ireland, also in the Island of Arran, where it grows luxuriously and
flowers (Rev. D. Landsborough). It will stand a minimum tempera-
ture of 20° F. (Gorlie).
Cordyline terminalis, Kunth.
South-Asia, Polynesia, East-Australia. The roots are edible, when
roasted. The leaves, like those of other species, can be utilized for
textile fibre. The splendid decorative Cordylines with red or variega-
ted foliage belong to this species.
Coriandrum sativum, Linne".
Orient and Middle Asia. An annual or biennial herb, its fruits
much in use for condiments. The essential oil peculiar. Ripens
seeds in Norway to lat. 68° 40' (Schuebeler). The seeds will keep
for several years; 20 Ibs. will be sufficient for one acre, returning
10-14 cwt. (G. Don).
Cornus florida, Linne".
The Dogwood of Eastern North-America. A showy tree, some-
times 30 feet high. The wood in great demand for shuttles,
handles, harrow-teeth, horse-collars and sledge-runners. The root-
bark is of therapeutic value. The tree is hardy still at Christiania
(Schuebeler).
< ^
102 Select T-la-ntsfor Industrial Culture
Cornus mas, Linne.
Europe, also Asia quite to Japan. This deciduous shrub or small
tree is deserving of attention, as from the fruits a very palatable pre-
serve can be prepared (Freyn). It answers also for hedge-growth.
Cornus Nuttalli, Audubon.
North- Western America. This is the largest of the genus, attain-
ing a height of 80 feet, with a stem 2 feet in diameter. One of the
most showy of Californian forest-trees. The wood is hard and close-
grained, similar to that of the preceding species. The natives use the
small twigs for making baskets (Dr. Gibbons). The white spring-
inflorescence is visible for miles ; in autumn again the scarlet fruit-
coloration becomes an ornament to the landscape (Prof. Bolander).
Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Fries.
Europe and Asia. This mushroom, together with C. violaceus
(Fries), is mentioned among numerous congeners by Drs. Badham and
Cooke as particularly eligible for the table. Dr. Planchon recom-
mends also C. turbinatus (Fries).
Corylus Americana, Walter.
Eastern North-America. Not tall ; easily naturalized by dissemina-
tion, but fruit small and hard-shelled (A. Gray).
Corylus Avellana, Linne".
Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. The ordinary
Hazel, so well known for its filberts or cob-nut, one variety yielding
the Barcelona-nut. A tree attaining a height of 30 feet; wood elastic;
young shoots serving for hoops. The earliest flowering tree in north-
ern countries. Loudon's account also of this tree is extensive and
excellent. Chambers says, that generally about £100,000 worth of
hazel-nuts are annually imported into Britain.
Corylus Colurna, Linne". (C. Bizantina, 1'Echise.)
From Hungary to Greece and the Himalayas, there at from 5,500
to 10,000 feet elevation. The Constantinople-Nut Tree, the tallest
of hazels, attaining 60 feet in height, of rather quick growth. Hardy
at Christiania in Norway (Schuebeler). This, as well as the Nepal-
Hazel (Corylus ferox, Wallich) and the Japan-Hazel (C. heterophylla,
Fischer) might be naturalized in forest-gullies for their filberts.
Corylus maxima, Miller. (<7. rubra, Borkhausen ; C. tubulosa, Willdenow ;
C. Lambertii, Loddiges.)
Recorded as indigenous to Hungary and Istria by A. de Candolle,
who however places the species nearer to C. Americana. Prof. C.
Koch thinks, that it may have sprung from C. Avellana. It yields
the red filbert or Lambert-nut.
Corylus Pontica, C. Koch.
Caucasus. Taller than C. maxima. Fruit similar to the Barce-
lona-nut; much consumed in Constantinople (C. Koch); called also
Pontinian-nut.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 103
Corylus rostrata, Alton.
North-America, both east and west. Never tall. Nut small, but
kernel sweet. C. Mandschurica (Maximowicz), from the Amur-
region is a closely allied species, or perhaps only a variety.
Corynocarpus Isevigata, Forster.
The Karaka of New Zealand and the principal forest-tree of the
Chatham-Islands, attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood is light,
and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the fruit is edible.
Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich irrigated soil the tree can be
adopted for very shady avenues.
Corynosicyos edulis. (Gladosicyos edulis, J. Hooker.)
Guinea. A new cucumber-like plant, with edible fruits about 1
foot long and 3 inches in diameter. .Referred recently by Cogniaux
to the genus Cucumeropsis.
Crambe cordifolia, Steven.
From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas, up to
14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale afford an esculent.
Flower-stems reaching 10 feet in height; the long-stalked leaves
measure more than 2 feet in width. The root bears severe frost
(Gorlie). C. Kotschyana (Boissier) is an allied plant.
Crambe maritima, Linne".
Sea-Kale. Sandy coasts of Europe and North-Africa, in Norway
to nearly 60° N. A perennial herb; the young shoots used as a
wholesome and agreeable vegetable. Should be naturalized.
Crambe Tataria, Wulfen.
From Eastern Europe to Middle Asia. Perennial. Leaves likewise
used for culinary purposes. According to Simmonds the large fleshy
roots also form an esculent. Can be grown still at Christiania.
CratsegUS sestivalis, Torrey and Gray.
The Apple-Haw. South-Eastern States of North- America. The
small juicy fruit of an agreeable acid taste.
Cratsegus apiifolia, Michaux.
Eastern North-America. Highly serviceable for hedges.
Cratsegus Azarolus, Linne".
Welsh Medlar. South-Eastern Europe and South- Western Asia.
Hardy still in Christiania, Norway (Schuebeler). The pleasantly
acidulous fruits can be used for preserves.
Cratsegus coccinea, Linne".
Eastern North-America, there called White Thorn. A valuable
hedge-plant; also very handsome. Spines strong. It braves the
winters of Norway as far north as lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler).
H
104 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cratsegns cordata, Alton.
South-Eastern States of North- America. Also much employed for
hedges.
Cratsegus Cms Galli, Lhm£.
The Cockspur-Thorn. Eastern North- America. Regarded as one
of the best species for hedges. Spines long and stout. Hardy to
lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). Fruit edible.
Cratsegus oxyacantha, Linne.
The ordinary Hawthorn or White Thorn or Quick. Europe,
North- Africa, North- and West- Asia. In Norway it grows to lat. 67°
56'; Professor Schuebeler found the plant to gain still a height of 20
feet in lat. 63° 35'. Recorded here as one of the most eligible
among deciduous hedge-plants, safe against pastoral animals. The
wood is considered one of the best substitutes for boxwood by en-
gravers. The flowers are much frequented by bees for honey. C.
monogyna (Jacquin) is a variety.
CratSBgUS Mexicana, Mocino and Sesse. (Mespilus Mexicana, C. Koch.)
A shrub, hardy in England. The fruit is of about one inch size and
edible.
Cratsegus parvifolia, Aiton.
Eastern North -America. For dwarf hedges. Spines long, slender,
sharp and numerous.
Cratsegus pyracantha, Persoon.
The Fire-Thorn. Southern Europe, South- Western Asia. This
species is evergreen. It is likewise adapted for hedges, though slower
in growth than the Hawthorn, but altogether not difficult to rear.
Hardy in Norway to lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler). Referred by Boissier
to Cotoneaster.
Crataegus tomentosa, Linn<$.
South-Eastern States of North -America. Reaching a height of 20
feet. Fruit edible. The list of American Hedge-thorns is probably
not yet exhausted by the species mentioned; all afford honey. Two
species, C. rivularis (Nuttall) and C. Douglasii (Lindley) occur in
California and Oregon.
Crepis biennis, Linn£.
Europe, Western Asia. Bosc regards this plant as useful for
winter-pastures, in cool climes it keeping well green. The flowers
afford food for bees.
Crithmuni maritimuni, Linn£.
The real Samphire. Sea-shores of Western and Southern Europe,
North- Africa and the Orient. A perennial herb. Settlers on the
coast might readily disseminate and naturalize it. It is held to be one
of the best plants for pickles, the young leaves being selected for that
purpose.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 105
Crocus sativus, C. Bauhin.
The Dye-Saffron. South-Eastern' Europe and the Orient. The
stigmata of this particular autumnal flowering crocus constitute the
costly dye-substance. The best is collected from the flowers as they
daily open in succession. At any early stage of colonization it would
not be profitable, to grow saffron commercially; but as the plant is
well adapted for many extra-tropical countries or for high elevations
within the tropics, it might be planted out into various unoccupied
mountain-localities with a final view to naturalize it, and to thus
render it available from native sources at a later period. It has addi-
tional claims on account of its prettiness. Noted as a bee-plant even
by the ancients (Muenter). In Norway it is grown as far north as
lat. 67° 56'. Likes calcareous light soil.
Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona.)
South-Europe. This species also produces saffron rich in pigment.
The bulbs of several species are edible.
Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilton.
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Scinde. This perennial herb grows in
arid places, and like the following yields Sunn-fibre.
Crotalaria juncea, Linn£.
The Sunn-Hemp. Indigenous to Southern Asia and also widely
dispersed through tropical Australia. An annual herb, rising under
favorable circumstances to a height of 10 feet. In the colony of
Victoria, Sunn can only be cultivated in the warmest and moistest
localities. It comes to maturity in four or five months. The plant
can also be grown as a fodder-herb for cattle. It requires rich,
friable soil. If a superior soft fibre is desired, the plant is pulled
while in flower; if strength is the object, the plant is left standing
until it has almost ripened its seeds. The steeping process occupies
about three days. For the purpose of obtaining branchless stems it
is sown closely. Cultivated in the Circars, according to Roxburgh,
to feed milch-cows.
Crotalaria retusa, Linne.
Asia, America and Australia within and near the tropics. A
perennial herb. Its fibre resembles that of C. juncea, and is chiefly
used for ropes and canvas. Others of the multitudinous species of
Crotalaria deserve to be tested for their fibres.
Croton lacciferus, Linn<5.
Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet. Valuable for the warmer forest-regions
of temperate climes, on account of its peculiar exuding lac-resin.
Crozophora tinctoria, Necker.
South-Europe, North-Africa and the Orient. An annual herb.
The turnsole-dye is prepared by exposing the juice to the air, or by
treating it with ammonia.
H 2
106 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cryptomeria Japonica, D. Don.
The Sugi or Japanese Cedar. Japan and Xorthern China. The
largest tree in Japan, the trunk attaining 35 feet in circumference
(Rein) and 120 feet in height. Stem long, clear, of perfect straight-
ness; the plant is also grown for hedges; in Japan it yields the most
esteemed timber, scented like that of Cedrela (Christie). It requires
forest-valleys for successful growth. The wood is durable, compact,
soft and easy to work; more extensively utilized in Japan than any
other. In the Azores the tree is preferred even to the Pinus Halep-
pensis for timber-culture, on account of its still more rapid growth in
that insular climate. Several garden-varieties exist. Lives unpro-
tected still at Christiania.
Cucurnis Angnria, Linn£.
Wild in tropical America, but according to Sir Jos. Hooker and
Prof. Naudin perhaps of African origin ; all other species belonging
to the eastern hemisphere. Annual. The fruit serves for pickles.
Cucumis cicatratus, Stocks.
Scinde, where it is called " Wungee." The edible ovate fruit is
about 6 inches long. Deemed a wild form of C. Melo by Cogniaux.
Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. (Citrullus vulgaris, Schrader.)
Indigenous probably only in Eastern Africa. The Water-Melon.
It is simply mentioned here, to indicate the desirability of naturalizing
it in any desert. In those of South- Africa it has become sponta-
neously established, and retained the characters of the cultivated
fruit.
Cucumis Colocynthis, Linne". (Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader.)
From the Mediterranean regions to India. An annual herb. The
medicinal extract of colocynth is prepared from the small gourd of
this species. Active principle: colocynthin.
Cucumis Melo, Linne".
The Melon. Originally from the country about the Caspian Sea,
but some forms indigenous to India, northern and tropical Africa and
tropical Australia, if really all the forms united by Cogniaux are con-
specific. The best varieties might also be naturalized in sand-
deserts, particularly in places where some moisture collects. In
seasons of drought the Muscat-Melon, introduced by the author into
Central Australia, has borne fruit there more amply than any other
variety. Some of the Bokhara-varieties are remarkably luscious and
large. Apparently remunerative results have been gained in Belgium
from experiments, to cultivate melons for sugar and treacle. The
seeds thus obtained in quantity become available for oil-pressing.
The root contains melonemetin. The Japan C. conomon (Thunberg)
belongs to this species. Prof. Naudin investigated extensively the
variability of this and allied plants. Some varieties of melons and
pumpkins ripen in Scandinavia during the long summers there in the
open air far uorth; all are annual.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 107
•Cucumis Momordica, Roxburgh.
Cultivated in India. It produces cucumbers 2 feet long, bursting
slowly when ripe into several divisions. Young, the fruit is used like
cucumbers, older like melons. Referred by Cogniaux to the varieties
of C. Melo.
Cucumis sativus, Linne".
The Cucumber. North-Western India. Indicated here merely for
completeness' sake, also because gherkin-pickling ought to become a
more extended local industry. Dr. G-. King brought under notice and
Indian culture the Chinese Cucumber " Solly- Qua," which attains a
length of 7 feet. It must be trained on walls or trellises, to afford to
the fruit sufficient scope for suspension. For definitions of numerous
varieties of Melons, Cucumbers and Gourds, as well as for full notes
on their cultivation, see, irrespective of other references, G-. Don's
Dichlamydeous Plants III, 1-42. Seeds will retain their vitality
for ten years or more (Vilmorin).
Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne.
Large Gourd or Pompion. Indigenous probably in South- Western
Asia. Yields some sorts of pumpkins. Instances are on record of
fruits having weighed over 2 cwt. This species also is eligible for
naturalization in the interior. Amongst other purposes it serves for
calabashes. The seeds will keep about six years.
Cucurbita Melopepo, Linn4.
The Squash. May be regarded as a variety of C. Pepo. It will
endure storage for months.
Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne.
The Musky Gourd. Doubtless also from the Orient, but its exact
nativity never traced (A. de Candolle). A variety, much cultivated
in Italy, produces fruits so large as occasionally to weigh fully
40 Ibs. (Vilmorin).
Cucurbita Pepo, Linne.
The Pumpkin and Vegetable Marrow, as well as the Succade-
Gourd. Countries on the Caspian Sea, but A. de Candolle believes
it to be of North-American origin, where some other though not
culinary species of this genus occur. Its naturalization in hot deserts
would be a boon. The seeds on pressure yield a fixed oil; they are
also anthelmintic. Most of the ornamental gourds are varieties of
this species. This, with many other Cucurbitaceae, yields much
honey for bees. The fruit of the perennial C. melanosperma (A.
Braun) is not edible.
Cudrania Javensis, Trecul.
East-Australia, Southern and Eastern Asia to Japan, East- Africa.
This climbing thorny shrub can be utilized for hedges. Fruit edible,
of a pleasant taste; the root furnishes a yellow dye.
108 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cudrania triloba, Hance.
China. The leaves of this shrub serve as food for silkworms
according to Mr. F. B. Forbes.
Cuminum Cyminum, Linne".
North- Africa. The fruits of this annual herb are known as Cumin,
and used for certain condiments, as also in medicine. Cuminum His-
panicum (Merat) is similar. Essential oil peculiar.
Cupania sapida, Cambessedes. (Blighla sapida, Koenig. )
Western tropical Africa. A tree, to 30 feet high, if not sometimes
higher. Flowers so fragrant as to be worth distilling. Succulent
portion of the fruit eatable, improved by frying. This Cupania may
endure slight frost as some of its congeners.
Cupressus Benthami, Endlicher.
Mexico, at elevations from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. A beautiful tree,
reaching 60 feet in height. The wood is fine-grained and exceedingly
durable. Rate of growth at Port Phillip as much as 30 feet in height
within 15 years. Professor C. Koch deems it identical with C.
thurifera.
Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg.
The Ginger-Pine or Oregon-Cedar. California. A tree, reaching
150 feet in height, with a clear trunk for 70 feet and a stem-diameter
reaching 6 feet. Wood abounding in aromatic oil (J. Hoopes).
Cupressus funebris, Endlicher.
Thibet. The Weeping Cypress. Attains a height of 90 feet. One
of the most eligible trees for cemeteries; can be grown from the low-
lands of India to 7,000 feet or even higher.
Cupressus La WSOniana, Murray. (Chamcecyparis Lawsoniana, Parlatore.)
Northern California. This splendid red-flowered Cypress grows to
100 feet in height, with a stem to 2 feet in diameter, and furnishes a
valuable timber for building purposes, it being clear, easily worked,
free from knots, elastic and very durable (Sargent); it is however to
be avoided for cabinet work on account of the soft and coloring resin
permeating it (Dr. Kellogg). Hardy to lat. 61° 15' in Norway
(Schuebeler).
Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzch.
On the mountains of Mexico. A stately Cypress, reaching a height
of 120 feet. It supplies an excellent timber. Prof. C. Koch points
out the very close affinity of this species to C. thurifera, and restores
its older name C. Coulteri (Forbes), suggesting that this cypress may
be derived from C. pendula (PHeritier), which so long was termed
inaptly C. Lusitanica.
Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg.* (C. Lambertiana, Gordon.)
California, from Monterey to Noyo, in the granite- as well as sand-
stone-formation; sometimes in Sphagnum-moors. This beautiful and
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 109
shady tree attains to a height of 350 feet, with a stem of 9 feet in cir-
cumference, and is one of the quickest growing of all conifers, even
in poor dry soil. One of the best shelter-trees on sea-sands, naturally
following the coast-line, never extending many miles from the shore,
and occurring in localities, where the temperature does not rise above
80° F. nor sink below the freezing point (Bolander); nevertheless it
proved even hardy in Christiania. Richer in its yields of tar than the
Scotch Fir, according to American writers. Not to be planted on
places where stagnant humidity exists under ground.
Cupressus Nutkaensis, Lambert. (ChamcecyparisNutkaensis,Sp&ch; Thuja
excelsa, Bongard.)
The Yellow Cedar or Cypress of Alaska and the neighboring States.
Height of tree reaches 100 feet. Timber soft, pale, clear, durable,
tough and close, also scented; worked with ease; used for boat-build-
ing and many other purposes; the bast for mats and ropes. Can be
trimmed for hedge-growth. The Cypresses of the sections Chamas-
cyparis and Retinospora are now regarded by Sir Joseph Hooker and
Mr. George Bentham as species of Thuja. Prof. C. Koch placed them,
as did previously the author of this work, in the genus Cupressus.
Cupressus obtusa, F. v. Mueller. (Retinospora obtusa, Siebold and Zuc-
carini. )
The Hinoki of Japan. Attains a height of 100 feet; stem to 5 feet
in circumference. It forms a great part of the forests at Nipon.
Growing naturally between 1,200 and 4,200 feet elevation on the
transition of the compact alluvial clays to eruptive granite (Dupont).
The bark is used for thatching, also for cordage and tow. The wood
is white-veined and compact, assuming when planed a silky lustre.
According to Mr. Christie, it is durable, close-grained and easily
worked. It is selected in Japan for temples. There are varieties of
this species with foliage of a golden- and of a silvery-white hue.
Hardy at New York, even in exposed localities. One of the finest of
evergreen trees for the vicinity of dwellings. It resembles C. Law-
soniana, but excels it ; it is also hardier and of more rapid growth
(Rev. H. W. Beecher). Easily multiplied from layers of the lower
branches.
Two other Japanese Cypresses deserve introduction — namely C.
breviramea(Chama3cyparis breviramea, Maximowicz) and C. pendens
(Chamaecyparis pendula, Maximowicz).
Cupressus pisifera, F. v. Mueller = (Chamcecyparis pisifera, Sieb. and Zucc.)
The Savara of Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet. Stem occa-
sionally 3 feet in diameter (Rein). Very hardy like the foregoing,
bearing the frosts of Norway at least to lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler); also
of beautiful aspect and quick growth. There is also a variety with
golden-yellow foliage. Less esteemed than C. obtusa; grows in
about the same localities, but is content with poorer soil, and bears
more heat (Dupont).
110 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cupressus sempervirens, Linn£.
The Common Cypress. South-Europe and South-Eastern Asia, on
Mount Lebanon up to 5,000 feet. It is famous for the great age it
attains, and for the durability of its timber, which is next to imperish-
able. Doors from this wood in St. Paul's Church in Rome have
lasted over 600 years. Both varieties, namely C. pyramidalis (Tar-
gioni) and C. horizontalis (Miller) widely under culture; attains in
warm countries occasionally a height of 100 feet and a stem-girth of
9 feet. Hardy in England. Near Somma a cypress is still shown,
which — so it is said — was renowned already at Caesar's time on account
of its great size. The wood is prized for trunks and boxes, as rendering
the contents proof against most kinds of insects (Dr. Brandis). At
present its wood is much sought for the manufacture of musical in-
struments. Young records the stem-circumference of a Cypress at
Lago Maggiore at 54 feet, and this was known even 600 years ago as
a venerable tree, thus far one of the few most favored trees in the
whole creation.
Cupressus thurifera, Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth.
Mexican White Cedar; 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea-level. A
handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high.
Cupressus thuyoides, Linn& (Chamcecyparis sphwroidea, Spach; Thuja
sphceroidalis, Cl. Richard.)
White Cedar of North- America; in moist and swampy ground.
Height of tree reaching 80 feet; diameter of stem 3 feet. The wood
is reddish, light, clear, easy to split, soft and fragrant; it turns red
when exposed to the air. Extensively used for a great variety of
purposes — for boat-building, cooperage, railway-ties, particularly also
shingles; it is fine-grained and easily worked. Mohr says, that the
wood when well seasoned offers the finest material for hollow-ware.
For furniture, it admits of a high finish and has a pleasing hue. The
old wood resists the successions of dryness and moisture better than
any other American Cypress hitherto tried. Circumferential rate of
stem-growth in Nebraska 22 inches at 2 feet from the ground in
12 years (Furnas).
Cupressus torulosa, Don.*
Nepal-Cypress. Northern India; 4,500 to 8,000 feet above the
sea-level. Average ordinary height 40 feet, but much larger dimen-
sions are on record ; thus Dr. Stewart and Major Madden mention a
tree 150 feet in height and 17 feet in stem-girth. The reddish fra-
grant wood is as durable as that of the Deodar-Cedar and highly
valued for furniture. The tree prefers limestone-soil. Splendid for
wind-breaks and tall hedges. Dr. Brandis thinks, that it may attain
an age of 1,000 years.
Cyamopsis psoraloides, De Candolle.
Southern Asia. This annual is mentioned by Dr. Forbes Watson
among the plants, which furnish throughout the year table-beans to a
portion of the population of India.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. Ill
Cycas Normanbyana, F. v. Mueller.
A noble Queensland-species, deserving introduction, and capable
of being shipped to long distances in an upgrown state without
einballage.
Cycas revoluta, Thunberg.
The Japan Pine-Palm. The trunk attains in age a height of about
6 feet, and is rich in sago-like starch. The slow growth of this plant
renders it only valuable for scenic decorative culture; it endures the
climate of Melbourne without protection. Cycas media, R. Br., may
also prove hardy, and would be a noble horticultural acquisition, as it
is the most gigantic of all Cycadeae, attaining a height of 70 feet in
tropical East- Australia. C. Siamensis (Miquel) will endure a tem-
perature occasionally as low as the freezing point. Like the Zamia-
steins, the trunks of any Cycas admit of trauslocation, even at an
advanced age; and like the stems of many kinds of tree-ferns, they can
be shipped on very long voyages packed as dead goods in closed wood-
cases, deprived of leaves and soil, for subsequent revival in conser-
vatories, as shown many years ago by the writer of this work. The
Macrozamias can be associated with the hardier palms in gardens, M.
spiralis advancing naturally southward to the 37th degree. One
genuine Zamia occurs as indigenous in Florida, several in Mexico are
extra-tropical, while Z. Chiqua (Seemann), or a closely allied species,
ascends to 7,000 feet in Central America. The South- African species
of Encephalartos also endure the night-frosts of Melbourne perfectly
well.
Cymopterus glomeratus, De Candolle.
North- America, Missouri-region. Root edible (Dr. Rosenthal).
Cynara Cardunculus, Linne.
The Cardoon. Mediterranean regions; extending to the Canary-
Islands. A perennial herb. The bleached leaf-stalks serve as escu-
lents. The foliage employed also as a substitute for rennet. This as
well as the following will come to perfection in Norway to lat.
63° 52' (Schuebeler). Readily raised from seeds. The root also
edible (Vilmorin).
Cynara Scolymus, Linne".
The Artichoke. South-Europe and North-Africa. The recep-
tacles and the base of the flower-scales well known as a vegetable.
The plant is perennial, and here merely mentioned as entitled to
extended culture, grouped with other stately plants. Several other
species are worthy of cultivation. In Italy Artichokes are much
grown under olive-trees, to utilize spare-ground. The plant is greatly
benefited in cultivation by a dressing with sea-weed or any other
manure containing sea-sait (G. W. Johnson). The leaves serve
instead of rennet. Seeds will keep for several years. To preserve
good varieties sprouts are replanted, from which all the buds
112 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
except two or three of the strongest are removed. Low-lying ground
and somewhat peaty soil are well adapted for this plant (Vilmorin).
Cynodon Dactylon, Cl. Richard.*
Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus as
indigenous reaching the northern parts of the colony of Victoria;
stretching also into Middle Europe and West-England. Hardy in
Norway to lat. 63° 52' (Schuebeler). Passes under the names of
Bermuda-Grass, Indian Couch-Grass, Doab, Doorba or Doorva or
Bahama-Grass. An important grass for covering bare, barren land,
or binding drift-sand, or keeping together the soil of abrupt declivities,
or consolidating earth-banks against floods. It is not without value
as a pasture-grass; resists extreme drought, and may become of great
importance to many desert-tracts, as it keeps alive even in the hottest
and driest parts of Central Australia; also one of the best of all
grasses in tropical countries for hay (Eggers). Placed likewise above
all other grasses for pasture- and stable-value in Louisiana (Seiss).
Difficult to eradicate, but for permanent pastures on exhausted land
in mild climes not surpassed. The dispersion is best effected by the
creeping rooting stems cut into short pieces; each of these takes root
readily, but it can also be disseminated and grains are now always
in the seed-markets. In arable land this grass, when once established,
cannot easily be subdued. The stems and roots are used in Italy for
preparing the Mellago graminis. Roxburgh already declared this
grass to be by far the most common and useful for pastures of India,
particularly in the drier regions; that it flowers all the year, and that
it forms three-fourths of the food of the cows and horses there.
Excellent also as a lawn-grass in mild climates, on account of its
dwarf and creeping growth and as enduring trampling pertinaciously.
Chemical analysis, made very early in spring, gave the following
results: — Albumen 1'60, gluten 6*45, starch 4'00, gum 3*10, sugar
3-60 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Eummel).
Cynosurus cristatus, Linn£.
The Crested Dogstail-Grass. Europe, Northern Africa, Western
Asia. A perennial grass, particularly valuable as withstanding
drought, the root penetrating to considerable depth. The stems can
also be used for bonnet-plaiting. Though inferior in value for hay,
this grass is well adapted for permanent pasture, as it forms dense
tufts without suffocating other grasses or fodder-herbs. Recommended
also as an admixture to lawn-grasses by Hein and others.
Cyperus corymbosus, Rottboell.
India, North-Australia, Madagascar. This stately perennial species
may be chosen to fringe our lakes and ponds. It is extensively used
for mats in India.
Cyperus esculentus, Linn£.
Southern Europe, Western Asia, various parts of Africa. Produces
the "Chufa" or Ground-Almond, an edible root, which contains
in Kctr a- Tropical Countries. 113
about 27 per cent, of starch, 17 per cent, of oil, and 12 per cent, of
saccharine substance ; other (French) analyses give 28 per cent, oil,
29 starch, 14 sugar, 7 gum, 14 cellulose. This plant does not
injuriously spread like the C. rotundus, and can be reared on sand-
land, though in rich loose soil the harvest is far more plentiful. The
tubers, of which as many as 100 to 150 may be obtained from each
plant, are consumed either raw or cooked. Hogs root them up for
food. The oil surpasses in excellence of taste all other oils used for
culinary purposes. The tubers are a fair substitute for coffee, when
properly roasted; the root-crop is available in from four to six months.
The plant may become important in the most dreary and arid desert-
countries through naturalization. In Norway it can be grown to lat.
67° 06' (Schuebeler). The root of the North-American C. phymato-
des (Muehlenberg) is also nutty.
Cyperus Papyrus, Lmn£.
The Nile-Papyrus, wild in various regions of Africa. Attains a
height of 16 feet. Though no longer strictly a utilitarian plant, as in
ancient times, it could scarcely be passed on this occasion, as it ought
to become valuable in the horticultural trade. Its grand aspect
recommends it as very decorative for aquatic plantations.
Cyperus Syriacus, Parlatore.
The Syrian or Sicilian Papyrus, This is the Papyrus-plant usual
in garden-cultivation. It found its way to Australia first through the
action of the writer of this work. The plants in the Melbourne
Botanic Garden attain a height of 8 feet, but suffer somewhat from
frost. Other tall decorative Cyperi deserve introduction, for instance:
C. giganteus (Rottboell) from the West-Indies and Guiana; these
kinds of plants being hardier than the generality of others from the
tropics.
Cyperus tegetum, Roxburgh.
North-Eastern Africa, India, China and North Australia. This
Galingale-Rush might be naturalized on river-banks to obtain material
for the superior mats made of it in Bengal. The fresh stems are slit
longitudinally into three or four pieces, each of which curls round
while drying, and can then be worked into durable and elegant mats.
In China it is cultivated like rice, but in brackish ground only, where
narrow channels will allow the water to flow in and out with the rising
and receding tide (Hance and Dilthey).
Cyperus textilis, Thunberg. (Cyperus vaginatus, R. Brown.)
Widely dispersed over the Australian continent, also occurring in
Southern Africa. It is restricted to swampy localities, and thus is
not likely to stray into ordinary fields. In the colony of Victoria it is
one of the best indigenous fibre-plants, and it is likewise valuable as
being with ease converted into pulp for good writing paper, as shown
by the author some years ago. Its perennial growth allows of regular
annual cutting. The natives of the Murray-River use this as well as-
Carex tereticaulis (F. v. M."i for nets.
114 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Cytisus prolifereus, Linne" fil.
Canary-Islands. The " Tagasaste." A fodder-shrub for light dry-
soil; rather intolerant to frost (Dyer).
CJytlsus SCOparius, Link. (Spartium scoparium, Linne". )
The Broom-Bush. Europe, North-Asia ; wild in Norway to 58° N.
Of less significance as a broom-plant than as one of medicinal value.
It can also be used for tanning purposes. Most valuable for arresting
drift-sand. Easily raised from seeds. An alkaloid (spartein) and a
yellow dye (scoparin) are obtainable from this shrub.
Cytisus spinosus, Lamarck.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. This bush forms a
strong prickly garden-hedge, handsome when closely clipped (W.
Elliott).
Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker.
New Zealand. A beautiful tree, growing to 50 feet in height and
producing hard and incorruptible timber. Chiefly eligible for cool
humid forest-regions.
Dacrydium cupressinum, Solander.
New Zealand. Native name, Rimu; the Red Pine of the colonists.
This stately tree attains the height of 200 feet, and furnishes a hard
and valuable wood, very lasting for fences, but readily decaying in
water- works. Professor Kirk recommends the timber on account of
its great strength for girders and heavy beams anywhere under cover.
With other New Zealand conifers particularly eligible for forest-
valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on account of its pen-
dulous branches. The bark possesses fair tan-properties.
Dacrydium Franklini, J. Hooker.
Huon-pine of Tasmania, where it is endemic; only found in moist
forest-recesses, and thus might be planted in ferntree-gullies of South-
Eastern Australia also. Height of tree sometimes 100 feet; stem-
circumference reaching 20 feet. The wood is highly esteemed for
boat-building and various artisans' work. It is the best of Australian
woods for carving, also extensively used for the rougher kinds of
xylography and in the manufacture of pianos.
Dacrydium Kirkii, F. v. Mueller.
New Zealand. The " Manoao." A pyramidal tree, attaining 80
feet in height; stem-diameter to 4 feet. Timber of a reddish color
and extreme durability (Professor Kirk). Bears seeds abundantly.
Dactylis glomerata, Linne".*
Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. The Cocks-
foot-grass. One of the best of perennial tall pasture-grasses, adapted
as well for dry as moist soil, thus even available for wet clays. It
will live under the shade of trees in forests; fit also for coast-sands.
It is indigenous in Norway to lat. 68° 50' (Schuebeler). Its yield of
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 1 1 5-
fodder is rich and continuous, but its stems are bard. It is generally
liked by cattle, unless wben by understocking or neglect it has been
allowed to become rank. Langethal observes : " What the Timothy -
grass is for the more dry sandy ground, that is the Cocksfoot-grass
for more binding soil, and no other (European) grass can be compared
to it for copiousness of yield, particularly if the soil contains a fair
quantity of lime. It grows quickly again after the first cutting, and
comes early on in the season. The nutritive power of this grass is of
first class." The chemical analysis, made very late in spring, gave
the following results: Albumen 1'87, gluten 7'11, starch 1'05, gum
4'47, sugar 3*19 per cent. (Von Mueller and Rummel).
Dactylis litoralis, Willdenow. (Aeluropus laevis, Trinius.)
From the Mediterranean countries to Siberia. This stoloniferous
grass can be utilized for binding coast-sands; but it is of greater
importance still in sustaining a Kermes-insect (Porphyrophora
Hamelii), which produces a beautiful purple dye (Simmonds).
Dalbergia latifolia, Roxburgh.
India, up to cool but not cold regions. A deciduous tree, attaining
a height of 80 feet. The wood tough and heavy, in local request for
ornamental furniture, yokes, wheels, ploughs, knees of boats; its-
color from nut-brown to dark-purplish, streaked and spotted with
lighter hues (Brandis, Gamble).
Dalbergia melanoxylon, Guillemin and Perrottet.
Tropical Africa, extending to Southern Egypt. A small tree
with spiny branches; the wood described variously as blackish and
purplish; according to Colonel Grant used for arrow- tips, wooden
hammers and other select implements.
Dalbergia Miscolobium, Bentham.
Southern Brazil. This tree supplies a portion of the Jacaranda-
wood (Tschudi).
Dalbergia nigra, Allemao.
Brazil, down to the Southern Provinces. A tall tree, likely to
prove hardy in warmer extra-tropic regions. It yields a portion of
the Jacaranda- or Palisander- Wood, also Caviuna-Wood, which for
rich furniture have come into European use. Several Brazilian
species of Machserium afford, according to Saldanha da Gama, a
similar precious wood, also timber for water-works and railway-
sleepers, particularly M. incorruptibile (Allemao), M. legale and M.
Allemai (Bentham).
Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxburgh.
The Indian Sissoo-tree, extending to Afghanistan, ascending to
elevations of 5,000 feet, attaining a height of 80 feet. It may be
worthy of test, whether in localities almost free of frost, particularly
along sandy river-banks, this important timber-tree could be natural-
ized, the Sissoo bearing occasional frosty cold better than the Sal.
(116 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Brandis found the transverse strength of the wood greater than that
of teak and of sal; it is very elastic, seasons well, does not warp or
split, is easily worked, and takes a fine polish. It is also durable as
a wood for boats. The tree is easily raised from seeds or cuttings,
and is of quick growth. The supply of its wood has fallen short of
the demand in India. Colonel Campbell- Walker states, that in the
Pan jab artificial rearing of Sissoo is remunerative at only 15 inches
annual rainfall, with great heat in summer and occasional sharp frosts
in winter; but irrigation is resorted to at an annual expense there of
four shillings per acre. Sterile land is by the Sissoo-planting greatly
ameliorated.
Dammara alba, Rumph. (D. orientalis, Lambert.)
Agath-Dammar. Indian Archipelagus and mainland. A splendid
tree, up to 100 feet high, with a stem to 8 feet in diameter, straight
and branchless for two-thirds in length. It is of great importance on
account of its yield of the transparent Dammar-resin, extensively used
for varnish.
Dammara Australia, Lambert.*
Kauri-Pine. North-Island of New Zealand. This magnificent
tree measures, under favorable circumstances, 180 feet in height and
exceptionally 1 7 feet in diameter of stem ; the estimated but perhaps
overrated age of such a tree being 700 to 800 years. It furnishes an
excellent, remarkably durable timber, straight-grained, and much in
use for masts, boats, superior furniture, casks, rims of sieves, and is
particularly sought for decks of ships, lasting for the latter purpose
twice as long as the deal of many other pines. It is also available for
railway-break-blocks and for carriages, and regarded as one of the
most durable among timbers of the Conifers. Braces, stringers and
tie-beams of wharves remained, according to Professor Kirk, for very
many years in good order under much traffic. In bridge-building also
the Kauri-timber gave excellent results j it can likewise be used
advantageously for the sounding-boards of pianofortes. Kauri-wood
is also used for light handles of many implements and for various
instruments, including stethoscopes, for wool-presses, the bodywork
of waggons, butter-casks, brewers' vats; further, in ship-building for
bulwarks and for the sides of boats. In strength it is considerably
superior to Baltic Deal. Kauri ought to be extensively introduced
into our denser forests. Auckland alone exports about £20,000
worth of Kauri-timber annually. It is easily worked, and takes a
high polish. This tree yields besides the Kauri-resin of commerce,
which is also largely obtained from under the stem. The greatest
part is gathered by the Maoris in localities, formerly covered with
Kauri-forests; pieces weighing 100 Ibs. have been found in such
places.
Dammara macrophylla, Lindley.
Santa-Cruz Archipelagos. A beautiful tree, often 100 feet high,
resembling D. alba.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 117
Dammara Moorei, Lindley.
New Caledonia. Height of tree about 50 feet.
Dammara obtusa, Lindley.
New Hebrides. A fine tree, resembling D. Australia, reaching 200
feet in height, with a long, clear trunk.
Dammara ovata, C. Moope.
New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar-resin.
Dammara robusta, C. Moore.
Queensland-Kauri. A tall tree, known only from Rockingham's
Bay, Eraser's Island and Wide Bay. It thrives well, even in open,
exposed, dry localities at Melbourne. Height attaining 180 feet;
largest diameter of stem 6 feet; wood free from knots and easily
worked. Market value £3 10s. for 1,000 superficial feet of timber.
As much as 12,000 feet (superficial) of good timber have been cut
from one tree, that not being the largest. The species is closely
allied to the Indian D. alba, and yields likewise Dammar-resin.
Dammara Vitiensis, Seemann.
In Fiji. Tree to 100 feet high; probably identical with Lindley 's
D. longifolia.
Danthonia bipartita, F. v. Mueller.
From the interior of New South Wales and Queensland to West-
Australia. Available as a tender-leaved and productive perennial
grass, particularly for any desert-regions.
Danthonia Cunningiiami, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. A splendid alpine fodder -grass with large
panicles; it attains a height of 5 feet, and forms tussocks. Pasture-
animals relish the young foliage and the flower-masses (J. Buchanan).
Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker. (Amphibromus Neesii, Steudel.)
Extra-tropical Australia. One of the best of perennial nutritious
swamp-grasses.
Danthonia penicillata, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand, ascending to alpine
elevations. Mr. A. N. Grant mentions this as the most gregarious of
grasses in Riverina, though after seeding early in summer it becomes
parched, until it pushes afresh after the first autumnal rains. It is
most easily disseminated. Dr. Curl found this perennial grass useful
for artificial mixed pasture. Its principal value is in spring. Noted
as very valuable in its native localities.
Danthonia robusta, F. v. Mueller.
Australian Alps. Forms large patches of rich forage near or at
the very edge of glaciers. The tall D. rigida (Raoul) of New Zealand
is closely allied.
118 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Datisca cannabina, Linne.
From Greece to Upper India. A perennial herb of medicinal
value; the stems furnish a strong textile fibre; the leaves and roots
yield a superior yellow dye.
Daucus Carota, Linn£.
The Carrot. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropical Asia, east to
Japan. Biennial. Admits of naturalization along shores. In
Norway it is grown to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler). Beyond the
ordinary culinary utilization it serves for the distillation of a peculiar
oil. Large-rooted varieties as well as the herb give a good admixture
to stable-fodder. Carrot-treacle can also be prepared from the root.
Requires lime in the soil for its prolific culture. The chemical
substances carotin and hydrocarotin are derived from it. Mess.
Dippe in Ouedlinburg keep about 130 acres under culture merely
for carrot-seeds. They will retain their vitality for a few years
ordinarily preserved.
Debregeasia edulis, Weddell.
The Janatsi or Teon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this bush edible;
fibre valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian species, with fibre
resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend the Himalayas for several
thousand feet, and may therefore be very hardy — namely: D. velu-
tina, D. Wallichiana, D. hypoleuca. The latter extends to Abyssiniar
where it has been noticed at elevations of 8,000 feet. D. dichotoma
occurs on mountains in Java.
Decaisnea insignis, J. Hooker and Thomson. (Slacked insignis, Griffith.)
Himalaya at 6,000 to 10,000 feet elevation. This showy shrub or
miniature-tree produces fruit full of juicy pulp of pleasant sweetness.
Dendrocalamus giganteus, Munro.
Malacca and the adjacent islands. Habit of Grigantochloa maxima;
therefore one of the mightiest of all Bamboos. It continues constantly
to add stems from its root, several hundred sometimes belonging to
the same tuft. Stems reach a height of 100 feet and a circumference
of 33 inches; the joints are occasionally as much as 18 inches wide
and the walls an inch thick (Dr. Trimen). Locally much used for
rural buildings, furnishing posts, rafters, flooring material and shingles
(Brandis). Buckets and many other domestic utensils are readily
made of this Bamboo. The equally gigantic Dendrocalamus Bran-
disii (Bambusa Brandisii) of British Burrnah has internodes some-
times over 1 foot long, and ligneous substance of over 1 inch thickness.
Deciticus of Burmah attains a height of 30 feet, and ascends to
3,000 feet (Kurz).
Dendrocalamus longispathus, Kurz.
British Burmah, where with D. calostachyus (Kurz) it ascends to
about 3,500 feet; the former rises to a height of 60 feet. D. mem-
branaceus (Kurz) attains there nearly the same height.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 119
Dendrocalamus Hamilton!, Nees.
Himalayas, between 2,000 and 6,000 feet. Height reaching
60 feet. The young shoots of this stately Bamboo are edible in a
boiled state (Hooker). It endures great cold as well as dry heat
(Kurz).
Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.*
India, extending to Burmah. Grows on drier ground than Bamboos
generally. Its strength and solidity render it fit for many select
technic purposes. It attains a height of 100 feet, and occasionally
forms forests of it own. It endures great cold as well as dry heat
(Kurz). Readily raised from seed.
Desmodium acuminatum, De Candolle.
North- America. With D. nudiflorum (D.C.) mentioned by C.
Mohr as a nutritive plant for stock, and particularly adapted for
forest-soil.
Desmodium trinorum, De Candolle.
In tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. A densely matted
perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recommendable for
places too hot for ordinary clover, and as representing a large genus
of plants, many of which may prove of value for pasture. Dr. Rox-
burgh already stated, that it helps to form the most beautiful turf in
India, and that cattle are very fond of this herb. Colonel Drury
informs us, that it is springing up on all soils and situations, supplying
the place of Trifolium and Medicago there. D. Canadense (D.C.) is
also an excellent fodder-herb (Rosenthal).
Dichopsis Gutta, Bentham.* (Isonandra Gutta t Hooker.)
The " Gutta-Percha " or the " Gutta-Taban " Tree. Malayan
Peninsula and Sunda- Islands. Attains a height of 150 feet. It seems
not altogether hopeless to render this highly important tree a denizen
of the mildest wood-regions in temperate climes, Murton having traced
it to elevations of 3,500 feet. The milky sap, obtained by ringing the
bark at 5 to 15 inches interstices, is boiled for an hour before gradual
exsiccation, otherwise the product becomes brittle; 5 to 20 catties
yielded by one tree. Genuine Gutta-Percha is only got from plants
of the sapotaceous order, as far as hitherto known. Besides
Dichopsis Gutta, which yields the best red Gutta-Percha of Borneo,
but is slow of growth, the following are actually drawn into use for
obtaining this gum-resin : Imbricaria coriacea, A. de Cand.; Mimusops
Elengi, L.; M. Manilkara, G. Don; Sideroxylon attenuatum, D.C.;
Illipe (Bassia) sericea, Blume; Payenia macrophylla, P. Leerii (which
affords the Sundek-Gutta in brackish coast-lands, as shown by Dr.
Trimen) and P. Maingayi, Clarke ; Dichopsis obovata, D. polyantha,
D. Krantziana, Benth. ; Cocosmanthus macrophyllus, Hassk., all from
tropical Asia ; Chrysophyllum Africanum, A. de Cand., from tropical
Africa; Achras Sapota, L., Mimusops globosa, Gaertner, from Central
America; but many of these often at cool elevations. Possibly other
I
120 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
sapotaceous trees, including some Australian, could be worked for
Gutta-Percha. Of this article 62,000 cwt. were introduced into Great
Britain in 1884, valued at £462,000, of which quantity this Dichopsis
must have supplied a large proportion. Pierre, after the indications
of Bentham, adopts the generic name Palaguium, and adds as Gutta-
Percha yielding Dichopsis Malaccensis, D. Oxleyana, D. formosa. D.
princeps and D. Borneensis, all previously undescribed species, either
from Malacca or Sumatra or Borneo (see Bulletin mens. de la Soc.
Linn, de Paris, Juin 1885).
Dicksonia Billardierii, F. v. Mueller. (D. antarctica, La Billardiere ;
Cibotium Billardierii, Kaulfuss.)
South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand. This tree-fern is men-
tioned here, as it is the very best for distant transmission, and endures
some frost. It attains a height of 40 feet. Hardy in the Island
of Arran with D. squarrosa and Cyathea medullaris (Rev. D. Lands-
borough). This species above all others should be dissemin-
ated in warmer extra-tropical countries, thus with us in West-
Australia. Important also as commercial plants among fern-trees are
Cyathea medullaris, of South-Eastern Australia and New Zealand;
Cyathea dealbata, the Silvery Tree-fern and C. Smithii, from New
Zealand only; because when upgrown their shipment is not attended
with the same difficulty as that of the tall Alsophila Australis
(which attains 60 feet) and numerous other tree-ferns, about 200
species of which are now known. Those mentioned are among the
hardiest of this noble kind of plants. Anthelmintic properties, which
may exist in these and many other ferns, have not yet been searched
for. The dust-like spores should be scattered through moist forest-
valleys, to ensure new supplies of these superb forms of vegetation for
the next century. D. Billardierii is nowhere antarctic.
Digitalis purpurea, Dodoens.
The Foxglove. Western Europe. A biennial and exceedingly
beautiful herb of great medicinal value, easily raised. In Norway it
grows to lat. 63° 52' (Schuebeler). Chemical principles : digitalin,
digitaletin and three peculiar acids (Wittstein).
Dimochloa Andamanica, Kurz.
Andamans. A scandent Bamboo, rising to fully 100 feet. Should
be of particular value for scenic culture. D. Tjankorreh (Buese)
extends from Java to the Philippines, ascends to 4,000 feet elevation,
but is not so tall as the other species.
Dioscorea aculeata, Linne".*
The Kaawi-Yam. India, Cochin-China, South- Sea Islands. Stem
prickly, as the name implies, not angular. Leaves alternate, un-
divided. It ripens later than the following species, and requires no
reeds for staking. It is propagated from small tubers. This yam is
of a sweetish taste, and the late Dr. Seemann regarded it as one of
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 121
the finest esculent roots of the globe. A variety of a bluish hue, culti-
vated in Central America (for instance at Caracas), is of very delicious
taste.
Dioscorea alata, Linn£.*
The Uvi-Yam. India and South- Sea Islands. The stems are
four-angled and not prickly. The tubers, of which there are many
varieties, will attain under favorable circumstances a length of 8 feet,
and the prodigious weight of 100 pounds. This species and the pre-
ceding are the two principal kinds cultivated in tropical countries.
D. alata is in culture supported by reeds. It is propagated from
pieces of the old root, and in warm climes comes to perfection in about
seven months. The tubers may be baked or boiled. It is this
species, which has been successfully cultivated in New Zealand and
also in the Southern States of North- America.
Dioscorea glabra, Roxburgh.* (Z>. Batatas, Decaisne.)
The Chinese Yam. From India to China. Not prickly. The
root is known to attain a length of 4 feet, with a circumference of
14 inches, and a weight of about 14 Ibs. The inner portion of the
tuber is of snowy whiteness, of a flaky consistence and of a delicious
flavor; preferred by many to potatoes, and obtainable in climes too
hot for potato-crops. The bulblets from the axils of the leaf -stalks,
as in other Dioscoreas, serve as sets for planting, but the tubers from
them attain full size only in the second year. The upper end of the
tubers offers ready sets, but there are dormant eyes on any portion of
the surface of the tubers (Sir Samuel Wilson, General Noble). First
grown in Australia by the author in 1858. A remarkably hardy
species ; its yam-root keeps well (Vilmorin).
Dioscorea globosa, Roxburgh.
India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed yam in
Bengal.
Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees.
Extra-tropical Western Australia, as far south as 32°. It is evi-
dently one of the hardiest of the yams, and on that account deserves
particularly to be drawn into culture. The tubers are largely con-
sumed by the local aborigines for food. This the only plant, on which
they bestow any kind of cultivation, crude as it is. Fit for arid
situations, but fond of lime.
Dioscorea Japonica, Thunberg.
The hardy Japan- Yam. Not prickly. The material here for
comparison is not complete, but seems to indicate, that D. transversa
and D. punctata (R. Br.) are both referable to D. Japonica. If this
assumption should prove correct, then we have this yam along the
coast-tracts of North- and East- Australia, as far south as latitude
33°. In Australia we find the wild root of good taste and large size;
the tubers are eaten by the savages raw when young, roasted when
aged (E. Palmer).
I 2
122 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck.
The Tivoli-Yam. Continental and insular India, also South-Sea
Islands. A high-climbing, prickly species, with opposite leaves. Roots
cylindrical, as thick as a man's arm ; their taste exceedingly good.
Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linne.
India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible yams.
Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linne".
Continental and insular India, also South-Sea Islands. Likewise
a good yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided leaves.
Dioscorea purpurea, Roxburgh.
India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata and D. globosa.
Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg.
Japan, and there one of several yam-plants with edible tubers.
Among numerous congeners are mentioned as providing likewise root-
vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt) from Quito, D. esurientum
(Fenzl) from Guatemala, D. tuberosa and D. conferta (Yellozo) from
South-Brazil, D. Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical South-America,
D. triphylla (Linne) from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea (Wallich) from
Nepal. Of these and many other species the relative quality of the
roots and their adaptability to field-cultivation, require to be more
fully ascertained.
Dioscorea sativa, Linne".
Southern Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea-Islands,
North- and tropical East- Australia, likewise recorded from tropical
Africa. Stem cylindrical, not prickly. The acrid root requires
soaking before boiling. The plant has proved hardy in the Southern
States of North-America. Starch is very profitably obtainable from
the tubers.
Dioscorea spicata, Roth.
India. Roots used like those of other species.
Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig.
Ooyala-Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the Asiatic
species requires further revision.
Dioscorea trifida, Linne fil.
Central America. One of the yams there cultivated. Various
other tuberous Dioscorese occur in tropical countries, but their respec-
tive degrees of hardiness, taste and yield are not recorded or
ascertained. The length of the warm season in many extra-tropical
countries is probably sufficient for ripening all these yams.
Diospyros Ebenum, Koenig.*
Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony-wood. It is not
uncommon up to an elevation of 5,000 feet in that island, according
to Dr. Thwaites; hence I would recommend this large and valuable
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 123
tree for test-plantations in warm extra-tropical lowland forest-regions,
where also D. quaesita and D. oppositifolia, the best Calamander-
trees, and D. inelanoxylon should be tried. Many other species of
Diospyros could probably be introduced from the mountains of various
tropical regions either for the sake of their ebony-like wood or their
fruit. Black Ebony -wood sinks in water. The price in England
ranges from £8 to £10 per ton, from 700 to 1,000 tons being imported
into Britain annually for pianoforte-keys, the string-holders of musical
instruments, the fingerboard and tail-piece of violins, sharp note-pieces
of pianos, harmoniums and cabinet-organs, and other select purposes.
The following species, some of which may prove hardy, yield Ebony-
wood, according to Hiern : India — D. Ebenum, Koen, D. melan-
oxylon, Roxb., D. silvatica, Roxb., D. Gardneri, Thw., D. hirsuta,
L. fil., D. discolor, Willd., D. Embropteris, Thw., D. Ebenaster,
Retz., D. montana, Roxb., D. insignis, Pers., D. Tupru, Hamilt., D.
truncata, Zoll., D. ramiflora, Wall; Africa— D. Dendo., Welw., D.
mespiliformis, Hochst.; Mauritius — D. tesselaria, Poiret; Mada-
gascar— D. haplostylis, Boivin, D. microrhombus, Hiern.
Diospyros Kaki, Lhm6 fil.
The Date-plum of China and Japan. A rather slow-growing not
very productive tree, hardy at Port Phillip, comes into bearing when
only five years old. The fruit is yellow, pink or dark-purple, variable
in size, but seldom larger than an ordinary apple; it can readily
be dried on strings. A hard and soft variety occur. It has ripened
as far north as Philadelphia (Saunders). The most famed varieties
are, according to the Rev. Mr. Loorins : Ronosan, Nihon, Micado,
Daimio, Taikoon, Yamato, the latter particularly large and saccharine,
and with the Jogen- variety mostly used for drying. In Japan this is
thought to be the best native fruit (Christie); attains one pound in
weight. There is also a small seedless variety. Dried Kaki-fruit is
considered superior to figs. For drying the fruit is peeled; it requires
a month to exsiccate. The Hyakuma-variety when shrivelled
measures as much as 4 by 3 inches (Jarmain). The green fruits
serve as medicinal astringents (Dupont). Fruits weighing nearly a
pound have been obtained at Melbourne.
Diospyros Lotus, Linn£.
From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date-plum.
The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black cherries, are edible and
also used for the preparation of syrup. The wood, like that of D.
chloroxylon, is known in some places as Green Ebony. It resembles
Mottled Ebony; it must not however be confounded with other kinds,
such as are furnished by some species of Exco3caria, Nectandra and
Jacaranda. This tree endures the winters of Northern Germany
(C. Koch); in the Crimea it rises to 40 feet (Loudon).
Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Mexico and Texas. Tree, reaching a height of 30 feet; fruit
globose, black, luscious (A. Gray).
124 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Diospyros Virginiana,
The North- American Ebony or Parsimon or Persimmon, indigen-
ously restricted to the South-Eastern States. A tree, reaching 70 feet
in height, sends suckers up from the roots. Wood heavy, very
hard, blackish or brownish, valuable for shuttles instead of box- wood.
(Jos. Gardner); for turnery, also shoe-lasts (Sargent); for shafts one
of the very best (Michaux). The stem exudes a kind of gum. The
sweet variety yields a good table-fruit. Ripens fruit to 41° North in
Illinois (Bryant). Hot summers promote the early ripening and
sweetness of the fruit, the delicious taste not alone depending on early
frost. The final sweetness depends upon chemical decomposition.
The flowers yield honey. The species is of very close affinity to D.
Lotus, as remarked by A. Gray, and endures the clime of Northern
Germany also.
Diplothemimn campestre, Martins.
Southern Brazil. A dwarf Palm of dry regions. The sweetish
pulpy outer covering of the small fruits is edible.
Diposis Bulbocastanum, De Candolle.
Chili. The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Philippi).
Dipsacus fullonum, Linne.
Fuller's Teasel. Middle Asia. A tall biennal herb. The thorny
fruit-heads are used for fulling in cloth-factories. The import into
England during one of the last years was valued at £5,000. The
plant is most easily reared. The use of these teasels has not yet
been superseded by any adequate machinery. The young leaves can
be used as food for silkworms (Thorburn). The flowers are rich in
nectar for honey (A. J. Cook), which is of excellent quality
(Quinby).
Dirca palustris, Linne.
Eastern States of North- America, extending to Canada. An orna-
mental forest-shrub, the tough bark of which is serviceable for straps
and whipcords.
Distichlis maritima, Rafinesqtie. (Festuca distichophytta, J. Hooker.)
North- and South- America, extra-tropical Australia. This dwarf
creeping Grass is of great value for binding soil in arid places, forming
rough lawns, edging garden-plots and covering coast-sand.
Dolichos gibbosus, Thunberg.
South- Africa. This woody climber is one of the most eligible for
covering rustic buildings with a close and almost ever-flowering
vegetation.
Dolichos Lablab, Linne".
India, probably from thence only spread widely through the tropics.
An annual herb, sometimes lasting through several years, cultivated
up to 7,000 feet in the Himalayas ; ripening its fruit at Port Phillip.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 125
The young pods, as well as the ripe seeds, of several varieties available
for culinary use. It delights in rich soil, and ripens in hot countries
within three months ; its yield is about forty-fold, according to Rox-
burgh. The whole plant forms excellent stable-feed for cattle.
Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck.
Tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb, the
Horse-Gram of South-India, where it is extensively grown. Colonel
Sykes got over 300 seeds from a moderate-sized plant. Dr. Stewart
saw it cultivated up to 8,000 feet. Content with poor soils ; well
adapted for stable pulse.
Dorema Anunoniacum, D. Don.
From Persia extending to Afghanistan and Turkestan, up to 4,000
feet. A tall perennial herb, yielding the gum-resin Ammoniacum,
which might be obtained from plants introduced, especially as this
plant will grow in dry regions.
Dracaena Draco, Linne".
The Dragon-blood Tree of the Canary-Islands. An imposing
feature in scenic horticulture, with D. schizantha (Baker) of eastern,
tropical Africa ; it yields one kind of Dragon-blood resin. The
famed Dragon-tree of Teneriffe, measured in 1831, showed 46 feet
stem-circumference, and even at the commencement of the 15th
century was celebrated for its age and large proportions.
Dracocephalum Moldavica, Linne.
Northern and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb; also of
some medicinal value and particularly for culinary condiment.
Drimys "Winter!, R. and G. Forster.
Extra-tropical South- America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred under
the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants. Attains in river-
valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood never attacked by insects
(Dr. Philippi). Bark used for medicinal purposes. The Australian
and New Zealand species may be equally valuable.
Duboisia Hopwoodii, F. v. Mueller.
The Pitury. Inland desert-regions from New South Wales and
Queensland to near the west-coast of Australia. This shrub deserves
cultivation on account of its highly stimulating properties. D.
myoporoides (R. Br.) of East- Australia and New Caledonia has come
into use for ophthalmic surgery. The alkaloid of the latter, duboisin,
is allied to piturin, and important as a mydriatic (Bancroft). The
tree attains in deep forest-glens a height of 60 feet (Ralston), but
flowers even as a shrub.
Duvaua longifolia, Lindley.
La Plata-States. This shrub and the allied D. latifolia, called
Molle there, yield foliage rich in tannin (about 20 per cent.), which,
as it does not give any color to leather, is much valued for particular
currying (Dr. Lorentz).
126 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Dypsis pinnatifrons, Martius.
Madagascar. This dwarf Palm proved hardy in Sydney, together
with Copernicia cerifera (C. Moore).
Bcbalium Elaterium, Richard.
The Squirting Cucumber. Mediterranean regions and Orient.
An annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is prepared from
the pulp of the fruit. Chemical principles : elaterid, elaterin,
hydro elaterin.
Bchinocactus Fendleri, Engelmann.
Mexico. A species attractive for its large rosy flowers and, like
the orange-flowered E. gonacanthus and E. Simpsoni, E. conoideus,
E. phoeniceus, E. viridiflorus, E. viviparus and E. paucispineus,
among the most hardy of North- American Cactese (E. G. Loder).
Bchium candicans, Linnefil.
Madeira. This showy shrub, with the allied E. fastuosum
(Jacquin) is an exquisite honey-plant ; other species deserve in
this respect also attention.
Bctrosia Gulliveri, F. v. Mueller.
North-Eastern Australia. A pretty but annual grass, useful for
covering stony slopes in dry exposed localities (Bailey).
Ehrharta diplax, F. v. Mueller. (Microlama avenacea, J. Hooker.)
New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of woodlands, and
deserves introduction elsewhere. It is likely to prove a rich pasture-
grass. A few Australian species, particularly of the section Tetrarr-
hena, are readily accessible, and so indeed also the South- African
Ehrhartas, all adapted for a warm temperate clime ; the majority
perennial, and several of superior rural value. Ehrharta caudata
(Munro) is indigenous to Japan.
Ehrharta longiflora, Smith.
South- Africa. Easily disseminated and, like other perennial species
from the same part of the world, fit to grow in sand-land as a pasture-
grass. Eagerly consumed by cattle (Cole).
Bhrharta stipoides, La Billardiere.
Extra-tropical Australia, also New Zealand. Often called Weep-
ing-Grass. A perennial grass, which keeps beautifully green all
through the year. For this reason its growth for pasturage should be
encouraged, particularly as it will li^e on poor soil. Mr. W. H.
Bacchus, of Ballarat, considers it nearly as valuable as Kangaroo-
Grass, and in the cool season more so. He finds it to bear overstock-
ing better than any other native grass, and to maintain a close turf.
Hence it is praised by Mr. 0. Tepper as a lawn-grass. High testi-
mony of the value of this grass is also given by Mr. Rankin, of
Gippsland, after many years experiments. However, it does not
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 127
always seed copiously. The chemical analysis, made in spring, gave
the following results: Albumen, T66, gluten 9*13, starch 1*64, gum
3'25, sugar 5'05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel).
Elseagnus hortensis, Bieberstein.
From South-Europe and North-Africa to Siberia and China.
The fruits of this shrub, known under the name of Trebizonde-dates,
are used in Persia for dessert. Flowers highly fragrant (G. W.
Johnson).
Elaeagrms parvifolius, Royle.
From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been introduced into
North-America as a hedge-plant, and, according to Professor Meehan,
promises great permanent success, as it has already achieved a high
popularity in this respect. In Norway hardy to lat. 59° 55' (Schue-
beler). Sever other species might well be experimented on in the
same manner.
Elaeagnus umbellatus, Thunberg.
Japan. The fruits of this or an allied species are edible, of a
particular and pleasant flavor, and especially adapted for confec-
tionery. This bush resists frost as well as drought, and bears in pro-
digious abundance throughout the year (Joseph Clarte). It can be
struck from cuttings, and comes into bearing in the third year.
Elegia nuda, Kunth.
South-Africa. A rush, able with its long roots to bind moving
sand; it also affords good material for thatching (Dr. Pappe). Many
of the tall Restiaceas of South-Africa would prove valuable for
scenic effect in gardens and conservatories, and among these may
specially be mentioned Cannamois cephalotes (Beauvois).
Elephanthorrhiza Burchelli, Bentham.
South- Africa. The huge club-footed roots of this somewhat shrubby
plant are extraordinarily rich in tannin (Prof. Mac Owan). All graz-
ing animals like the foliage much; it starts from the root again after
frost (Mrs. Barber). An allied species is E. Burkei.
Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner.
Southern Asia, east to Japan, ascending the Himalayas to 7,000
feet. Though annual, this grass is worthy of cultivation on account
of its height and nutritiveness. It is of rapid growth, and the pro-
duce of foliage and seeds copious. Horses prefer the hay to any
other dry fodder in India, according to Dr. Forbes Watson. The
large grains can be used like millet. E. Indica (Gaertner) only differs
as a variety. It extends to tropical Australia, and is recorded also
from many other tropical countries.
Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh.
India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich soil is at
times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso (Fresenius) is a valuable kind
128 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to E. stricta. The Arabian and
Himalayan E. flagellifera (Nees) is perennial. Other species of
Eleusine are deserving of trial.
Elymus arenarius, Linne.*
The Sea Lyme-Grass. Europe and North- Asia, on sand-coasts,
growing in Norway to lat. 71° 7'. One of the most important and
vigorous of grasses for binding drift-sand on the sea-shores. En-
dures being gradually covered with sand, but not so completely as
Psamma. The North-American E. mollis (Trinius) is allied to this
species.
Elymus condensatus, Presl.*
The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California, extending to
lat. 58°. This is favorably known as adapted for sand-land. Prof.
Bolander says, that it does excellent service in fixing soil on steep
banks. Mr. W. Gorlie noted it to bear severe frost, as much as 0° F.
Bunches become fully a yard in diameter and bear stalks up to 10
feet high, so that in annual bulk of weight of produce it surpasses
all British pasture-grasses. It is also earlier than any of them, and
its young growth never suffers from spring-frosts; moreover it is
highly nutritious and greedily eaten in all its stages by stock. This
grass should have some claim for adoption in scenic culture.
Elymus Virginicus, Linne".
Eastern North-America. Perennial, easily spreading, but fit for
river-banks; of some fodder value (C. Mohr).
Embothrium coccineum, E. and G. Forster.
From Chili to the Straits of Magellan. The Notra or Ciruelillo.
A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom reaching above 30 feet in
height. The wood is utilized for furniture. E. lanceolatum is merely
a variety (Dr. Philippi). The equally gorgeous E. emarginatum of
the Peruvian Andes and E. Wickhami (F. v. M.) from Mount Bellen-
den-Ker of North-Queensland, deserve, with the East- Australian
allied Stenocarpus sinuatus (Endlicher), a place in any sheltered
gardens or parks of the warm temperate zone.
Enceph.alartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller. (Macrozamia Denisonii, Moore
and Mueller.)
New South Wales and Queensland, in the litoral forest-tracts.
This noble Pine-palm is hardy as far south as Melbourne, and with
E. spiralis, E. Preissii and the South- African species to be regarded
as a most desirable acquisition to any garden-scenery in mild zones.
All admit of translocation even when of large size and when
many years old. The lifted stems, with an unusual tenacity of life,
sometimes remain dormant for several years. After removal they can
be shipped in close cases as dead goods, the leaves being previously
cut away, but such shipments should not be exposed to severe frost
on transit. Where naturally these Pine-palms abound, an excellent
starch may profitably be got from their stems.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 129
Engelhardtia spicata, Blume.
The Spurions Walnut-tree of the mountains of Java, Burmah and
the Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet. Wood pale-red,
hard and heavy, manufactured into the solid cart-wheels and large
troughs, which are in use throughout the Sunda-Islands (Brandis).
The bark is rich in tan-substance (Roxburgh).
Eremophila longlfolia, F. v. Mueller.
Desert-regions throughout Australia. In the hot season this tall
bush or small tree affords food to sheep in desert-tracts, when grass
and herbage fail (A. N. Grant). Sheep browse on many other species
of this highly ornamental genus. All resist drought and great
climatic heat.
Eremurus aurantiacus, Baker.
Afghanistan, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The leaves of this liliaceous
plant form for two months in the year almost the sole vegetable, on
which the natives of Hariab depend; it is an agreeable food, crisp
and somewhat hard, but neither tough nor fibrous (Dr. Aitchison).
Likely to become valuable as a spring- vegetable.
Erianthus fulvus, Kunth.
Interior of Australia. A sweet perennial grass, of which cattle
are so fond, as to eat it closely down, and thus cause it to die out
(Bailey). Readily raised by re-dissemination.
Erianthus Japonicus, Beauvois.
Japan. Bears frosts of 0° F. (Gorlie). Stems woody at the base,
reaching a height of 6 feet with spikes nearly a foot long. The
striped-leaved variety is particularly decorative.
Eriochloa annulata, Kunth.
In tropical and sub-tropical regions around the globe. Perennial.
Endures moderate cold in South-Queensland, and affords fodder all
the year round (Bailey). It resists drought, and is fattening and
much relished by stock (Dr. Curl). E. punctata (Hamilton) has a-
similarly wide range, and is of equal pastoral utility.
Erodium cygnorum, Nees.
Extra-tropical Australia. This herb yields a large amount of feed
even in the sandy desert-tracts of Central Australia, and is relished
by all kinds of pasture-animals.
Eruca sativa, Lamarck.
From Southern Europe to Central Asia, ascending the Himalayas
to 10,000 feet. An annual herb, not unimportant as an oil-plant;
much cultivated in some parts of Siberia for its seed (Dr. A. Regel).
Ervum Lens, Linne. (Lens esculenta, Moench.)
The Lentil. South-Europe, South- Western Asia. Cultivated up
to an elevation of 11,500 feet in India. Annual, affording in its seeds
130 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
a palatable and very nutritious food. A calcareous soil is essential for
the prolific growth of this plant. The leafy stalks, after the removal
of the seeds, remain a good stable-fodder. The variety called the
Winter-Lentil is more prolific than the Summer-Lentil. Valuable as
honey-yielding for bees. Seeds will retain their vitality for about
four years (Vilmorin). The " Revalenta Arabica " consists mainly of
lentil-flour.
Eryngium maritimum, Linne".
Europe, North- Africa, South- Western Asia. This perennial herb
deserves dissemination on sandy oceanic shores. Root of medicinal
value. Young shoots serve as a substitute for asparagus (Dr. Rosen-
thai), so those of E. campestre (Linne), a plant of similar geographic
range.
-Eryngium pandanifolium, Chamisso.
South-Brazil, Paraguay, Misiones and Chaco. This or an allied
species, called " Caraguata " with bromeliaceous habit, yields there
textile fibre, which is long and silky (Kew Report, 1877, p. 37 j
Gard. Chron., 1882, p. 431, E. H. Egerton).
.Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.*
Peru and Eastern Bolivia. This shrub is famed for the extraor-
dinary stimulating property of its leaves, which pass under the names
of Spadic and Coca. They contain two alkaloids, cocain and hygrin ;
also a peculiar tannic acid. The cocain has become of great import-
ance in medicine, as a topical anaesthetic, particularly in ophthalmic
surgery. In the native country of the plant its leaves have for ages
been in use to prepare from them an infusion for allaying local
pain. An enormous quantity is annually collected and sold. The
Peruvians mix the leaves with the forage of mules, to increase their
power of enduring fatigue. Whether any of the many other species
of Erythroxylon possesses similar properties, seems never yet to have
flbeen ascertained.
Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. Mueller.
Northern Queensland. A stately tree with unusually spreading
branches of dense foliage. The quality of its timber has remained
hitherto unknown, but the species will probably prove one of the
most suitable among its congeners for tropical countries.
JEucalyptus amygdalina, La Billardiere.*
South-Eastern Australia. Vernacularly known as Brown and
White Peppermint-tree, Giant-G-umtree, and as one of the Swamp-
Gumtrees. In sheltered springy forest-glens attaining exceptionally
to a height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and broad
leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different from the ordi-
nary form of E. amygdalina, which occurs in more open country, and
has small narrow leaves and a rough brownish bark. The former
species or variety, which might be called Eucalyptus regnans, repre-
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
131
sents probably the loftiest tree on the globe. Mr. G-. W. Robinson,
surveyor, measured a tree at the foot of Mount Baw-Baw, which was
471 feet high. Another tree in the Cape Otway-ranges was found to
be 415 feet high and 15 feet in diameter, where cut in felling, at a con-
siderable height above the ground. Another tree measured 69 feet in
circumference at the base of the stem; at 12 feet from the ground it
had a diameter of 14 feet; at 78 feet a diameter of 9 feet; at 144 feet a
diameter of 8 feet, and at 210 feet a diameter of 5 feet. Individual
trees are known with a stem-circumference of 56 feet at 5 feet from
the ground. The wood is fissile, well adapted for shingles, rails, for
inner building-material and many other purposes, but it is not a
strong wood. That of the smaller rough-barked variety has proved
lasting for fence-posts. La Billardiere's name applies ill to any of
the forms of this species. Plants raised on rather barren ground near
Melbourne have shown nearly the same amazing rapidity of growth
as those of E. globulus; yet, like those of E. obliqua, they are not so
easily satisfied with any soil. In the south of France this tree grew
to a height of 50 feet in eight years. It has endured the frosts of the
milder parts of England, with E. G-unnii and E. viminalis. In New
Zealand it has survived the cold, where E. globulus succumbed. E.
amygdalina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera, E. rostrata and E. corymbosa
have proved more hardy than E. globulus, E. diversicolor, E. resini-
fera, E. longifolia and E. melliodora at Rome, according to the Rev. M .
Gildas. E. coccifera being hardier than any other. Professor Ch.
Naudin believes, that E. amygdalina will prove hardy along the
western maritime districts of France as far north as Brittany; the
ordinary variety proved also hardy in the mild clime of Arran (Rev.
D. Landsborough) ; also along with E. globulus at Falmouth (G-. H.
Taylor), the typical rough-barked form enduring more frost than the
silvan form E. regnans. The now well-known Eucalyptus-oil, the dis-
tillation of which was initiated by the writer, is furnished in greater or
lesser proportion by all the different species. It was first brought exten-
sively into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the credit of having
ascertained many of the properties of this oil for technic application.
It is this species, which yields more volatile oil than any other hitherto
tested, and which therefore is largely chosen for distillation ; thus
it is also one of the best for subduing malarian effluvia in fever-
regions, although it does not grow with quite the same ease and
celerity as E. globulus. The respective hygienic value of various
Eucalypts may to some extent be judged from the average percentage
of oil in their foliage, as stated below, and as ascertained by Mr.
Bosisto, at the author's instance, for the Exhibition of 1862: —
E. amygdalina . 3 '313 percent, volatile oil.
E. oleosa ... . T250
E. Leucoxylon . 1'OGO
E. goniocalyx . 0'914
E. globulus ... . 0-719
E. obliqua ... . O'SOO
The lesser quantity of o 1 of E. globulus is however compensated for
by the vigor of its growth and the early copiousness of its foliage.
132 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
The proportion of oil varies also somewhat according to locality and
season. E. restrain, though one of the poorest in oil, is neverthless
important for malaria-regions, as it will grow well on periodically
inundated places and even in stagnant water not saline. According
to Mr. Osborne's experiments initiated by myself, Eucalyptus-oils
dissolve the following, among other substances, for select varnishes
and other preparations: camphor, pine-resins, mastic, elemi, sandarac,
kauri, dammar, asphalt, xanthorrhosa-resin, dragon's blood, benzoe,
copal, amber, anime, shellac, caoutchouc, also wax, but not gutta-
percha. These substances are arranged here in the order of their
greatest solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of various
Eucalypts varies from 5 to 27 per cent. One ton of the fresh foliage
of E. globulus yields about 8^ Ibs. of pearl-ash ; a ton of the green
wood, about 2J Ibs.; of dry wood, about 4| Ibs. For resins, tar,
acetic acid, tannin and other products and educts of many Eucalypts,
see various documents and reports of the writer, issued from the
Melbourne Botanic Garden.
Eucalyptus Baileyana, F. v. Mueller.
South-Queensland and northern part of New South Wales. A tree
to about 100 feet high; bark remarkably tenacious (Bailey). The
timber splits easily, yet is tough and durable, thus locally used for
fence-posts and similar purposes (A. Williams). This species, unlike
most of its congeners, can be grown to advantage on sandy soil.
Branches more spreading and foliage more dense than of most other
Eucalypts.
Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.*
From East-Gippsland to South-Queensland. Vernacular name
Bastard-Mahogany, and a variety called Bangalay, the latter generally
found on coast-sands. One of the most stately among an extensive
number of species, remarkable for its dark-green shady foliage. It
delights in river-banks. Stems attain a height of 80 feet without a
branch and a diameter of 8 feet. The timber usually sound to the
centre, adapted for water-works, wagons, particularly for felloes, also
knees of boats. Posts formed of it are very lasting, as no decay was
observed in fourteen years ; it is also well adapted for shingles. The
Rev. Dr. Woolls, Mr. Kirton and Mr. Reader all testify to its general
excellence.
Eucalyptus calophylla, R>. Brown.
South-Western Australia, where it is vernacularly known as Red
Gumtree. More umbrageous than most Eucalypts and of comparatively
rapid growth. In its native forests it has quite the aspect of the
eastern Bloodwood-trees. The wood is almost destitute of resin when
grown on alluvial land, but not so when produced on stony ranges.
It is preferred to that of E. marginata and E. cornuta for rafters,
spokes and fence-rails, also used for handles and agricultural imple-
ments ; it is strong and light, but not durable underground. The bark
is valuable for tanning, as an admixture to Acacia-bark; the seed-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 133
vessels of this and perhaps all other Eucalypts can be used for the
same purpose. The stem of this tree may occasionally be observed to
10 feet in diameter; it is the only tree in West- Australia which yields
copiously the fluid and indurating Eucalyptus-kino; this is soluble in
cold water to the extent of 70 to 80 per cent. This species will only
endure a slight frost; its. flowers are much frequented by the honey-
bee.
Eucalyptus capitellata, Smith.
One of the Stringybark-trees of South-East-Australia, extending
into the dry mallee-country, attaining occasionally a height of 200
feet. The timber is principally used for fence-rails, shingles and
rough building purposes. This species might with advantage be
raised on wet sandy land.
Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker.
Queensland. A handsome slender tree with a smooth white bark,
supplying a useful timber. Succeeded remarkably well at Lucknow
(Ridley), also at Zanzibar, where it grows at a tremendous rate (Sir
J. Kirk), and thrives also in Bengal. According to notes of the late
Mr. Thozet, a trunk 40 feet long and 20 inches in diameter broke
after a flexion of 17 inches, under a pressure of 49 tons. This species
combines with the ordinary qualities of many Eucalypts the advantage
of yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of volatile oil
(slightly more than one per cent.) of excellent lemon-like fragrance,
in which respect it has, among about 120 species of Eucalypts, only
one rival. Very closely allied to E. maculata, and perhaps only a
variety. Particularly adapted for a tropical jungle-clime.
Eucalyptus cordata, La Billardtere.
Southern Tasmania. Maximum height, 50 feet; flowering in a
shrubby state already. The variety E. urnigera (J. Hooker) is par-
ticularly hardy, and may become of sanitary importance to colder
countries in malarian regions, the foliage being much imbued with
antiseptic oil. Greatest height of E. urnigera 150 feet; stem
diameter to 6 feet (Abbott).
Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardtere.*
The Yate-tree of South- Western Australia. A large tree of rapid
growth, preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for
various artisans' work, and preferred there for the strongest shafts and
frames of carts and other work requiring hardness, toughness and
elasticity, and is considered equal to ordinary ash-wood. The tree
appears to be well adapted for tropical countries, for Dr. Bonavia
reports, that it attained a height of 8 to 10 feet in the first year of its
growth at Lucknow, and that the plants did not suffer in the rainy
season like many other Eucalypts. The dry wood sinks in water.
E. occidentalis (Endlicher) is the flat-topped Yate, an allied and
equally valuable species of South- Western Australia.
134 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eucalyptus corynibosa, Smith.
The principal Blood wood-tree of New South Wales and Queensland.
A tree attaining large dimensions; it has a rough furrowed bark and
a dark-reddish wood, soft when fresh, but very hard when dry; very
durable underground, and therefore extensively used for fence-posts,
rails, rail way- sleepers and rough building-purposes. The bark is rich
in kino.
Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. v. Mueller.
South- Australia, North- Western Victoria. The Sugar-Gumtree.
A timber-tree, attaining a height of 120 feet, length of bole to 60 feet,
circumference at 5 feet from the ground reaching 17 feet. The wood
has come into use for fence-posts and railway-sleepers. Its durability
is attested by the fact, that posts set in the ground fifteen years showed
no sign of decay. The tree thrives well even on dry ironstone-
ranges. The base of the trunk swells often out in regular tiers. The
sweetish foliage attracts cattle and sheep, which browse on the lower
branches, as well as on saplings and seedlings. Scarcely any other
Eucalypt is similarly eaten (J. E. Brown). In ordinary culture the
writer did not find this species of very quick growth; but Mr. Brown
records, that under favorable circumstances it will grow one foot a
month.
Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller.
The Narrow-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and Queens-
land. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and durable; much used in
the construction of bridges and for railway-sleepers, also for wagons,
piles, fence-posts. E. leptophleba and E. drepanopliylla are closely
allied species of similar value.. They all exude astringent gum-
resin, resembling kino in appearance and property, in considerable
quantity.
Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller.* (E. colossea, F. v. M.)
The Karri of South- Western Australia. A colossal tree, exception-
ally reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate girth of the
stem. Mr. Muir measured stems nearly 300 feet long without a
branch; widths of timber of as much as 12 feet can be obtained.
Furnishes good timber for building, even for masts, likewise for planks;
also valuable for shafts, spokes, felloes, fence-rails; it is elastic, but
not so easily wrought as that of E. marginata. Mr. Gr. Simson does
not deem the wood very durable, if exposed to moisture or if in con-
tact with the ground. Its strength in transverse strain is equal to
English oak. Wood exposed to the wash of the tide for twenty-six
years continued quite sound. Fair progress of growth is shown by the
trees planted even in dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady
foliage and quick growth of the tree promise to render it one of our
best for avenues. In its native localities it occupies fertile, rather
humid valleys, and resembles there in habit the E. amygdalina var.
regnans of South-Eastern Australia.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.- 135
Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller.
The Spearwood-tree of South- Western Australia, where it occurs in
sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably straight, and the
wood of such firmness and elasticity, that the nomadic natives wander
long distances, to obtain it as a material for their spears.
Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber.
One of the Stringybark-trees of Victoria and New South Wales.
The tree is abundant in some localities, and attains considerable
dimensions. Its useful fissile wood is employed for fencing- and
building-purposes. Systematically the species is closely allied to
•E. piperita.
Eucalyptus ficifolia, F. v. Mueller.*
South- Western Australia.' Although not a tree of large dimensions,
this splendid species should be mentioned for the sake of its magni-
ficent trusses of crimson flowers, irrespective of its claims as a shady,
heat-resisting avenue-tree, not standing in need of watering. It bears
a close resemblance to E. calophylla.
Eucalyptus gflobulus, La Billardiere.*
The Blue Gumtree of Victoria and Tasmania, famed all over the
world. The tree is, among evergreen trees, of unparalleled rapid
growth, and attains exceptionally a height of 350 feet, furnishing a
first-class wood. Ship-builders can get keels of this timber 120 feet
long ; besides this, they use it extensively for planking and many
other parts of the ship. Experiments on the strength of various
woods, instituted by Mr. Luehmann and the author, proved the wood
of the Blue Gumtree in average of eleven tests to be about equal to
the best English oak, American white oak and American ash. The
best samples indeed carried as great a weight as hickory in trans-
verse strain, the ordinary kind about as much as that of Eucalyptus
rostrata, and more than that of E. macrorrhyncha, E. Gunnii, E.
Sturtiana and E. goniocalyx, but did not come quite up to the strength
of JE. melliodora, E. polyanthema, E. siderophloia and E. Leucoxylon.
Bluegum-wood is also very extensively used by carpenters for all
kinds of out-door work, joists and studs of wooden houses ; also for
fence-rails, telegraph-poles, railway-sleepers (lasting nine years or
more), for shafts and spokes of drays and a variety of other purposes.
Mr. W. Tait, of Oporto, has recommended the wood for wine-casks,
these requiring no soaking. The price of the timber in Melbourne is
about Is. 7d. per cubic foot. In South-Europe the E. globulus has
withstood a temperature of 19° F., but succumbed at 17° F.; it
perished from frost at the Black Sea and in Turkestan, when young,
according to Dr. Hegel. The sirocco, however, does not destroy it.
In Jamaica it attained 60 feet in seven years, on the hills ; in Cali-
fornia it grew 60 feet in eleven years, in Florida 40 feet in four years,
with a stem of 1 foot in diameter. In some parts of India its growth
has been even more rapid ; at the Nilgiri-Hills it has been reared
advantageously, where E. marginata, E. obliqua, E. robusta and E.
136 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
calophylla had failed. Its growth was there found to. be four times
as fast as that of teak, and the wood proved for many purposes as
valuable. Trees attained a height of 30 feet in four years ; one tree,
twelve years old, was 100 feet high, and 6 feet in girth at 3 feet from
the ground ; to thrive well there it wants an elevation of not less than
4,000 feet. It has succeeded particularly well at elevations of from
2,500 to 7,000 feet in Central Mexico (Dr. Mariano Barcena). In
Algeria and Portugal it has furnished railway-sleepers in eight years,
and telegraph poles in ten years (Cruikshank). At Tirana it grew 15
feet in two years, with irrigation (E. van Weenen). On the moun-
tains of Guatemala it attained, in twelve years, a height of 120 feet
and a stem-circumference of 9 feet (Boucard). According to the Rev.
D. Landsborough, it proved hardy in the Isle of Arran. Mr. Ch.
Traill notes it as thriving amazingly as far south as Stewart-Island.
For window-culture in cold countries E. globulus was first recom-
mended by Ucke ; for culture in hospital wards to counteract contagia,
by Mosler and Goeze. Eucalyptus leaves generate ozone largely for
the purification of air ; the volatile oil is very antiseptic. This tree,
particularly when in an unhealthy state, is, at Melbourne, apt to be
bored by the larva' of a large moth (Endoxyla Eucalypti) and
also by two beetles (Hapatesus hirtus and particularly Phoracantha
tricuspis), as noticed by Mr. Ch. French. Seeds will keep for several
years, admit of easy transmission abroad, and germinate quickly;
but a tree of such celerity in growth and of such vast final dimensions
wants necessarily soil open to great depth for full scope of its roots to
attain unimpaired development. Mr. T. Waugh observed in South-
Island, New Zealand, that plants, raised from locally ripened seeds,
proved hardier than those raised from Australian ordinary seed.
Eucalyptus gomphocephala, De Candolle.*
The Tooart of South-W'estern Australia; attains a height of 120
feet, the clear trunk a length of 50 feet. The wood is tough, heavy
and rigid, the texture close and the grain so twisted, as to make it
difficult to cleave. It shrinks but little, does not split while under-
going the process of seasoning, and is altogether remarkably free
from defects. It will bear exposure to all vicissitudes of weather for
a long time, and is particularly valuable for large scantling, where
great strength is needed; in ship-building it is used for beams, keel-
sons, stern-posts, engine-bearers and other work below the floatation;-
recommendable also for supports of bridges, framing of dock-gates
and for wheelwrights' work; indeed it is one of the strongest woods
known, whether tried transversely or otherwise (Laslett). This
species, as well as E. odorata, E. foecunda and E. decipiens, thrive
best in limestone-soil.
Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.*
Generally known as Bastard-Boxtree and occasionally as Spotted
Gumtree. From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South
Wales, rare near St. Vincent's Gulf (McEwin) and Flinders-Range
(J. E. Brown). A large tree, which should be included among those
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 137
for Eucalyptus-plantations. Its wood resembles in many respects
that of E. globulus, and is comparatively speaking easily worked.
For house-building, fence-rails and similar purposes it is extensively
employed in those forest-districts, where it is abundant, and has
proved a valuable timber. It is especially esteemed for wheelwrights'
work (Falck). Our local experiments showed the strength greater
than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua, but less than that of E.
globulus. Melitose is formed occasionally on this tree and also on
the following species.
Eucalyptus G-unnii, J. Hooker.*
Known as Swamp- Gumtree, the mountain-variety as Cider-tree.
Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, ascending alpine eleva-
tions. In the low land along fertile valleys it attains a considerable
size, and supplies a strong useful timber. It is this species, which
survived severe frosts at Kew Gardens. Bees obtain unusually much
honey from the flowers of this species. Cattle and sheep browse on
the foliage. Timber found to be almost equal in strength to that of
E. macrorrhyncha, E. rostrata and E. globulus. The other very hardy
Eucalypts comprise E. pauciflora, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E. cocci-
fera, and E. vernieosa, which all reach heights covered with snow for
several months in the year. Succeeded well at Arran (Capt. Brown
and Rev. D. Landsborough). Any cutting down of healthy Eucalypts
in places of centres of populations, to substitute for them in a zone of
evergreen vegetation northern deciduous trees extensively, is regret-
table, as therewith the far superior hygienic value of the Eucalypts is
lost.
Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smith.
One of the White Gumtrees of New South Wales and Southern
Queensland, abundant in many localities. This species attains a very
considerable size, and furnishes fencing and rough building material,
also fuel of fair quality. Claims our attention particularly as fit for
culture on sandy land, for which very few other Eucalypts are suited.
A variety occurs with persistent stringy bark.
Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.*
South-Eastern Australia, particularly inland. A tree, reaching 90
feet in height and 4 feet in stem-diameter. Trunk generally not
tall. Regarded as a timber-tree of great excellence. It is famous for
the hardness and toughness of its timber, which is used for railway-
sleepers, telegraph-poles, shafts, spokes, mauls, plough-beams and
similar utensils. This passes at its places of growth as a " Box-
tree " and a variety of it as " White Boxtree."
icalyptus Hcrwittiana, F. v. Mueller.
Literal North-Queensland. A tree, gaining a height of fully 100
feet, with remarkably umbrageous foliage; girth of stem towards the
base to fully 12 feet. Wood comparable to that of the so-called
" Boxtrees/' but straighter in grain. This species would be parti-
cularly adapted for intra-tropical countries.
K 2
138 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eucalyptus larginorens, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia, principally in the inland-districts. One of
the so-called Boxtrees, rising to a height of 120 feet as a maximum.
Stem-diameter to 3 feet. Wood dark brown-red, excessively hard;
fence-posts from this wood were found quite sound after 30 years.
Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller.*
The ordinary Ironbark-tree of Victoria and some parts of South-
Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height of 100 feet, and
supplies a most valuable timber, possessing great strength and hard-
ness; it is much prized for its durability, is largely employed by
wagon-builders for wheels and poles, by ship-builders for top-sides,
tree-nails, the rudder (stock), belaying pins and other purposes; it is
also used by turners for rough work. It proved to be the strongest
of all the woods hitherto subjected to test by Mr. Luehmann and
myself, bearing nearly twice the strain of American oak and ash, and
excelling even hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recommended
for railway-sleepers and extensively used in underground mining
work. It is likewise very extensively employed for the handles of
axes and other implements by Victorian manufacturers. The price
of the timber in the log is about 2s. 5d. per cubic foot in Melbourne.
As it is. for some purposes superior to that of almost any other
Eucalyptus, the regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be
fostered, especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not readily
available for ordinary husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, in
other localities rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the
Lower Silurian sandstone- and slate-formation with ironstone and
quartz. Nevertheless, it accommodates itself to various geologic
formations, thus even to limestone-ground. The bark is remarkably
rich in kino-tannin, yielding as much as 22 per cent, in the fresh
state, but m.uch less after drying ; the fresh leaves contain about 5
per cent, and the dried leaves 9 to 10 per cent. This kino-tannin is
not equal in value to mimosa-tannic acid from Acacia-bark, but it is
useful as a subsidiary admixture, when light-colored leather is not
aimed at. As an astringent drug this kino is not without importance.
The flowers are sought by bees, even more eagerly than those
of most Eucalypts. E. Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata, thriven
best about Lucknow (in India) among the species tried there for
forest-culture. E. Sideroxylon is a synonym, referring particularly
to the rough-barked variety.
Eucalyptus longifolia, Link.*
Extra-tropic Eastern Australia. A tree, known as the Woolly
Butt, under favorable circumstances reaching 200 feet in height, the
stem attaining a great girth. Mr. J. Reader asserts, that there is
not extant a more useful timber; it stands well in any situation.
Eucalyptus loxophleba, Bentham.*
The York-Grumtree of extra-tropic West-Australia. Attains a
height of about 100 feet, the stem a diameter of four feet. The
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 139
wood is very tough, and preferably sought in West- Australia for
naves and felloes. Even when dry it is heavier than water. This
species passes into the earlier known E. foecunda (Endlicher).
Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F. v. Mueller.
The common Stringybark-tree of Victoria, not extending far into
New South Wales. This tree attains a height of 120 feet, and is
generally found growing on sterile ridges, not ascending higher
mountains. The wood, which contains a good Heal of kino, is used
for joists, keels of boats, fence-rails and rough building purposes,
also extensively for fuel. The fibrous dark-brown bark serves for
roofs of huts and also for rough tying. The wood proved in our
experiments here nearly as strong as that of E. globulus and E.
rostrata, and considerably stronger than than that of E. obliqua.
The fresh bark contains from 11 to 14 per cent, of kino-tannic acid
(F. v. M. and Rummel).
Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker.
The Spotted Gumtree of New South Wales and Queensland. A
tree, reaching 150 feet in height, the wood of which is employed in
ship-building, wheelwrights' and coopers' work. The heart- wood is
as strong as that of British oak (Rev. Dr. Woolls). Content with
poor soil.
Eucalyptus marginata, Smith.*
The Jarrah or Mahogany-tree of South-Western Australia, famed
for its indestructible wood, which is neither attacked by chelura, nor
teredo, nor termites, and therefore much sought for jetties and other
structures exposed to sea water, also for any underground-work,
telegraph-poles, and largely exported for railway-sleepers. Vessels
built wf this timber have been enabled to do away with copper-
plating. For jetties the piles are used round, and they do not split
when rammed even into limestone or other hard foundations, provided
the timber is of the best hard kind (Walker and Swan). The
Oovernment Clerk of Works at Perth observes, that he took up piles
in 1877, which were driven for a whaling jetty in 1834, and that the
timber was perfectly sound, although the place was swarming with
teredo. At the jetty in Fremantle, piles thirty years old and others
one year old could scarcely be distinguished. The durability of the
timber seems largely attributable to Kino-red, allied to phlobaphen, of
which it contains about 15 to 17 per cent. Of kino-tannin it con-
tains 4 to 5 per cent. It is of a close grain and a slightly oily and
resinous nature ; it works well, makes a fine finish, and is by local
ship-builders considered superior to either sal, teak or any other wood,
except perhaps English oak or live-oak. In West- Australia it is much
used for flooring, rafters, shingles; also for furniture, as it is easily
worked, takes a good polish and then looks very beautiful. It is not
too hard, and hence is more easily worked than E. redunca and E.
loxophleba. The wood from the hills is darker, tougher and heavier
than that from the plains. Well-seasoned timber weighs about 64 Ibs.
140 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
per cubic foot; freshly cut, from 71 to 76 Ibs. It is one of the
least inflammable woods according to Captain Fawcett, and is locally
regarded as one of the best woods for charcoal. Mr. H. E. Victor,
C.E., of Perth, estimates the area covered at present by marketable
Jarrah in South-Western Australia at nine million acres, and its yield
at an average about 500 cubic feet of good timber per acre. The
trees should be felled in autumn or towards the end of summer, in which
case the timber will not warp. The tree grows chiefly on ironstone-
ranges. At Melbourne it is not quick of growth, if compared to E.
globulus or. to E. obliqua, but it is likely to grow with celerity in
mountain-regions. Massed in its native country it presents the
features of the East-Australian stringybark-forests. Stems of this
tree have been measured 80 feet to the first branch, and 32 feet in
circumference at 5 feet from the ground. Instances are even on
record of the stem having attained a girth of 60 feet at 6 feet from
the ground, through the formation of buttresses.
Eucalyptus melanophloia, F. v. Mueller.
The Silver-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and Queens-
land. A middle-sized tree with a deeply furrowed barlv and mealy
white foliage. The timber is strong and durable, and used for tele-
graph-poles and railway-sleepers; it is however apt to rend, when
exposed to the sun, unless well seasoned. Mr. Cosmo Newbery
obtained from the bark 9 to 10 per cent, tannin.
Eucalyptus melliodora, A. Cunningham.*
The Yellow Boxtree of Victoria and some parts of New South
Wales; of a spreading habit of growth, attaining a height of about
120 feet, with a comparatively stout stem. The wood resembles that
of E. rostrata in texture, but is of a paler color, and not .quite so
durable; it is fully as strong, though second to that of E. Leucoxylon,
E. siderophloia and E. polyauthema in this respect, but equalling that
of E. globulus; it is esteemed for wheelwrights' and other artisans'
work, in ship-building, and supplies excellent fuel; the young trees are
used for telegraph-poles. Flowers much sought by bees.
Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. Mueller.*
One of the Stringy bark-trees of New South Wales and South -
Queensland, mostly known as Tallow-wood by the colonists. It
attains a great size; barrel up to 100 feet in length and to 7 feet in
diameter. The wood is yellowish, free from kino-veins, easily
worked by saw or plane; it is of a very greasy nature, so much so
as to be quite slippery when fresh cut (Ch. Fawcett). This oily sub-
stance, very similar to viscin, of which it contains about 1 per cent.,
prevents the wood from splitting and twisting, though not from
shrinking. The timber is also hard and durable underground, and is
employed for railway-sleepers, wheelwrights' work, for knees and
breasthooks in ship-building; the young trees serve for telegraph-,
poles. The foliage is remarkably rich in volatile oil. This species
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 141
did particularly well at George-town in British Guiana, growing at
a rate from 10 to 18 feet in a year while in a young state (Jenman).
Eucalyptus microtheca, F. v. Mueller.
Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical as well as
tropical inland-regions of Australia. Withstood unscorched a fre-
quent heat of 156° F. in Central Australia. One of the best trees
for desert-tracts; in favorable places 150 feet high. Wood brown,
sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic; it is prettily marked,
hence used for cabinet-work, but more particularly for piles, bridges
and rail way- sleepers (Rev. Dr.. Woolls).
Eucalyptus obliqua,
The ordinary Stringybark-tree of Tasmania, generally designated
Messmate-tree in Victoria, attaining a height of 300 feet, with astern
more than 10 feet in diameter, growing mostly in mountainous
country. The most gregarious of all Eucalypts from Spencer's Gulf
to the southern parts of New South Wales, and in several varieties
designated by splitters and other wood-workers by different names.
Most extensively used for cheap fencing rails, palings, shingles, and
any other rough wood-work, not to be sunk underground, nor
requiring great strength or elasticity. The bulk of wood obtained
from this tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of any
other kind, and thus this species can be included even in its native
country, where it is naturally common and easily re-disseminated,
among the trees for new forest-plantations in barren woodless tracts,
with a view of obtaining a ready and early supply of cheap and
easily fissile wood. The young trees are sometimes used for tele-
graph-poles. The fresh bark contains from 11 to 13 J per cent, kino-
tannic acid.
Eucalyptus ochrophloia, F. v. Mueller.
Arid interior of sub-tropic Eastern Australia, on ground subject to
occasional floods. A tree seldom over 30 feet high. Wood tough,
serviceable for slabs, rails and rafters, but not lasting underground.
A tree recommendable for hot and dry regions.
Eucalyptus odorata, Behr.
The Peppermint-tree of South-Australia. Reaching 70 feet in
height, the stem 2J feet in diameter. Timber hard, very durable;
used for sleepers, posts and piles (J. E. Brown). The tree follows
the limestone-formation, but occurs also in clayey loam; 1,000 Ibs. of
foliage gave 112 oz. of oil (Nitschke).
Eucalyptus oleosa, F. v. Mueller.
One of the smaller Eucalypts known as Mallee, extending from
East- to West- Australia through the desert-regions. The essential oil,
in which the foliage of this species is comparatively rich, dissolves
india-rubber without heat, according to Mr. Bosisto. It is also one
of the best solvents for amber and other fossil resins. The variety
142 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
longirostris attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem of 70 feet with-
out a branch, in West- Australia, where it is vernacularly known as
Morrell. The wood is remarkably hard, splits freely, and is used for
spars, rafters, fence-rails, wheelwrights' work and agricultural imple-
ments. It is of a red tinge, and sinks in water, even when dry.
1,000 Ibs. of fresh foliage gave, in distillation, 62 oz. of oil (Nitschke).
Of other Malices E. gracilis gave 54 oz.; E. uncinata, 69 oz.; E.
incrassata, 112 oz.
Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.*
The Red Ironbark-tree of New South Wales. This species fur-
nishes a hard durable wood, excellent for railway-sleepers. It is also
much used for building and fencing, as it splits well and is lasting
underground. All the trees of this series are deserving of cultivation,
as their wood, though always excellent, is far from alike, and that of
each species preferred for special purposes of the artisan.
Eucalyptus patens, Bentham.
The "Black -butt " of South- Western Australia. Attains a height of
120 feet and a stem-diameter of 6 feet. The timber is so tough as not
to yield to ordinary splitting processes, therefore useful for various
wheelwrights' work; it has proved also durable underground.
Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber. (E. coriacea, A. Cunningham.)
Vernacularly known as White-gumtree, Drooping-gumtree, or
Swamp-gumtree. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. A tree of
handsome appearance, with a smooth white bark and generally droop-
ing foliage; it attains considerable dimensions, grows best in moist
ground, ascends to alpine elevations, and thus is one of the hardiest
of all its congeners, enduring the winters of Arran (Rev. D. Lands-
borough); it shows a preference for basaltic soil. Horses, cattle and
sheep browse readily on the foliage. It is locally a " stand-by " in bad
pastoral seasons. Its timber is used for ordinary building and fencing
purposes.
Eucalyptus phoenicea, F. v. Mueller.
Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Of the quality of the timber
hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its scarlet flowers
recommends this species for a place in any park-plantation of countries
with a serene clime. For the same reason also E. miniata (Cunning-
ham) from North- Australia, and E. ficifolia (F. v. M.) from South-
western Australia, should be brought extensively under cultivation.
Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith.
The Black-butt of South-Queensland, New South Wales and
Gippsland. -One of the best timber-yielding trees about Sydney; of
rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It is much used for flooring-
boards, also for railway-sleepers and telegraph-poles. Messrs. Camara
and Kirton measured a tree in the Ilia warra- district, which had a
stem-girth of 45 feet and a height of about 300 feet.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 143
Eucalyptus piperita, Smith.
New South Wales and Gippsland, often termed White Stringy-
bark-tree. It grows to a considerable height, and its stem attains a
diameter of four feet. The wood is fissile, and used for the same
purposes as that of other Stringybark -trees. The foliage is rich in
volatile oil. All Eucalypts with strong-scented foliage are useful as
insecticides; the fresh leaves also purify the air of unsalubrious
dwellings and hospitals.
Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F. v. Mueller.
South-Queensland and Northern part of New South Wales. A tree
to about 100 feet in height, the stem reaching 3 feet in diameter. The
foliage is dense. Timber sound, heavy, hard and durable, well
adapted for sawing, but not easy to split (Bailey).
Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison- Woods as one
of the best of shade-trees, and seen by him to produce leaves
sometimes 1^ feet long and 1 foot wide. This tree is available for
open exposed localities, where any kinds of trees from deep forest-
valleys would not thrive. It is closely allied to E. alba from Timor.
The timber is curly and durable.
Eucalyptus polyanthema, Schauer.*
South-Eastern Australia. Generally known as Red Boxtree. A
tree attaining a height of 150 feet; it furnishes an extremely hard
and lasting timber, in great demand for mining purposes and railway-
sleepers, also for wheelwrights' work. For fuel this wood is unsur-
passed. It is extremely strong, excelling oak and ash, surpassed
among Eucalypts in transverse strength, according to our experiments,
only by E. Leucoxylon and E. siderophloia.
Eucalyptus populifolia, Hooker.
The "Bembil" or Shining-leaved Box-Eucalyptus. Dry inland-
portions of Eastern Australia. Height not above 50 feet; but stem-
diameter to 3 feet. Leaves deciduous for a short time in the year.
Likes humid underground. Wood used for posts, handspikes, levers
and other articles needing toughness; proved to be very durable
(Bailey).
Eucalyptus punctata, De Candolle.*
The Leatherjacket or Hickory-Eucalypt of New South Wales. A
beautiful tree, attaining a height of 100 feet or more, of rather quick
growth, thriving even in poor soil. The wood is of a light-brown
color, hard, tough and very durable; used for fence-posts, railway-
sleepers, wheelwrights' work, also for ship-building (Woolls).
Eucalyptus Raveretiana, F. v. Mueller.*
Vernacularly known as Grey- or Iron-Gumtree. Queensland. A tree
of the largest size, attaining a height of 300 feet and a stem-diameter
of 10 feet ; delights in the immediate vicinity of rivers or swamps.
144 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
It furnishes a very hard, durable, dark-colored wood, valuable for
piles, railway-sleepers, and general building purposes (Thozet,
O'Shanesy, Bowman). From cuts into the stem an acidulous almost
colorless liquid exudes, available in considerable quantity, like that of
E. Gunnii.
Eucalyptus redunca, Schauer.*
The White Gumtree of Western Australia, the Wandoo of the
aborigines. Attains very large dimensions; stems ha-ve been found
with a diameter of 17 feet. The bark is whitish, but not shining,
imparting a white coloration when rubbed (Hon. J. Forrest). The tree
is content with cold flats of comparatively poor soil, even where
humidity stagnates during the wet season. It furnishes a pale, hard,
tough, heavy and durable wood, highly prized for all kinds of wheel-
wrights' work, and especially supplying the best felloes in West-
Australia. The seasoned timber weighs about 70 Ibs. per cubic foot.
Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.*
The Red Mahogany-Eucalypt of South-Queensland and New
South Wales. A superior timber-tree, of large size. Wood much
prized for its strength and durability (Rev. Dr. Woolls). This
Eucalyptus has proved one of the best adapted for a tropical clime;
it grew 45 feet in ten years at Lucknow, but in the best soil it has
attained 12 feet in two years (Dr. Bonavia). Proved in Italy nearly
as hardy a E. amygdalina and E. viminalis, according to Prince
Troubetzkoy, but is often confounded with E. siderophloia. A large-
leaved variety extends far into the tropics.
Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.*
New South Whales and Southern Queensland, where it is known as
Swamp-Mahogany. It attains a height of 1 00 feet and a stem-girth
of 12 feet, bearing a really grand mass of foliage. Resists cyclones
better than most of its congeners. The wood is remarkably durable,
reckoned a fairly good timber for joists, also used for ship-building,
wheelwrights' work and many implements, for instance such as
mallets. The tree seems to thrive well in low, sour swampy ground
near the sea-coast, where other Eucalypts look sickly but E. robusta
the picture of health (W. Kirton).
Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendal.*
The Red Gumtree of Southern Australia and many river-flats in
the interior of the Australian continent, nearly always found on moist
ground with a clayey subsoil. It will thrive in ground, periodically
inundated for a considerable time, and even in slightly saline places.
Attains exceptionally a height of 200 feet with a comparatively slight
stem, but is mostly of a more spreading habit of growth than the
majority of its tall congeners. Prof. Tate measured a tree on Mount
Lofty which showed a stem-girth of 25 feet. Mr. R. G. Drysdale of
the Riverina-district observed,' that an exceptional temperature of
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 145
125° F. in the shade did not shrivel the foliage of this tree; it has also
withstood the severest heat in Algeria better than E. globulus; and
Dr. Bonavia found it to thrive well in the province of Oude in places,
where E. globulus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished under the
extreme vicissitudes of the clime. It does not bear cold so well as
E. amygdalina, succumbing when still young at a temperature below
23° F., as observed in Italy by Prince Troubetzkoy. In Mauritius
and Reunion it resisted the hurricanes better than any other Eucalypt ;
in the latter island the Marquis de Chateauvieux observed it to grow
65 feet in six years, and it is always of more rapid growth than E.
marginata, but less so than E. globulus. It grew also with remark-
able rapidity in British Guiana (Jenman). It is recommended as an
antiseptic tree for cemeteries in tropical countries. The timber is one
of the most highly esteemed in all Australia among that of Eucalypts,
being heavy, hard, strong and extremely durable, either above or under
ground, or in water. For these reasons it is very much prized for fence-
posts, piles and railway-sleepers. For the latter purpose it will last
at least a dozen years, but if well selected much longer. It is also ex-
tensively employed by ship-builders for main-stem, stern-post, inner-
post, dead-wood, floor-timbers, futtocks, transoms, knighthead, hawse-
pieces, cant-, stern-, quarter- and fashion-timbers, bottom-planks, breast-
hooks and riders, windlass and bow-rails. It should be steamed before
it is worked for planking. Also largely used for felloes, buffers and
posts and any parts of structures, which come in contact with the
ground; not surpassed in endurance for woodbricks in street paving
and for tramways. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia this is
the best Eucalyptus-wood. for resisting the attacks of the crustaceous
chelura and limnoria, the teredo-mollusk and white ants, and it has
the advantage of being considerably stronger, proving equal in this
respect to American white oak. According to my experiments and
those of Mr. Luehmann, it is surpassed in resistance to transverse
strain by E. melliodora, E. polyanthema, and particularly E. sidero-
phloia and E. Leucoxylon, though stronger than the wood of many
other of its congeners. The kino of E. rostratais far less soluble in
cold water than that of E. calophylla, and is used as an important
medicinal astringent. For other details of the uses of this and some
Eucalyptus -trees, refer to the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions of
1862 and 1867, also to the ten Decades of the Eucalyptographia.
E. rostrata becomes already as spontaneous disseminated in Southern
France, according to Prof. Ch. Naudin, whose important " Memoire
sur les Eucalyptus 1883," should also be consulted regarding the
characteristics, development, hardiness and uses of Eucalyptus.
Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. v. Mueller.
The Salmon-barked Gumtree of South-Western Australia, attaining
a height of 120 feet. The timber is good for fencing, while the foliage
is available for profitable oil-distillation. The shining mixed whitish
and purplish bark does not give off a white coloration like that of E.
redunca.
146 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eucalyptus saligna, Smith.
The Blue or Flooded Gumtree of New South Wales. A tall
straight-stemmed species, attaining a stem-diameter of 7 feet. Ac-
cording to the Rev. Dr. Woolls the wood is of excellent quality, and
largely used for building purposes. The tree is generally found on
rich soil along river-banks.
Eucalyptus salubris, F. v. Mueller.
The Gimletwood or Fluted Gumtree of Western and Central
Australia, living on poor dry soil and in the hottest desert clime. It
is generally a slender-stemmed tree, sometimes to 100 feet high, and
. to 2 feet in stem-diameter, with scanty foliage. The bark is shining
with a brownish tinge, and has broad longitudinal and often twisted
impressions, or roundish blunt longitudinal ridges. The wood is hard
and tough, but worked with comparative ease, heavier than water,
even when dry. It serves locally for roof-supports, fence-posts and
rails, poles and shafts. For xylography it seems better than Pear-
tree-wood, and deserves attention for this purpose. The tree exudes
kino.
Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham.*
The Large-leaved or White Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and
South-Queensland, attaining a height of 150 feet. According to the
Rev. Dr. Woolls this furnishes one of the strongest and most durable
timbers of New South Wales; with great advantage used for railway-
sleepers and for many building purposes. It is likewise highly appre-
ciated by wheelwrights, especially for spokes, also well adapted for
tool-handles and various implements. Found by us to be even
stronger than hickory, and only rivalled by E. Leucoxylon. It is
harder than the wood of E. Leucoxylon, but for this reason worked
with more difficulty. The Melbourne price of the timber is about
2s. 6d. per cubic foot in the log. The tree yields much kino. Mr.
Newbery obtained from the bark 8 to 10 per cent, tannin. This
species is often confounded with E. resinifera in culture.
Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F. v. Mueller. (E. virr/ata, Bentham, not Sieber. )
South-Ea stern Australia. Vernacularly known as Mountain-ash
in Gippsland and New South Wales, and as Jronbark-tree or Gum-
top in Tasmania. A straight-stemmed tree, reaching 150 feet in
height and 5 feet in stem-diameter. The wood is of excellent quality,
strong and elastic, hence used for ship-building, implement-handles,
cart-shafts, swingle-trees, also for fencing and for general building
purposes. It splits freely, and is easy to work. It burns well, even
when freshly cut. Systematically the species is very closely allied to
E. haemastoma, but much superior as a timber-tree.
Eucalyptus Staigeriana, F. v. Mueller.
North-Queensland. Durable. A rather small tree, .allied to E.
crebra. Wood reddish but twisted. Produces readily new shoots
from the root (G. Wycliffe). Foliage delightfully fragrant, there-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 147
fore available for the distillation of a superior cosmetic oil, remind-
ing in odor of that Lippia; the perfume and flavor are so excellent as
to render this oil eligible for table-condiments.
Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia. Known to the colonists as Apple-scented
Gumtree. A medium-sized tree, with fibrous bark and drooping
branches; foliage copious. Occurs on rather dry and sandy as well
as on humid soil. The wood is mostly used for fencing and for fuel,
but might also be turned to account for furniture, as it is of a hand-
some dark color, and takes a good polish (Boyle). According to our
own observations here it is of nearly the same strength as that of E.
rostrata and E. globulus, and somewhat stronger than that of E.
amygdalina and particularly E. obliqua. This is one of the hardiest
species, as first ascertained by Mr. T. Waugh. .
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.*
From Eastern Queensland, where it is termed Red Gumtree, to
Gippsland, attaining a height of 160 feet. Closely allied to E.
rostrata. The timber is esteemed for the naves and felloes of wheels.
For telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers it is inferior to some of the
Ironbark-trees, lasting a shorter time, and then not rarely decaying
by dry rot. Quite under ground it remains sound much longer
(Thozet), but much depends, as regards its durability, on the locality
where it is obtained, and the manner of drying, a remark which applies
also to many other Eucalypts.
Eucalyptus terminalis, F. v. Mueller.
The Bloodwood-tree of the northern parts of Australia, closely
allied to E. corymbosa, attaining a considerable size. The wood is
dark-red, hard and extremely tough, particularly fit for boards, as it
does not crack. The tree resists the enormous desert-heat of Central
Australia, where the shade-temperature ranges from 27° to 122° F.,
and where the annual rainfall in some years is only 2 inches and
seldom more than 10 inches. Particularly adapted for dry tropical
climes.
Eucalyptus tessellaris, F. v. Mueller.*
Central and Northern Australia and Queensland. The Moreton-
bay-Ash. This tree reaches even on dry ridges a height of 150 feet,
surpassing any other Central-Australian species in loftiness, and
there resists the severest summer-heat (Rev .H. Kempe). Furnishes
a brown, rather elastic wood, not very- hard, easily worked, of great
strength and durability, available for many kinds of artisans' work,
and particularly sought for staves and flooring. The tree exudes
much astringent kino (P. O'Shanesy). Several other species might yet
be mentioned, particularly from tropical Australia, but we are not yet
well enough acquainted with their technical value. All Eucalypts
are eligible for the production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, paper-material,
potash and various dye-substances.
148 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eucalyptus triantha, Link. (E. acmenoides, Schauer.)
New South Wales and Eastern Queensland. Known as White
Mahogany. It attains a considerable height, with a stem reaching
4 feet in diameter, and is of rapid growth. The wood is used in the
same way as that of E. obliqua, but is superior to it. It is heavy,
strong, durable, of a light color, and has been found good for palings,
flooring-boards, battens, rails and many other purposes of house-
carpentry (Rev. Dr. Woolls).
Eucalyptus viminalis, La Billardiere.
South-Eastern Australia. On poor soil only a moderate-sized tree,
with a dark rough bark on the trunk, and generally known as Manna-
gum tree ; in rich soil of the mountain-forests it attains however
gigantic dimensions, rising to a height of rather more than 300 feet,
with a stem occasionally to 15 feet in diameter. It has there a cream-
colored smooth bark, and is locally know as White Grumtree. The
timber is light-colored, clear, and though not so strong and durable as
that of many other kinds of Eucalyptus, is very frequently employed
for shingles, fence-rails and ordinary building purposes. It is stronger
than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua. The fresh bark contains
about 5 per cent, kino-tannin. Professor Balfour observes, that a tree
of this species has stood thirty years in the open air at Haddington
(South-Scotland), attaining a height of 50 feet with a stem 8 feet in
circumference at the base. Shelter against hard cold winds is in these
cases imperative. This is the only species, which yields the crumb-
like melitose-manna copiously. The wood of this, of E. globulus, E.
melliodora and some others is occasionally bored by the larva of a
large moth, Endoxyla Eucalypti, and also by two beetles, Phoracantha
tricuspis and Hapatesus hirtus (C. French). For fuller information on
Eucalypts consult my " Descriptive Atlas."
Euchlsena luxurians, Ascherson.* (Reana luxurians, Durieu.)
The Teosinte. Guatemala, up to considerable elevations. Annual.
Highly recornmendable as a fodder- grass for regions free of frost. A
large number of stems, sometimes as many as 90, spring from the
same root, attaining a height of 18 feet. The leaves grow to lengths
of 3 feet and form a good forage. The young shoots, when boiled,
constitute a fair culinary esculent. Dr. Schweinfurth harvested at Cairo
from three seeds in one year about 12,000 grains; the plant requires
•about ten months to ripen seeds from the time of sowing. This grass,
particularly in its young state, is remarkably saccharine. For scenic
growth this stately plant is also recommendable. Vilrnorin estimates
one plant sufficient for feeding two head of cattle during twenty-four
hours. Mons. Thozet, at Bockhampton, obtained plants 12 feet high
and 12 feet wide in clamp alluvial soil, each with 32 main-stalks
bearing nearly 100 flower bunches. It is rather slower in growth
than Maize, but lasting longer for green fodder, and not so hardy as
Sorghum. Its growth can be continued by cutting the tufts as green
fodder, thus tender feed is continued; also, it does not cause colic to
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 149
horses and cattle. As a forage-plant it is without a rival in warm
climes. It likes humid soil best, but also resists extreme dryness. It
was first brought into notice by the Acclimatisation- Society of Paris,
and introduced into Australia and Polynesia by the writer. In Fiji
it is thriving most luxuriantly, forming, sown at 4 feet apart, im-
penetrable masses. The native parrots prey on the seeds, and horses
are fond of this grass for forage (Hon. John Thurston). In cooler
climes the Teosinte might well serve for ensilage, or as a big summer-
grass. Each plant requires at least 16 square-feet of ground for its
full development. Even in regions, where the seeds will not ripen,
this huge grass should be annually re-sown on pastures overrun with
noxious weeds, which would soon become suffocated. Euchlaena
Mexicana might also be tested.
Euclea myrtina, Burchell.
South-Africa. Berry1 small, black, but edible. To us this plant
would hardly be more than an ornamental bush.
Euclea Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.
Africa, down to extra-tropic regions. Yields the Orange-River
Ebony.
Euclea undulata, Thunberg.
South-Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby species
from the same portion of the globe also yield esculent fruits, which
under superior culture may vastly improve.
Eucryphia cordifolia, CaTanilles.
The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen tree
attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem sometimes 6 feet
in diameter. The flowers are much sought by bees. For oars and
rudders the wood is preferred in Chili to any other (Dr. Philippi).
We possess congeneric trees in Tasmania (E. Billardieri, J. Hooker)
and in New South Wales (E. Moorei, F. v. M.).
Eugenia Australis, Wendland. (E. myrtifolia, Sims.)
East- Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruit. Careful
special culture would probably improve all Eugenia-fruits.
Eugenia cordifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet elevation. Fruit edible, of 1 inch dia-
meter.
Eugenia Hallii, Berg.
Quito. Fruit of large size, edible.
Eugenia Jambolana, Lamarck.
Southern Asia, Polynesia, East- Australia to extra-tropic latitudes.
The fruit of this handsome tree is about cherry-size and edible; it may
perhaps be improved by well directed skilful culture. Madame Van
Nooten indeed in her splendid work on Java plants pictures fruits
over IJ inches long.
150 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eugenia maboides, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 7,000 feet elevation. Fruit of the size of a small
cherry (Dr. Thwaites).
Eugenia Malaccensis, Linn<$.
The large Rose-Apple. India. A tree, attaining a height of 40
feet, but fruiting already as a shrub. Although strictly a tropical
plant, it has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for warmer
forest-regions in extra-tropic zones. The leaves are often a foot long.
The large juicy fruits, of rosy odor, are wholesome and of agreeable
taste. E. Jambos (L.), E. macrocarpa (Roxburgh), E. Javanica
(Lamarck), E. aquea (Bnrmann), E. amplexicaulis (Roxburgh), also
from Lower India, likewise produce edible fruit of good size, and
may perhaps endure a cool clime.
Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes. ..
South-Brazil. The berries, which are of the size of plums, are
there a table-fruit.
Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes.
Uvalho do Campo of South-Brazil. Fruit of pear-size and edible.
Eugenia revoluta, Wight.
Ceylon, up to heights of 6,000 feet; berry 1 inch in diameter,
edible.
Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 8,000 feet; rejoicing therefore in a cool or even cold
climate. The fruit of this and the allied E. calophylloides (E.
calophyllifolia, Wight), which extends to Upper India, edible; so
that of E. Arnottiana (Wight), which tree ascends to 7,000 feet.
Eugenia Smithii, Poiret.
From Gippsland to Queensland. A splendid large umbrageous tree,
but not of quick growth, and requiring rich soil in river-valleys for its
perfect development. The bark contains about 17 per cent, tannin.
This fact may give a clue to the recognition of the same tan-
principle in the barks of numerous other species of the large genus
Eugenia.
Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring.
The Tata of South-Brazil. Fruit large, edible.
Eugenia unifLora, Linne". (E. Michellii, Lamarck.)
From Extra-tropical South- America extending to the Antilles.
A tree of beautiful habit, with edible fruit of cherry-size. Dr.
Lorentz mentions also as a sub-tropical Argentine fruit-species E.
Mato (G-risebach). Hieronymus adduces similarly E. ligustrina
(Willdenow) and E. edulis (Bentham), the fruit of the latter species
being of apple-size.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 151
Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey.
South-Africa. A tree attaining about 20 feet in height. The
berries are of cherry-size and edible. The relative value of the fruits
of many Asiatic, African and American species of Eugenia remains
to be ascertained; many of them doubtless furnish also good timber,
and all more or less essential oil. All such, even tropical trees,
should be tested in warm tracts of the temperate zone, inasmuch as
many of them endure a cooler clime than is generally supposed.
Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin.
The "Waahoo" of Eastern North-America. A tall shrub, the
bark of which is used in medicine, and from it the Euonymin, an
oleo-resin as a cholagogue is prepared. To this species is closely
allied E. occidentalis (Nuttall) from Oregon and California.
Euonymus Japonicus, Thunberg.
Japan. This evergreen shrub can be used advantageously for
forming hedges; it is easily multiplied by layers and requires little
care in cultivation.
Eupatorium purpureum, Linn4. :»
Eastern North-America. " Queen of the Meadows." A perennial
herb, easily naturalized; has come into medicinal use as a powerful
diuretic; so also E. perfoliatum L., the " Thoroughwort" or " Boneset";
these with other species are also not unimportant as honey-plants j so
of the same order in N. America species of Actinomeris and Prenanthes.
Eupatorium tinctorium, Grisebach.
Paraguay. A shrub of remarkably prolific and vigorous growth
(E. H. Egerton). Competes almost with the indigo-plant for dye.
It can be stripped of its leaves four times a year without injury to
the plant.
Eupatorium triplinerve, Vahl. (E. Ayapana, Ventenat.)
Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, possibly
hardy in the warmer parts of extra-tropical countries. It contains
eupatorin and much essential oil peculiar to the plant. It stands
locally in renown as a remedy against ophidian poisons, and evidently
possesses important medicinal properties. A tanning extract is pre-
pared for the English market from this herb, which contains about 20
per cent, tannic acid.
Euryale ferox, Salisbury.
From tropical Asia to Japan, ascending in Cashmir to 5,000
feet, extending northward in Amur to nearly 46° N. Though less
magnificent than the grand Victoria Regia, this closely allied water-
lily is much more hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and
•lakes of a temperate climate. Though not strictly an industrial
plant, it is not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultivation
in China for its edible roots and seeds. The leaves attain a width of
3 feet.
L
152 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Bustrephus Brownii, F. v. Mueller.
East- Australia as far south as Gippsland. This climber produces
sweet though only small tubers, which however are probably capable
of enlargement through culture.
Euterpe andicola, Brongniart.
Bolivia. Ascends to 9,000 feet (Martins), an altitude higher
than is reached there by any other palm unless E. Haenkeana and E.
longivaginata (Drude). E. edulis (Martius) extends as far south as
Minas Geraes in Brazil.
Euxolus viridis, Moquin. (Amamntus viridis, Linne".)
Temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Annual; quickly raised. Not without value as a spinage-plant. E.
oleraceus is a cognate plant.
ExCJBCaria sebifera, J. Mueller. (Stittingia sebifera, Michaux.)
The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of the
seeds constitutes the vegetable tallow, which is separated by steaming.
The wood is so hard and dense, as to be used for printing-blocks ; the
leaves furnish a black dye. The tree endures slight night-frosts,
though its foliage suffers.
Exidia auricula Judae, Fries. (Hirneola auricula Jtidae, Fries.)
Widely spread over the globe. Of this edible fungus in 1871 alone
the quantity exported from Tahiti to China represented a value of
£7,600 (Simmonds). Doubtless this useful fungus is amenable to
translocation and subsequent naturalization. We have it as indige-
nous in Australia also.
Exomis axyrioides, Fenzl.
South-Africa. A good salt-bush there for pastures (McOwan).
Fagopyrum cyinosum, Meissner.
The perennial Buck-wheat or rather Beech-wheat of the Indian
and Chinese highlands. Can be used with other species for spinage
and grain; also a blue dye may be obtained from its leaves.
Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington.
Chinese and Himalayan mountains, where it is cultivated for its
seeds. Annual.
Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.*
Central Asia, extending eastward to Manchuria, growing to an
elevation of 14,000 feet in the Himalayas. The ordinary Buck-wheat,
called Buch-Waizen in Germany, from the resemblance (in miniature)
of the seeds to Beech-nuts ; hence also the generic name. This
annual herb succeeds on the poorest land ; clayey soil yields more
foliage but less grain. The crushed amylaceous seeds can be con-
verted into a palatable and wholesome food by boiling or baking.
Starch has also recently been prepared from the seeds as an article of
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 1 53
trade. Fagopyrum can be raised with advantage as an agrarian
plant for the first crop on sandy but not too dry heath-land, newly
broken up, for green manure. It gives a good green-fodder, serves
as admixture to hay, and is* also important as a honey-plant. The
period required for the cyclus of its vegetation is extremely short ;
thus it can even be reared on alpine elevations. In Norway it grows
to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). The produce of this grain in the
United States during 1879 was 13,140,000 bushels, valued at
£1,636,000.
Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench.*
Middle and Northern Asia. Yields for the higher mountain-
regions a still safer crop than the foregoing; otherwise the remarks
offered in reference to F. esculentum apply also to F. Tataricum; but
the seeds of the latter are more thick-shelled, less amylaceous and
less palatable.
Fagopyrum triangular e, Meissner.
In the Himalayan mountains, ascending naturally to regions
11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rotundatum (Babington) seems a
variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like the rest.
Fagus betuloides, Mirbel.
Patagonia and Fuegia. An evergreen Beech, on the branches of
which a peculiar edible fungus, Cyttaria Darwinii (Berkeley) occurs.
It seems quite feasible, that the Cyttaria-fungs could be transferred
from some beeches to others of different countries. Cyttaria Hookeri
lives on Fagus antarctica (Forster). C. Darwinii forms for some
months of the year a large share of the vegetable food of the
'Fuegians (Hieronymus).
Fagus Cunningham!, Hooker.
The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. The Myrtle-wood of local
trade. A magnificent evergreen-tree, attaining large dimensions', not
rarely to 200 feet, but living only in cool, damp, rich forest-valleys.
The wood is much used by carpenters and other artisans, and
particularly liked for saddle-trees. It remains to be ascertained by
actual tests in the forests, whether the allied tall evergreen New
Zealand Beeches possess any advantage over this species for forest-
culture ; they are Fagus Menziesii, the Red Birch of the colonists ;
F. fusca and F. cliffortioides (J. Hooker), the Black Birches and F.
Solandri (Hooker), the White Birch. A magnificent and peculiar
beech, Fagus Moorei (F. v. Mueller), occurs in New Sonth Wales on
high mountains. Cyttaria Gunnii (Berkeley) is the Raspberry-fungus
o'f the Tasmanian evergreen Beech; a Cyttaria occurs also on the
. New Zealand Beeches, as ascertained by the author of this work.
Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel.
The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or Coihue.
Of grand dimensions. Canoes can be made out of its stem, large
enough to carry 10 tons freight. The wood is still harder than that
L 2
154 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
of the following species, with the qualities of which it otherwise
agrees (Dr. Philippi'). This species extends to the Chonos-group,
and perhaps still further south, and thus may be of value even for
Middle European forest-culture.
Fagus ferruginea, Aiton.
North-American Beech. A large tree, with deciduous foliage,
easily raised in woodlands. Wood variable according to localities.
Well-seasoned wood, according to Simmonds, is remarkably hard and
solid, hence employed for plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, tool-handles,
. various implements and turneries.
Fagus obliqua, Mirbel.
The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants. A
tall tree with a straight stem, attaining 3 to 4 feet diameter. Wood
heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, beams, girders, rafters and
joists, but not' for flooring. One of the few Chilian trees with
deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). Its value as compared with that of
the European Beech should be tested in forest-plantation's. Cyttaria
Berteroi (Berkeley) grows on the branches of this Beech.
Fagus procera, Poeppig.
Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the name 'of
Reule or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than the Roble. Wood
fisstle, well adapted for staves; finer in grain than that of F. obliqua,
and much used for furniture (Dr. Philippi).
Fagus silvatica, Linn<$.
The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe and
extra- tropical Asia. The trunk has been measured in height to 118
feet, the head to 350 feet in circumference. As far north as lat. 60° 23'
in Norway Professor Schuebeler found a tree over 70 feet high with a
stem 12 feet in circumference; smaller trees grew even to lat. 67° 56'. •
Apt to overpower any other kinds of trees in its native forests. The
wood is hard, extensively used by joiners and ship-builders in their
trade and by the manufacturers of various implements, especially for
planes, shoe-lasts, keys and cogs of machinery, lathe-chucks, gun-
stocks, staves, chairs, spoke-shaves, in piano-manufacture for bridges,
likewise some portion of the work of organ-builders; enters also into
the construction of harmoniums (beds of notes, pallets, rest-pl'anks),
further used for carved moulds and for wooden letters in large prints;
• it is of rather difficult cleavage, great compactness and of considerable
strength, and resists great pressure. Beech-tar contains a consider-
able proportion of paraffine; the ashes from any portion of this tree
are rich in phosphate of lime. For trimming into copse-hedges many
give preference to a purple-leaved variety for shoAv. An allied Beech,
Fagus Sieboldii (Endlicher), grows in Japan. In the warmer tempe-
rate zones all these could only be grown to advantage in springy
mountain-forests.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 155
Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. (Aralia papyrifera, Hooker.)
Island of Formosa. The Rice-paper Plant, hardy in the lowlands
of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden-plantations. The pith
furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper, also for some sorts
of solah-hats.
Ferula Assa foetida, L. (Scorodosma foetidum, Bunge.)
Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan. This very tall perennial herb
yields the ordinary medicinal assafetida. Ferula Narthex, Boissier
(Narthex Assa foetida, Falconer), furnishes a very similar drug in
Thibet. The cultivation of these plants in adequate climes seems not
surrounded by any difficulties.
Ferula galbanifLua, Boissier.
Persia; on mountains 4,000 to 8,000 feet high. This tall perennial
herb might be transferred to other sub-alpine regions, for obtaining
locally from it the gum-resin galbanum.
Ferula longifolia, Fischer.
Southern Russia. The long aromatic roots furnish a pleasant
vegetable (Dr. Rosenthal).
Ferula Sambul, J. Hooker. (Euryanyium Sambul, Kauffmann. )
Turkestan, at elevations between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. A peren-
nial herb, attaining a height of 9 feet or perhaps more. Yields the
true Sambul-root, a powerful stimulant, with the odor of musk. It
is also a scenic-decorative plant, and proved hardy in England.
Festuca Coiron, Steudel.
Chili. ' A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the testi-
mony of Dr. Philippi.
Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller.
Victoria, from West-Gippsland to Dandenong, towards the sources
of rivers, ascending sub-alpine elevations. One of the most mag-
nificent of all sylvan grasses, often 12 and sometimes when in rank
growth on forest-brooks fully 17 feet long. Root perennial or per-
haps of only two or three years' duration. This grass deserves to be
brought to any forest-tracts in mild climes, as it prospers in shade; it
assumes its grandest forms in deep soil along rivulets. The large
panicle affords nutritious forage.
Festuca elatior, Linne".*
The Meadow-Fescue. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle
Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of several feet. There
are several varieties of this species; the tallest follows rivers readily
as far clown as the tides reach; the ordinary form is well adapted for
permanent pastures, has tender leaves, produces excellent, tasty,
nutritious hay, and is early out in the season. Langethal places
Meadow-Fescue above Timothy- and Foxtail-grass in value, though
156 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
its copiousness is somewhat less. The seed is readily collected. The
tall variety (arundinacea) will occupy wet land preferentially among
the best of eligible fodder-grasses. It can be mixed advantage-
ously with F. oviria, is superior to Rye-grass in production and
improves with age. It succeeds also on humid and even swampy
ground and in forest-land as well with sandy as a calcareous subsoil-
Dr Curl observes, that this and some other Fescues grow vigorously
in New Zealand, and yield pasturage there also in the cool season,
when Rye-grass is nearly dormant. Chemical analysis, made in
spring, gave the following results: Albumen 2'47, gluten 2'75,
starch O50, gum 2*84, sugar 2*84 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L.
Rummel). F. aruudinacea (Schreber), F. pratensis and F. loliacea
(Hudson) 'are varieties of this species.
Pestuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa jlava, Gronovius; Tricusins sesleriodes,
Torrey : Uralepis cuprea, Kunth. )
The tall Red-top Grass of the Eastern States of North- America.
A perennial sand-grass with wide panicles. F. scabrella is one of
the " Bunch-grasses " of Oregon and California.
Pestuca gigantea, Villars.
Europe and Middle Asia. A good perennial forest-grass.
Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck.
Europe. This perennial grass is best fitted for cool forest-tracts.
Recommended also among lawn-grasses.
Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller.*
Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass, evidently
nutritious, required to be tried for pasture-culture, and perhaps destined
to become a new meadow-grass of colder countries elsewhere. Stands
mowing and depasturing well; much liked by cattle, horses and
. sheep (Th. Walton).
Festuca litoralis, La Billardiere.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. An important strong
perennial grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores.
Festuca Magellanica, Lamarck.
Extra-tropic South- America. Ascending the Andes to 12,000
feet, and contributing much to the fattening pasturage there (Hier-
onymus).
Festuca ovina, Linne.
Sheep-Fescue. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-
America; found also in South- America and the Alps of Australia
and New Zealand. This species, like F. elatior, is obtainable with
facility. F. duriuscula and F. rubra (Linne) are varieties. A per-
rennial grass, thriving on widely different soils, even moory and
sandy. It yields a good produce, maintains its virtue, resists drought,
and is also well adapted for lawns and swards of parks. F. vaginata
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 157
(Willdenow) is a form particularly recommended by Wessely for
sand-soil. Chemical analysis, made very late in spring, gave the
folio wing results: Albumen 1'86, gluten 8-16, starch 1*45, gum 2*14,
sugar 5*05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel).
Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. ( Uralepls purpurea, Nuttall ; Tricuspis
purpurea, A. Gray. )
South-Eastern coast of North- America. A tufty sand-grass, but
annual.
Festuca silvatica, Villars. . •'•
Middle and Southern Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. dry-
meia (Mertens and Koch),« a grass with long creeping roots, is closely
allied. Both deserve test-culture. Space does not admit of entering
here into further details of- the respective values of many species of
Festuca, which might advantageously be introduced from various
parts of the globe for rural purposes.
Ficus Carica, Linne".
- The ordinary Fig-tree. Alph. de Candolle speaks of it as spon-
taneous from Syria to the Canary-Islands; Count Solms-Laubach
. confines the nativity of the Fig-tree to the countries on the Persian
Gulf. It attains an age of several hundred years. In warm temperate
latitudes and climes a prolific tree. The most useful and at the same
time the most hardy of half a thousand recorded species of Ficus.
The extreme facility, with which it can be propagated from cuttings,
the resistance to heat, the comparatively early yield and easy culture
recommend the Fig-tree, where it is an object to raise masses of tree-
vegetation in widely treeless lands of the warmer zones for shade and
fruit. Hence the extensive plantations of this tree made in formerly
woodless parts of Egypt; hence the likelihood of choosing the Fig as
one of the trees for extensive planting through favorable portions of
desert-waste, where moreover the fruit could be dried with particular
ease. Small cuttings went quite well chiefly by horse-post from Port
Phillip to the central Australian Mission-stations, a distance as far
as from Petersburg to the Black Sea, or from Bombay to Thibet,
or from Capetown to Lake Ngami, or from San Francisco to the
Upper Missouri. Fig-trees can be grown even on sand-lands, at least
as observed on the Australian south-coast. In Greece the average
yield of figs per acre is about 1,600 Ibs. (Simmonds). Caprification
is unnecessary, even in some instances injurious and objectionable.
Two main-varieties may be distinguished: that which produces two
crops a year, and that which yields but one. The former includes
the Gray or Purple Fig, which is the best, the White Fig and the
Golden Fig, the latter being the finest in appearance, but not in
quality. The main-variety, which bears only one crop a year, supplies
the greatest quantity of figs for drying, among which the Marseil-
laise and Bellonne are considered the best. The Barnisote and the
Aubique produce delicious large fruits, but they must be dried with
fire-heat, and are usually consumed fresh. The ordinary drying is
158 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
effected in the sun. For remarks on this and other points concerning
the Fig, the valuable tract published by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale
should be consulted. The first crop of figs grows on wood of the
preceding year; the last crop however on wood of the current year.
Varieties of particular excellence are known from Genoa, Savoy,
Malaga, Andalusia. For some further information, see among other
publications also that of the Hon. the Commissioner of Agriculture,
Washington, 1878.
Ficus COlumnaris, Moore and Mueller.
The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe's Island, therefore extra-tropical.
One of the most magnificent productions in the whole empire of
plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the island, remarks that the
pendulous aerial roots, when they touch the ground, gradually swell
into columns of the same dimensions as the older ones, which have
already become converted into stems, so that it is not evident, which
was the parent-trunk; there may be a hundred stems to the tree, on
which the huge dome of dark evergreen foliage rests, but these stems
are all alike, and thus it is impossible to say, whence the tree comes or
whither it goes. The aerial roots are rather rapidly formed, but the
wood never attains the thickness of F. macrophylla, which produces
only a single trunk. The allied F. rubiginosa of continental East-
Australia has great buttresses, but only now and then a pendulous
root, approaching in similarity the stems of Ficus columnaris. The
Lord Howe's Island Fig-tree is more like F. macrophylla than F.
rubiginosa, but F. columnaris is more rufous in foliage than either.
In humid, warm, sheltered tracts this grand vegetable living struc-
ture may be raised as an enormous bower for shade and for scenic
ornament. The nature of the sap, whether available for caoutchouc
or other industrial material, requires yet to be tested. A substance
almost identical with gutta-percha, but not like india-rubber, has been
obtained by exsiccation of the sap of F. columnaris (Fitzgerald). The
hardened sap of this species resembles in many respects that of F.
subracemosa and F. variegata, called Getah Lahoe, but differs appa-
rently by its greater solubility in cold, alcohol, and by the portion in-
soluble in alcohol being of a pulverulent instead of a viscid character.
The mode of exsiccation affects much the properties of the product.
Ficus Cunning'h.anii, Miquel.
Queensland, in the eastern dense forest-regions to about 28° S.
Mr. J. O'Shanesy designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous
growth, the large spreading branches sending down roots, which take
firm hold of the ground. One tree measured was 38 feet in circum-
ference at 2 feet from the ground, the roots forming wall-like abut-
ments, some of which extended 20 feet from the tree. Several persons
could conceal themselves in the large crevices of the trunk, while the
main-branches stretched across a space of about 100 feet. A kind
of caoutchouc can be obtained from this tree. A still more gigantic
Fig-tree of Queensland is F. colossea, F. v. M., but it may not be
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 159
equally hardy, not advancing naturally to extra- tropical latitudes.
This reminds us of the great Council-tree, F. altissima, from Java,
where it grows in mountains on calcareous ground. F. eugenioides
(F. v. M.) from North- and East- Australia, attains a height of 100
feet, and produces also columnar air-roots. It is comparatively hardy,
reaching extra-tropic latitudes.
Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.*
Upper India, to the Chinese boundary, known as far as 28° 30'
north-latitude. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously for the
kind of caoutchouc called Assam-Rubber. Roxburgh ascertained 70
years ago, that india-rubber could be dissolved in cajaput-oil (very
similar to eucalyptus-oil), and that the sap yielded about one-third of its
weight of caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick growth in the change-
able and often dry clime of Melbourne; but there is every prospect,
that it would advance rather rapidly in any mild humid forest-gullies,
and that copious plantations of it there would call forth a new local
industry. This tree has grown in Assam to 112 feet with 100 aerial
roots in thirty-two years (Markham). In moist Warm climes, accord-
ing to observations in Assam by Mr. Gustave Mann, branches lopped
oil and planted will speedily establish themselves. Single branches
attain a length of 50 feet; the root-crown will attain a diameter of
200 feet exceptionally (Haeckel). The import of caoutchouc into the
United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 198,000 cwt., representing a
value of £2,266,000, of which F. elastica must have furnished a con-
siderable proportion. Markham and Collins pronounce the caoutchouc
of F. elastica not quite so valuable as that of the Heveas and Castil-
loas of South- America. Heat and atmospheric moisture greatly pro-
mote the growth of F. elastica. Like most other Fig-trees, it is easily
raised from seed. A tree of F. elastica is tapped in Assam when
twenty-five years old. After fifty years the yield is about 40 Ibs. of
caoutchouc every third year, and lasts till the tree is over 100 years
old. The milky sap flowing from cuts in the stem yields nearly one-
third of its weight of caoutchouc; the collected sap is poured into
boiling water and stirred till it gets firm; or the sap is poured into
large bins partly filled with water; the fluid caoutchouc-mass after a
while floats on the surface, when it is taken out and boiled in iron-
pans, after the addition of two parts of water, the whole being stirred
continuously; after coagulation the caoutchouc is taken out and
pressed, and if necessary boiled again, then dried, and finally washed
with lime-water. The sap from cuts into the branches is allowed to
dry on the trees (J. Collins). Dr. S. Kurz states, that F. laccifera (Rox-
burgh) from Silhet is also a caoutchouc-tree, and that both this and
F. elastica yield most in a ferruginous clay-soil on a rocky substratum;
further, that both can bear dryness, but like shade in youth. Several
other species of tropical figs, American as well as Asiatic, are known
to produce good caoutchouc, but it is questionable, whether any of
them would prosper in extra-tropical latitudes; nevertheless for the
conservatories of botanic gardens all such plants should be secured
160 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
with a view of promoting public instruction. Te give some idea of
the vastly increasing extent, to which " Rubber " is now required, it
may be stated, that at Wetzell's factories in Miinden and Hildesheim
alone during 1884 were produced 100,000 Ibs. of surgical articles;
100,000 Ibs. valves, buffers and washers; 150,000 Ibs. hose and belting;
200,000 Ibs. insertion-sheets and tucks-packings; 250,000 dozens of
fancy-colored balls, irrespective of other rubber-articles ; this factory,
which exists since 1868, employing 600 workmen, and is operating
with machinery equal to 300 horses-power. Ficus Vogelii (Miquel)
yields Rubber in West- Africa.
Ficus Indica, Linne".
The Banyan-tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion and
air-roots. Although not strictly an utilitarian tree, it is admitted here
as one of the most shady trees, adapted for warm and moist regions.
At the age of 100 years one individual tree will shade and occupy
about one and a half acres, and rest on 150 stems or more, the main-
stems often with a circumference of 50 feet, the secondary stems
with a diameter of several feet. At Melbourne the tree suffers
somewhat from the night-frosts.
Ficus infectoria, Willdenow.
India, ascending to 5,000 feet. Probably hardy where frosts are
only slight, and then adapted for street-planting. Brandis and
Stewart found its growth quicker than that of Siris or Albizzia procera.
F. religiosa (Linne) ascends to the same height, and is of quick growth
in moiat climates. It bears well the clime of Beloochistan. It is one
of the trees, on which the lac insect largely exists. The fruits of some
huge Himalayan species — for instance, F. virgata, F. glomerata
(Roxburgh) and F. Roxburghii (Wallich) — are edible.
Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.*
The Moreton-Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a great part
of East- Australia. Perhaps the grandest of Australian avenue-trees,
and among the very best to be planted, although in poor dry soil its
growth is slow. In the latitude of Melbourne it is quite hardy in the
lowland. The foliage may occasionally be injured by grasshoppers.
Easily raised from seed, the smallness of which admits of their very
easy transmission to remote places. Average-growth in height at
Port Phillip, 30 feet in 20 years.
Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines. - • » •
New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all Fig-trees, and
very eligible among evergreen shade-trees, particularly for promenades.
It is estimated, that the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, many
occurring in cool mountain-regions of tropical countries. The number
of those, which would endure a temperate clime, is probably not small.
Ficus Sycomorus, Linne".
The Sycomore-Figtree. Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia. Copiously
planted along the roadsides of Egypt. The evergreen shady crown,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 161
with very spreading branches, extends to a width of 120 feet. At-
tains an enormous age. A tree at Cairo, which legends connect
with Christ's time, still exists. Seven men 'with outstretched arms
could hardly encircle the stem.
Fistulina hepatica, Fries.
Europe and Asia, East- Australia, This large esculent fungus grows
generally on old oak-stems, but does accommodate itself to other
habitations also. Its introduction elsewhere is worthy of trial.
Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.*
Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians. Grows
on swampy, moory places. A stately tree, sometimes to 100 feet
high ; the diameter of the stem occasionally reaches the extraordinary
extent of 15 feet. The wood is almost always red, easily split, light,
does not warp, stands exposure to the air for half a century; in
Yaldivia and Chiloe almost all buildings are roofed with shingles of
this tree (Dr. Philippi). The outer bark produces a strong fibre, used
for calking ships. Like Libocedrus tetragona, this tree should be
extensively planted in unutilized swampy moors of mountains.
Flacourtia Bamontchi, L'Heritier. (F. sapida, Roxburgh.)
India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxburgh)
form thorny trees with somewhat plum-like fruits. They can be
adopted for hedge-copses with other species.
Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell.
Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be edible.
Another species, F. vestita (Bentham), is on record as cultivated in
North- Western India, where it ascends to the temperate region up to
7,000 feet, for its small esculent tubers.
Flindersia Australis, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. With Araucaria Cunning-
hami and Ficus macrophylla, the tallest of all the jungle-trees of its
localities, attaining 150 feet. Bark scaly; stem frequently with a
diameter of 8 feet. Timber of extraordinary hardness (Ch. Moore).
A noble tree for avenues. Rate of growth, according to Mr. Fawcett,
about 25 feet in eight years.
Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller.
The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland, called
" Bogum Bogum" by the aborigines. Jts wood is used locally for
dye, also for staves as well as that of F. Australis, Tarrietia Argyro-
dendron, Stenocarpus salignus and Castanospermum Australe. Mr.
C. Hartmann mentions, that F. Oxleyana attains a height of 150 feet,
and supplies one of the finest hardwoods for choice cabinet-work.
Other species occur, among which F. Bennettiana is the best for
avenue-purposes.
162 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Fceniculum officinale, Allioni.
The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on limestone-soil,
extending to Central Asia, certainly wild in Turkestan (Dr. A. von
Regel). A perennial or biennial herb, of which primary varieties
occur, the so-called sweet variety having fruits almost twice as large
as the other. The herb and fruits are in use as condiments and the
latter also for medicine. The fruits are rich in essential oil, containing
much anethol. Vilmorin found them to keep their vitality for about
four years ; he also remarks that the bleached leafstalks yield the
Carosella-salad. A variety, F. dulce (Bauhin), yields its young
shoots for boiling as a vegetable of sweetish taste and delicate
aroma. . ,'.
Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth.
West-Indies and continental tropical America. A smaller species
than the following, but equally utilized for fibre and impenetrable
hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico, is still smaller.
Fourcroya gigantea, Ventenat.
Central America. In species of Yucca, Agave, Dracsena, Cordy-
line, Phormium, Doryanthes and this as well as a few other Four-
croyas we have gigantic liliaceous and amaryllidaceous plants avail-
able industrially for fibre. Frost injures the leaves of tliis species.
Development of flower-stalks extremely rapid, up to 30 feet high.
Fibre often 3 feet long and of considerable tenacity. The fibre,
produced in Mauritius by Messrs. Bourgignon and Fronchet, proved
stronger than hemp and resisted decay in water. Mr. Boucard also
testifies to the excellence of the fibre, which he describes as long, silky
and solid, particularly adapted for luxurious hammocks and for
cordage.
Fourcroya longseva, Karwinski and Zuccarini.
High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, particularly at an eleva-
tion of about 10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnificent
of all liliaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volume only surpassed by
Draca3na Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary-Islands. This is the
principal high-stemmed species, the trunk attaining a height of 50
feet, and the huge panicle of flowers 40 feet more. It dies, like many
allied plants, after flowering. The species is recorded here as a fibre-
plant, but should also be cultivated for its ornamental grandeur.
Fragaria Calif ornica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
California and Mexico. Closely allied to C. vesca.
Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton.
Chili- Strawberry. In various of the colder parts both of North-
and South- America. Almost incredible accounts have been published
regarding the yield of the Chiloen Strawberry in the neighborhood
of Brest, far exceeding the fecundity of any other strawberry.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 163
Fragaria collina, Ehrhart.
Hill-Strawberry. In various parts of Europe. Cutivated in
Norway to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler); may be regarded as a mere
variety of F. vesca. Fruit of a somewhat musky odor.
Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. (F. Ananas, Miller.)
Ananas-Strawberry. Various colder parts of America. Closely
allied to F. Chiloensis. Many of the large-fruited varieties have been,
derived from this species.
Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince.
North-America. Hovey's seedling and the Boston-kind from
this plant. Is regarded by Professor Asa Gray as a variety of F.
Virginiana.
Pragaria pratensis, Duchesne. (F. elatior, Ehrhart.)
Cinnamon- Strawberry. Hautbois. In mountain-forests of Europe.
F. moschata (Duchesne) is a variety of this species.
Fragaria vesca, Linne".
Wild Wood- Strawberry. Naturally very widely dispersed over the
temperate and colder parts of the northern hemisphere, extending
northward to Lapland and Iceland, southward to the mountains of
Java, ascending the Himalayas to 13,000 feet (J. D. Hooker). From
this typical form probably some of the other Strawberries arose.
Middle forms and numerous varieties now in culture were produced by
hybridization. These plants, though already abounding in our gardens,
are mentioned here, because they should be naturalized in any ranges.
Settlers, living near some brook or rivulet, might readily set out
plants, which, with others similarly adapted, would gradually spread
with the current. The minute seeds will retain their vitality for fully
three years. A highland-variety, F. alpina (Persoon), furnishes fruit
throughout the warm season, long after the other varieties cease
bearing in gardens (Vilmorin).
Pragaria Virginiana, Miller.
Scarlet Strawberry. Eastern North-America, extending northward
to 64° (Sir J. Richardson), therefore adapted for the coldest climates
also, yet even fruiting well in Bermuda (Sir J. Lefroy).
Fraxinus Americana, Lhme".*
The White Ash. Eastern North- America, extending from Florida
to Canada. A large tree, which delights in humid forests. Trunks
have been found 75 feet long without a limb, and 6 feet in diameter
(Emerson). It is the best of all American Ashes, and of compara-
tively rapid growth. In Nebraska the stem attains to about 32 inches
circumference at 2 feet from the base in 22 years (Furnas). Resisting
extreme heat better than the common Ash. Timber largely exported ;
it assumes a red tint in age ; much valued for its toughness, lightness
and elasticity, excellent for work subject to sudden shocks and strains,
164 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
such as the frames of machines, carriage-wheels, agricultural imple-
ments, pick-handles, billiard-cues, fishing-rods, handles, chair-rails,
shafts, staves, pulley-blocks, belaying-pins and oars; also for furniture
and musical instruments. The young branches are utilized for mast-
hoops. Baron von Mueller and Mr. J. G. Luehmann found the
strength greater than that of our Blackwood-tree and of many
Eucalypts, but not equal to that of E. Leucoxylon, E. siderophloia, E.
polyanthema, the best E. globulus and hickory. Over-old wood not
desirable. When once thoroughly seasoned, it does not shrink or
swell, and is therefore preferred for flooring to any native timber in
Virginia (Robb, Simmonds). The inner bark furnishes a yellow dye.
The Red Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck) and the Carolina- Ash
(F. platycarpa, Michaux) are of smaller size, but F. pubescens may
sometimes also become large.
Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh.
It is this Ash, on which a peculiar wax is produced by .Coccus
Pela, perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum. About 40,000 Ibs.
are exported, anually according to Bernardini. F. Mandschurica
(Ruprecht) attains a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 4 feet.
Fraxinus excelsior, C. Bauhin.*
The ordinary Ash of Europe and Western Asia, extending to the
Himalayas and Thibet, there ascending to 9,000 feet. A tree of com-
paratively quick growth, known to attain an age of nearly 200 years.
It is a very hardy tree, braving the winters of Norway to lat. 69° 40',
though there only a shrub ; but in lat. 61° 12' it attained still a height
of 100 feet and a stem-diameter of 5 feet (Schuebeler). Rich soil
on forest-rivulets or river-banks suits it best, although it also thrives
on moist sand. Wood remarkably tough and elastic, used for agricul-
tural and other implements, handles, ladders, drum-hoops, carriage-
work, oars, axle-trees and many other purposes. -Six peculiar kinds
of Ash-trees occur in Japan, some also in the Indian highlands; all
might be tried for industrial culture.
Fraxinus noribunda, Don.
Nepal-Ash. Himalaya, between 4,000 and 11,000 feet. It attains
a height of 120 feet, girth of stem sometimes 15 feet. Serves not
only as a timber-tree, but also as a fine avenue-tree. The wood much
sought for oars, ploughs and various implements (Stewart and
Brandis). For forest-plantations Ashes are best mixed with beeches
and some other trees.
Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.
Californian and Oregon-Ash. A tree, reaching 80 feet in height,
preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this fine species is
nearly white, very tough and durable, often used for oars and handles
of implements, also in carriage-building. Though allied to F. sam-
bucifolia, it is very superior as a timber-tree. Ash-trees will grow
. readily in the shade of other trees.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 165
Fraxinus ornus, Linn&
The Manna-Ash of the Mediterranean regions, extending to Austria
and Switzerland. Height about 30 feet. Hardy still at Christiania.
It yields the medicinal manna by incisions into the bark, which is done
only on one side of the stem each year. F. ornus is well adapted for
a promenade-tree/and is earlier in foliage than F. excelsior, F. Ameri-
cana and most other Ash-trees.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.*
The Blue Ash of North- America, from Michigan to Tennessee.
One of the tallest of the Ashes, becoming 70 feet high. Timber
excellent, better than that of any other American species except the
White Ash, hence .frequently in use for flooring and shingles. The
inner bark furnishes a blue dye. The tree requires a rather mild clime
and the most fertile soil.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck.
Black or Water-Ash of Eastern North- America. Attains a height
of 80 feet. Wood still more tough and elastic than that of F. Ameri-
cana, but less durable when exposed; easily split into thin layers for
basket-work; it is also comparatively rich in potash, like that of most
of its congeners; for oars and implements it is inferior to that of the
White Ash (Simmonds). F. nigra (Marsh) is the oldest name.
Fraxinus viridis, Michaux.
The Green Ash of Eastern North- America. Height reaching 70
feet. Wood excellent, nearly as valuable as that of the White Ash,
but of less dimensions. The tree requires wet, shady woodlands.
Especially recommended for street-planting by Dr. J. Warder. This
species, like the preceding, is hardy as far north as Christiania in
Norway (Schuebeler). Rate of circumferential stem-growth in
Nebraska 30 inches in 22 years (Furnas). -. .-
Fuchsia racemosa, Lamarck.
Mountains of Hayti. One of the species with edible berries of very
good taste. Another Fuchsia occurs in cold regions of Guatemala up
to 10,000 feet high, with orange- colored flowers and with tasty whole-
some berries, the latter an inch and a half long. F. excorticata
(Linne fil.) of New Zealand extends there far south, and is perhaps as
hardy as F. Magellanica (Lamarck); it rises to 30 feet, if not. higher,
and gains a stem-diameter of 3 feet.
Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome.
Madras-Presidency, up to elevations of 4,500 feet. This seems to
be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge-trees; hence there is some
prospect of its prospering in forests of the warmer temperate zone.
Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing.
South- Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties; praised
like numerous other plants there and elsewhere as an alexipharmic,
but all requiring close re-investigation in this respect.
166 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Gaulthieria Myrsinites, Hooker.
^Northern California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit of this
procumbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would prove adapted for
any of the Alps.
Gaulthieria Shallon, Pursh.
North- Western America. This handsome spreading bush would
yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance, if planted on alpine
mountains, where it would likely become naturalized. G. procumbens
(L.) is the North-Eastern American Wiutergreen used in medicine.
Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray.
The Blue Tangleberry of Eastern North- America. A bush with
deciduous foliage; fruit very sweet.
Gaylussacia resinosa, Torrey and Gray.
The Black Huckleberry of North-Eastern America. A dwarf
shrub, with deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus
would find ample space in any forest-ranges. Berry of pleasant taste.
Perhaps some of the South-American species may also produce edible
fruits.
Geitonoplesium cymosum, Cunningham.
Through the whole East- Australian forests. It is mentioned here,
to draw attention to the likelihood, that special culture may convert
this into a culinary plant, as Mr. P. O'Shanesy found the young
shoots to offer a fair substitute for Asparagus.
Gelsemiuni nitidum, Michaux.
Southern States of North-America, also in Mexico. " Yellow
Jessamine. " A twining shrubby plant of medicinal value, long
since introduced into Australia by the writer, with numerous other
plants of industrial or therapeutical importance. Active principle:
gelsemin. The perfume of the flowers has also come into use as a
cosmetic.
Genista monosperma, Lamarck.
Mediterranean regions. One of the best of Broom-brushes for
arresting sand-drift. G. sphaerocarpa, Lamarck, is of like use, and
also comes from the Mediterranean Sea.
Genista tinctoria, Linne".
Europe, Northern and Western Asia. A perennial herb, of some
medicinal use. From the flowers a yellow dye may be extracted,
which with woad gives a good green, and comes well in for domestic
dyeing, particularly of wool. A kind of Schiittgelb, different from
the one prepared from Madura tinctoria, is obtained from this Genista,
known also as factitium-yellow, and perhaps not altogether to be
superseded by picric acid or by Anilin-colors (G. Don; Rosenthal;
Brockhaus) .
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 167
Gentiana lutea, Lmn£.
Sub-alpine tracts of Middle and Southern Europe. A beautiful
perennial herb, yielding the medicinal gentian-root. It could be
easily raised in high mountains elsewhere. Chemical principles:
gentian-bitter and geutianin. Medicinal gentian-root is also obtained
from G. punctata, L., G. purpurea, L. and G. panonica, Scop., of
the European Alps. Several native species are used as substitutes
in North-America, particularly G. quinqueflora (Lamarck).
Geonoma vaga, Grisebach and Wendland.
West-Indies to Brazil. A dwarf decorative Palm, ascending moun-
tain-regions to 3,000 feet.
Geum urbanum, Brunfels.
The "Avens" of Britain. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropical
and alpine Asia, South-Eastern Australia, North- America. A peren-
nial herb; the powerful anti-dysenteric root, according to Muspratt,
contains as much as 41 per cent, of tannic acid.
Gigantochloa Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (Oxytenanthera Abyssinica,
Bentham.)
Tropical Africa. A tall species, ascending to considerable moun-
tain-elevations.
Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. (Bambusa apus, Eoemer and Schultes.)
Indian Archipelagus, at elevations under 5,000 feet. Height
of stem reaching 60 feet. When young it is used for strings and
ropes.
Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz.
Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum-height of 170
feet.
Gigantochloa atter, Kurz.
Java, at elevations of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Height of stems
reaching 70 feet. One of the species much grown for rural and in-
dustrial purposes.
Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz.
Java. Height sometimes 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot thick.
One of the most extensively cultivated of all Asiatic Bamboos,
ascending into mountain-regions.
Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera nigro-cttiata, Munro.)
Continental and insular India. Stems to 130 feet long.
Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz.
Mountains of Java. Height to about 100 feet. Kurz noticed the
early growth to be nearly 18 feet in a month, the principal branches
only commencing when the shoot had reached a height of about 70
feet. Some Java-bamboos are known to measure 22 inches in girth
at a height of about 120 feet.
M
168 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Gigantochloa Thwaitesii, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro.)
Ceylon, at cool elevations of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. This pretty
Bamboo reaches only 12 feet in height.
Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. (Bambusa vertidlfata, Blume.)
.The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of fully 100
feet; in damp heat it grows at the astonishing rate of 40 feet in
about three months, according to Bouche. The young shoots furnish
an edible vegetable like G. apus and Bambusa Bitung.
GinkgO biloba, Linn£.* (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.)
Ginkgo-tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved tree, to
100 feet high, with a straight stem to 12 feet in diameter. The wood
is pale, soft, easy to work and takes a beautiful polish. The seeds
are edible, and when pressed yield a good oil. The fruits, sold in
China under the name of " Pa-Koo," are not unlike dried almonds,
but the kernel fuller and rounder. Ginkgo-trees are estimated to
attain an age of 3,000 years. Mr. Christy observes, that the foliage
turns chrome-yellow in autumn, and that it is the grandest and
most highly esteemed of all trees in Japan; it will grow in dry
situations. In America it is hardy as far north as Montreal, in
Europe to Christiania.
Gladiolus edulis, Burchell.
Interior of South-Africa. The bulb-like roots are edible, and
taste like chestnuts when roasted.
Glaucium luteum, Scopoli.
Western and Southern Europe, Northern Africa and Western
Asia. This fast-spreading biennial herb, now also naturalized on
some of the Australian coasts, does good service in aiding to subdue
drift-sand. The plant has also some medicinal value.
Gleditschia triacanthos, Linn<$.
The deciduous Honey-Locust tree of South-Eastern States of North-
America. Height reaching 80 feet, trunk to 4 feet in diameter.
Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile, durable, sought principally for
blocks and hubs. The tree is not without importance for street-
planting. Rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska, about
40 inches in 22 years at 2 feet from the ground (Furnas); growth in
height at Port Phillip, about 35 feet in 20 years. Sown closely, this
plant forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily combustible hedges.
An allied species, the G. Sinensis, Lamarck (G. horrida, Willd.),
occurs in East-Asia. The Water-Locust tree of North- America (G.
monosperma, Walt.) will grow to a height of 80 feet in swamps. The
flowers of Gleditschia exude much honey -nectar for bees.
Glycine hispida, Bentham. (Soja hispida, Moench. )
An annual herb of India, China and Japan. The beans afford one
of the main ingredients of the condiment known as Soja; they are
very oily, nutritious, and of pleasant taste when boiled. The plant
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 169
endures slight frost (Wittmack). It is uot subject to attacks of insects
and fungs (Vilmorin). Oil is pressed from the seeds. Glycine Soja,
Siebold and Zuccarini, is said to be a distinct plant, but probably
serves the same purpose.
Glycyrrhiza echinata, Linne".
South-Europe and South- Western Asia. From the root of this
herb a portion of the Italian liquorice is prepared. The Russian
liquorice is also derived from this species. The root is thicker and
less sweet than that of the following.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linns'.
South-Europe, North-Africa, South- Western and Middle Asia.
The extract of the root of this herb constitutes the ordinary
liquorice. The plant grows most vigorously in adequate climes.
Both this and the preceding are hardy in Norway to lat. 59° 55'
(Schuebeler). Liquorice is of some utility in medicine and also used
in porter-breweries. Chemical principle: glycyrrhizin.
GlyptostrobllS heterophyllus, Endlicher. (Taxodium heterophyllum,
Brongniart. )
China. An ornamental tree, allied to Taxodium distichum in some
respects, and like that tree particularly fit for permanently wet ground.
The Chinese plant it along the edges of canals and narrow creeks, the
buttress of the tree standing actually in the moist mud (Dr. Hance).
G-melina Leichhardtii, F. v. Mueller.
East-Australia. Grown now on a commercial scale for fancy
timber-purposes in Queensland.
Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer.
South-Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi- wood,
much sought for carpenters' tools, planes and other select articles of
wood-work ; also for wood-engraving, according to Dr. Pappe.
Flowers deliciouslv fragrant.
Gordonia Lasianthus, Linne".
The Loblolly-Bay. South-Eastern North- America. A handsome
tree, growing to a height of 60 feet; flowers snowy white. The wood
is extremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture, but unfit for
exposure. The bark is extensively employed for tanning in the
Southern States. Available for swampy coast-lands.
Gossypium arboreum, Linne".*
The Tree-Cotton. Upper Egypt, according to A. de Candolle,
seemingly also Abyssinia, Sennaar and thence to Upper Guinea. A
tall perennial species, but not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in
the first season. Leaves long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth. Petals
yellow, or in age pink or purple. Seeds brown, disconnected, after
the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish-velvety. The cotton of long
staple, but also a variety occurs with short staple. The New Orleans
M2
170 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
cotton (G. sanguineum, Hasskarl) belongs to this species. The
cotton-fibre is crisp, white, opaque and not easily separable. All
Gossypiums can be regarded as honey-plants.
Gossypium Barbadense, Linn£.*
Sea-Island Cotton. From Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Leaves
long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the
removal of the cotton-fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very
long, easily separable and of a silky lustre and always white. This
species requires low-lying coast-tracts for attaining to perfection.
Perennial, but yielding like the rest a crop already in the first season.
Cultivated largely in the Southern States of North-America, also in
South-Europe, Central and North- Africa, Queensland and various
other countries. G. Kirkii (Masters), from Dar Salam, may be a wild
state of G. Barbadense. The only other type of this genus in tropi-
cal Africa is G. anomalum according to Dr. Welwitch. The "Kidney-
cotton" is a variety with more acuminate leaves. M. Delchevalerie
has drawn attention to a new plant, tall in size and exceedingly pro-
lific in bearing, raised in Egypt, called Bamia-cotton, which Sir
Joseph Hooker regards as a variety of G. Barbadense. The Barnia
Cotton-bush grows 8 to 10 feet high, ripens (at Galveston) fruit in
four or five months, and produces 2,500 pounds of cotton and seed
per acre. It is remarkable for its long simple branches, heavily fruited
from top to bottom. Its cotton is pale yellow.
Gossypium herbaceum, Linn£.*
Persia, Scinde, Cabul and some other parts of tropical and sub-
tropical Asia. Much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, also in
the United States of North-America. Perennial. Leaves short-lobed.
Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, after removal of the cotton-fibre
gray -velvety. Distinguished and illustrated by Parlatore as a species,
regarded by Seemann as a variety of G. arboreum. Staple longer than
in the latter kind, white-opaque, not easily separating. The wild
type of this seems to be G. Stocksii (Masters). Even this species,
though supposed to be herbaceous, will attain a* height of 12 feet.
The root of this and some other congeners is a powerful emmenagogue.
A variety with tawny fibre furnishes the Nankin-cotton.
Gossypium hirsutum, Linnd*
Upland- or Short-staple Cotton. Tropical America, cultivated most
extensively in the United States, Southern Europe and many other
countries. Perennial. Seeds brownish-green, disconnected, after the
removal of the cotton-fibre greenish- velvety. Staple white, almost of
a silky lustre, not easily separable. A portion of the Queensland-
cotton is obtained from this species. It neither requires the coast-
tracts nor the highly attentive culture of G. Barbadense.
Gossypium religiosum, Linn<$.* (G. Peruvianum, Cavauilles.)
Tropical South -America, southward to Chili. Kidney- Cotton,
Peruvian or Brazilian Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 171
Seeds black, connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white,
somewhat silky, and easily separable from the seeds. A tawny
variety occurs. This is the tallest' of all cotton-bushes, and it is pro-
bably this species, which occurs in the valleys of the Andes as a small
tree, bearing its cotton, while frosts whiten the ground around.
Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. (G. reUgiosum, Banks and Solander.)
In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals white.
Seeds disconnected, glabrous after the removal of the fulvous cotton-
fibre, which does not separate with readiness.
Gossypium tomentosum, Nuttall. (G. Sandvicense, Parlatore ; G. rell-
yiosum, A. Gray.)
Hawaia. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected; after
the removal of the tawny cotton-fibre fulvous-velvety, not easily
parting with their cotton. The roots are a powerful remedial agent,
which however should only be used in legitimate medical practice.
The barks of Hamamelis Virgiuiana and Viburnum prunifolium are
antidotes (Phares and Durham).
For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore's " Specie del
Cotoni" (Florence, 1866) and Todaro's " Osservazioni su Cotone"
may be consulted. Information on culture may be sought in Porter's
" Tropical Agriculturist " and in Mallet's Work on " Cotton " (London,
1862).
The following notes were written for the use and guidance of
Victorian colonists: —
There are many parts of our colony, in which all these species of
Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even prolific
cotton-crop may be obtained. Good cotton for instance has been
produced on the Goulburn-River, the Loddon, the Avoca and the
Murray-River, particularly in places, where water could be applied.
All cultivated kinds of cotton-plants are either naturally perennials or
become such in favorable climes, although they may be treated strictly
as annuals. Some of them will indeed in particular instances grow
to the height of 20 feet. The geographical parallels, between which
cotton-culture is usually placed, stretch in various girdles between
56° north latitude and 36° south latitude. According to General
Capron, cotton is grown in Japan to 40° ndrth latitude, but superior
quality is not obtained north of 35°.
The cotton-culture in the Southern States of North- America
utilized seven million acres before the civil war, cultivated by a mil-
lion and a half of Negroes; India has now 14 million acres in cotton,
as much as the United States in 1879, the yield in the latter being at
an average nearly half a bale per acre, and the export thence in 1881
in value about 260 millions of dollars (J. R. Dodge); in 1883 the
cotton-area of the United States was 16,777,993 acres; in 1882 the
cotton-yield there 6,957,000 bales. The importations of cotton into
the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 15^ million cwt., its value
being £44,000,000; about two-thirds of this came from the United
States. The primary advantages of this important culture are: a
172 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
return in a few months, comparatively easy field-operations, simple
and not laborious process of collecting the crop, and requirement or
but little care in the use of the gin -machine in finally preparing the
raw material for the market, the woolly covering of the seeds consti-
tuting the cotton of commerce. The oil obtained by pressure from
the seeds is useful for various technic purposes, and the oil-cake can
be utilized like most substances of similar kind as a very fattening
stable-food. This oil can even be used quite well in domestic
cookery (Colonel O. Nelson). Crushed cotton-seed cake without
admixture is eaten by cattle and sheep with avidity. Of cotton seeds
212,000 tons were introduced into Great Britain in 1884, valued at
£1,580,000, mostly from Egypt. Sea-Island cotton was raised to
great perfection in the northern parts of Victoria fully twenty-five
years ago from seeds extensively distributed by the writer; but the
want of cheap labor has hitherto militated against the extensive
cultivation of this crop, as well as that of tea and many other indus-
trial plants. Cotton having been reared far away from the influence
of the sea-air, it would be worthy of attempts, to naturalize various
kinds of cotton in the oases of our deserts, irrespective of regular
culture. Our native Gossypiums of the interior produce no fibre
worth collecting. Cotton plants have a predilection for gently undu-
lating or sloping ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of
moisture. In the most favorable climes, such as that of Fiji, cotton
produces flowers and fruit throughout the year, but the principal
ripening falls in the dry season. From two hundred to three hundred
plants or more can be placed on an acre. As many as seven hundred
bolls have been gathered from a single plant at one time, twelve to
twenty capsules yielding an ounce of mercantile cotton. Weeding is
rendered less onerous by the vigorous growth of the plants. Cotton
comes in well for rotation with other crops. Major Clarke has ascer-
tained, that crossing cannot be effected between the oriental and oc-
cidental kinds of cotton. A high summer temperature is needed for
a prolific cotton-harvest. Intense heat, under which even maize will
suffer, does not injuriously affect cotton, provided the atmosphere is
not dry in the extreme. The soil should not be wet, but of a kind
that naturally absorbs and retains humidity, without over-saturation.
In arid regions it is necessary, to irrigate the cotton-plant. Heavy
rains at the ripening period are injurious, if not destructive, to the
cotton-crop. Dry years produce the best returns, yet aqueous vapor
in the air is necessary for the best yield. In colder localities the
bolls or capsules continue to ripen after night-frosts prevent the forma-
tion of new ones. Porous soils, resting on limestones and meta-
morphic rocks, are eminently adapted for cotton-culture. The cane-
brake-soil of the North-American cotton-regions absorbs ammonia to
a prodigious extent.
Gourliaea docorticans, Grisebach.
The Chafiar of Argentina. Bears sweet pleasant fruits, and yields
a tough valuable wood (Dr. Lorentz).
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 173
Grevillea annulifera, F. v. Mueller.
West-Australia. A tall brush or small tree, with highly orna-
mental flowers. The seeds are comparatively large, of almond-taste,
and the fruits produced copiously. The shrub will live in absolute
desert-sands, where the other Australian proteaceous Nut-tree,
Brabejum (Macadamia) ternifolium, could not exist. Well may we
plead, that enlightened statesmanship should lastingly preserve at
least on a few chosen spots also in South-Western Australia all the
splendid Grevilleas and hundreds of other gay or remarkable plants,
quite peculiar to that part of the world, where the endemism of
vegetation is more singularly and strongly concentrated than any-
where else on the globe, unless in South- Africa and California; so
that future generations also may yet be able, to contemplate at least
the local remnants of a world of plants as charming as it is diversified
and peculiar, before many of its constituents succumb by aggress of
herds and flocks altogether.
Grevillea robusta, Cunningham.
A beautiful lawn-tree, indigenous to the sub-tropical part of East-
Australia, rising to 150 feet, of rather rapid growth, and resisting
drought in a remarkable degree; hence one of the most eligible trees,
even for desert-culture. Cultivated trees at Melbourne yield now an
ample supply of seeds. The wood is elastic and durable, valued
particularly for staves of casks, also for furniture. The richly
developed golden-yellow trusses of flowers attract honey-sucking
birds and bees through several months of the year. The seeds are
copiously produced and germinate readily. Rate of growth in
Victoria, 20-30 feet in 20 years.
Grindelia squarrosa Dunal.
North- America in the middle-regions, but extending also far north-
ward. A perennial balsamic herb, praised for medicinal virtues in its
native lands. Several congeners occur from California and Mexico
to Chili and Argentina. G-. robusta (Nuttall) serves therapeutic pur-
purposes in California.
Guadua anglistifolia, Kunth. (Bambusa Guadua, HumboldtandBonpland.)
New Granada, Ecuador and probably other of the Central Ameri-
can States. This Bamboo attains a height of 40 feet, and might
prove hardy in sheltered places of temperate low-lands. Holton re-
marks of this species, that it is, after the plantain, maize and cane, the
most indispensable plant of New Granada, and that it might be called
the lumber-tree, as it supplies nearly all the fencing and wood-work
of most of the houses, and is besides manufactured into all kinds of
utensils. The genus Guadua comprises the stoutest of all Bamboos.
Guadua latifolia, Kunth.* (Bambusa latlfolia, Humboldt and Bonpland.)
One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, whence several other
lofty Bamboos may be obtained, among them the almost climbing
Chusqueas. This Guadua is stouter than any Indian Bamboo. In
tropical America native Bamboos are planted for hedges.
174 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Quadria heterophylla, Ruiz and Pavon.)
The evergreen Hazel-tree of Chili, extending to the Chonos-
Archipelagus. One of the most beautiful trees in existence, attaining
a height of 30 feet. The snowy white flower-spikes produced simul-
taneously with the ripening of the coral-red fruit. In the cooler
southern regions the tree attains considerable dimensions. The wood
is tough and elastic, and used particularly for boat-building (Dr.
Philippi). The fruit of the allied South- African Brabejum stella-
tifolium (Linne) can only be utilized with caution and in a roasted
state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or even absolutely
poisonous in a raw state.
Guizotia oleifera, De Candolle.
India and probably also Abyssinia. Rantil-oil is pressed from the
seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in three mouths. The
oil is much used like Sesamum-oil, for culinary as well as for technic
purposes.
Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck.
Caraccas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive plant
for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves 8 feet broad
and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous leaf-stalks serve as a
vegetable; the thick roots are used for tanning and dyeing. G.
peltata (Philippi) is another large species, restricted to Juan Fernan-
dez. G. macrophylla (Blume) is a native of Java and Sumatra,
where it occurs on mountains up to 6,000 feet elevation.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck.
The Chicot or Kentucky Coffee-tree. North-Eastern America.
A timber- and avenue-tree, attaining a height of 80 feet: allied
to Gleditschia, but, as the name implies, thornless. Delights in a
rich soil and a sheltered position. Can be raised from cuttings of the
roots. The wood is strong, tough, compact, fine-grained, and assumes
a rosy color. The pods, preserved like those of Tamarinds, are said
to be wholesome (Simmonds). Insects preying on the foliage of this
tree are poisoned by it. It will bear the frosts of Norway to lat. 61°
17' (Schuebeler).
Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. (Bray era anthelmintica, Kunth.)
Abyssinia, at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. A tall tree,
admitted in this list, because its flowers have come into medicinal use.
It is moreover quite eligible for ornamental plantations.
Hancornia speciosa, Gomes.
Brazil, to far southern regions, on sandy plains. This small tree
may prove hardy in extra- tropic regions free of frost. The good-sized
berries are of very pleasant taste, and vernacularly known as Man-
gaihas. Most valuable is the very elastic rubber of this plant. Mr.
Thomas Christie regards it superior to Para-Rubber, and worth at
present 3s. per Ib.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 175
Hardwickia binata, Roxburgh.
India, up to elevations of nearly 4,000 feet. Maximum height of
tree 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black, close-grained,
exceedingly hard, heavy and durable; valued for under-ground work.
The bark furnishes easily a valuable material for cordage. The tree
can readily be pollarded for cattle-fodder (Brandis).
Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller.
The Tulip-Wood of Queensland. One of the most important of the
numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select cabinet-work. H.
pendula (Planchon) is equally valuable.
Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon.
The Penny-royal of Eastern North-America. An annual herb of
aromatic taste, employed in medicine. The volatile oil is also in use.
Hedera Helix, Linne".
The Ivy. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia as far as the
Himalayas. Not to be omitted here, as it quickly forms evergreen
walls over all kinds of fences and on sides of buildings without
injuring any masonry; it is also a bee-plant for honey. Individual
plants will live through several centuries. The variety with yellow-
marked leaves is singularly .ornamental. Resists the smoky air of
cities (London). Hederic acid is of medicinal value. A decoction of
the leaves dyes hair black.
Hedysarum coronarium, Linne".*
The Soola-Clover. Southern Europe, Northern Africa. One of
the best of perennial fodder-herbs, yielding a bulky return. It is also
recommended as quite a handsome garden-plant.
Heleocharis sphacelata, R. Brown.
Australia, New Zealand and South-Sea Islands. This rush is well
deserving, to be transferred to any swamps in warmer climes on account
of its nutritious and palatable tubers.
Heleocharis tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes.
China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be sub-
jected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its edible whole-
some tubers. H. plantaginea (Brown) and H. fistulosa (Schultes) of
tropical Asia and Madagascar are allied plants.
Helianthus animus, Linne".*
The Sun-Flower. Peru. This tall, showy and large-flowered
annual is not without industrial importance. As much as fifty bushels
of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been obtained from an acre
under very favorable circumstances, and as much as fifty gallons of
oil can be pressed from such a crop. The latter can be used not only
for machinery, but even as one of the best for the table; also for
superior toilet-soaps and for painting ; it belongs to the series of
drying-oils. Otherwise the seeds afford an excellent fodder for fowl;
176 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
they are also used for cakes, and afford a substitute for coffee,
according to Professor Keller. The leaves serve for fodder. The
large flower-heads are important as yielding much honey The stalks
furnish a good textile fibre, and the blossoms yield a brilliant lasting
yellow dye. About six pounds of seed are required for an acre. The
plant likes calcareous soil. Important also for quickly raising vegeta-
tion around fever-morasses, the absorbing and exhaling power of this
plant being very large (Dr. v. Hamm). The Sun-Flower, according
to Lacoppidan, will exhale 1| Ib. of water during a hot day. Several
North- American species may deserve rural culture. The return from
a Sun-Flower field is attained within a few months. In Norway it
can be grown to lat. 70° 4' (Schuebeler); yet it will, according to the
Rev. H. Kempe, also endure the excessive summer heat of Central
Australia better than any other cultivated herb yet tried there.
Helianthus tuberosus, Lhm<$.*
Brazil. Sun-Flower Artichoke, inappropriately passing under the
name " Jerusalem-Artichoke," instead of " Girasol- Artichoke." The
wild state, according to Professor Asa G-ray, seems to be the North-
American H. doronicoides (Lamarck). The tubers are saccharine and
serve culinary purposes. As a fodder they increase the milk of cows
to an extraordinary degree. The foliage serves well also as fodder.
The plant is propagated from the smallest but undivided tubers, placed
like potatoes, but at greater distances apart. The root is little sus-
ceptible to frost. The plant would be valuable for alpine regions.
In Norway it can be grown successfully still at lat. 68° 24' (Schue-
beler). The yield is as large as that of potatoes, with less labor, and
continues from year to year in fairly treated land uninterruptedly and
spontaneously. The stem is rich in textile fibre. The percentage of
crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season, then 5-6 per
cent. During the summer the starch-like inulin prevails. This
plant can only be broughf to full perfection in a soil rich in potash.
Helichrysura lucidum, Henckel. (H. bracteatum, Willdenow.)
Throughout the greater part of Australia. H. lucidum can be
grown as a summer-plant to lat. 70° 4' in Norway (Schuebeler). The
regular cultivation of this perennial herb would be remunerative, to
supply its everlasting flowers for wreaths, just as those of H. orientale
(Tournefort) from Candia are largely grown and sold in South-
Europe, to provide wreaths for graves. Furthermore, the lovely
Helipterum Mauglesii (F. v. M.) from West- Australia could for the
same purposes be reared on a large scale with several other Australian
everlastings. Some South-African species of Helichrysum and
Helipterum are also highly eligible for these purposes of decoration ;
as such may be mentioned Helichrysum f ulgidum (Willdenow), H.
sesamoides (Thunberg), H. vestitum (Leasing); Helipterum canescens,
H. eximium and H. speciosissimum (De Candolle). Helichrysum
apiculatum (De Candolle) affords herbage in the worst deserts of
Australia.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 177
Heliotropium Peruvianum, Linn<$.
Andes of South- America. A perennial somewhat shrubby plant.
Among various species of Heliotrope this one can best be utilized for
the extraction of the scented oil. Heliotropin obtainable from this
and allied plants has been produced synthetically also.
Helleborus niger, Brunfels.
Forest-mountains of Middle and Southern Europe, particularly in
sub-alpine regions. The Christmas-rose of British Gardens. A
perennial handsome herb, remarkable for flowering even in cold
countries during mid-winter. The roots are used in medicine; so
those of H. viridis (Linne) from the same region, particularly where
lime prevails in the soil.
Helvella esculenta, Persoon.
Europe. Dr. Goeppert notes among saleable Silesian mushrooms
for table-use this species as well as H. gigas (Krombholz) and H.
infula (Fries). Kohlrausch and Siegel found in H. esculenta when
dried 26 per cent, of protein, against the following other results : in
beef 39 per cent., in veal 44, wheat-bread 8, oatmeal 10, pulse 27
potatoes 5, various mushrooms often 33 per cent. Of course starch,
sugar, inulin, pectin, gum and even fibre have to be further taken into
consideration in these calculations on value of nutriments. The dele-
terious principle of H. esculenta needs to be removed by repeated
treatment with boiling water, or by keeping the dried fungus for
about a year before it is used for the kitchen. Dr. M. C. Cooke
mentions as fair English substitutes of Morels Helvella lacunosa
(Afzelius) and H. mitra (Linne). Bergner and Trog illustrate as edible
among fungs of Switzerland H. crispa (Fries).
Hemarthria compressa, R. Brown.
Southern Asia, Southern Africa, extra-tropical Australia. This
perennial grass, though somewhat harsh, is recommendable for moist
pastures, and will retain a beautiful greenness throughout the year
in dry climes ; highly esteemed by graziers in Gippsland (Victoria);
it is not injured by moderate frost. H. uncinata is a mere variety,
which grows down to high-water mark on estuaries of rivers ; also
otherwise on somewhat saline ground. H. fasciculata (Kunth)
occurs around the Mediterranean Sea. The genus is also represented
by one species in the warmer litoral regions of America.
Heracleum Sibiricum, Linn<$.
Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial herb
with leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended for sheep-
fodder in alpine regions. This plant could also be turned to account
for scenic effect in horticulture, as well as H. dulce (Fischer) of
Kamtschatka.
Heterothalamus brunioides, Lessing.
Southern Brazil and Argentina. A dwarf shrub, furnishing the
yellow Romerillo-dye from its flowers.
178 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Hibiscus Cannabinus, Linn£. (H. radiatus, Cavanilles.)
Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. An annual showy herb,
yielding the Garnbo-Hemp. Stems to 12 feet high, without rami-
fication if closely sawn. Rich soil on the Nile has yielded over 3,000
Ibs. of clear fibre from one acre. The bearing strength is often found
to be more than that of the Sunn-fibre. The leaves serve as sorrel-
spinage. Several other Hibisci can be utilized in the same manner.
Good fibre is also obtained from Sida rhombifolia (Linne).
Hibiscus esculentus, Linn£.
Tropical Africa. A tall herb. The unripe mucilaginous seed-
capsules are known as Ochro, Okra Bandakai or Gumbo, and used as
a culinary vegetable. The summers of Victoria bring them to
maturity. The Ochro can be preserved by being dried either in the
sun or by artificial heat after previous slicing. The leaves of this
and allied species can be used as pot-herbs. The seeds retain their
vitality for about five years (Vilmoriu). In hot moist countries also
multiplied from cuttings, and there growing with amazing quickness.
Dr. A. Gibson pronounces the Ochro quite a safe food, even when
extensively consumed.
Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher.
South-Africa. A tall, shrubby and highly ornamental species,
desirable also as yielding a fibre of fair strength and toughness.
Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn£.
Tropical Asia and Africa. A showy annual plant, occasionally of
more than one year's duration, admitting of culture in the warmer
temperate regions ; it is however cut down by frost. It yields the
Rosella-fibre. The acidulous calyces furnish a delicious sorrel and
rosella-jellies, particularly relished in hot climes. H. punctatus
(Dalzell and Gibson) is mentioned as an annual fibre-plant, occurring
in Sindh and Mooltan ; H. tetraphyllus (Roxburgh) is noted by
Prof. Wiesner as an annual Indian fibre-plant also.
Hierochloa redolens, R. Brown.
South-Eastern Australia, there almost confined to the Alps; also in
New Zealand, in the Antarctic Islands and the southern extremity of
America. A tall, perennial, blady grass, with the odor of Anthoxan-
thum. It is worthy of dissemination on moist pasture-land in cool
countries. H. borealis of the colder regions of the northern hemi-
sphere accompanies H. redolens in the south, but is a smaller grass.
These grasses are to some extent valuable for their fragrance as con-
stituents of hay, the odorous principle, as in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus
and Asperula, being cumarin. Hierochloas are particularly appro-
priate for cold, wet, moory grounds.
Hippocrepis comosa, Linn4.
The Horse-shoe Vetch. Middle and Southern Europe, North-
Africa. A perennial fodder-herb, not without importance. Likes
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 179'
stony ground, and delights like most leguminous herbs in limestone-
soil. The foliage is succulent and nutritions. Professor Langethal
recommends it for a change after Sainfoin-pastures fail. It furnishes
not quite as much but an earlier fodder.
Holcus lanatus, Linn£.
Velvet-grass or Meadow-Softgrass, also known as Yorkshire-fog.
Europe, North-Africa, Middle Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat.
63° 34'. A well-known and easily disseminated perennial pasture-
grass, of considerable fattening property. For rich soil better grasses
can be chosen, but for moist, moory or sandy lands and also for forests
it is one of the most eligible pasture-grasses, yielding an abundant
and early crop; it is however rather disliked by cattle as well as
horses. One of the best rural grasses in recently cleared forest-
ground, not — like Cocksfoot-grass and particularly Rye-grass — apt to
be attacked by caterpillars; also suited for suppressing bracken-ferns
after they have been burnt down. Recommendable also for newly
drained land. Does thrive according to the Rev. H. Kempe in the
hottest and driest regions of Central Australia. The chemical analysis
. made in full spring gave the followg results: — Albumen, 3*20; gluten,
4-11; starch, O72; gum, 3'08; sugar, 4'56 per cent. (F. v. Mueller
and L. Rummel).
Holcus mollis, Linn<$.
Creeping Softgrass. Of nearly the same geographic range and
utility as the preceding species. Particularly adapted to sandy forest-
land. Grown in Norway to lat. 63° 7' (Schuebeler).
Holoptelea integrifblia, Planchoii. ( Ulmus integrifolia, Roxburgh. )
The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to sub-alpine
regions. A large tree, with timber of good caiality. Foliage deci-
duous.
Hordeum andicola, Grisebach.
Argentina. Pronounced by Prof. Hieronymus as an excellent
pasture-grass of the Sierras.
Hordeum deficiens, Steudel.
The Red- Sea Barley. One of the two-rowed barleys cultivated in
Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macrolepis, (A. Braun),.
a native of Abyssinia.
Hordeum distichon, C. Bauhin.*
Wild from Arabia to Central Asia (A. de Candolle). Cultivated
as early as the stone-age (Heer). The ordinary Two-rowed Barley.
To this species belong the ordinary English barley, the Chevalier,
the Annat, the Dunlop, the Long-eared, the Black, the Large, the
Italian and the Golden barley, along with other kinds. A variety
with grains free from the bracts constitutes the Siberian- and the
Haliday-barley, which however is less adapted for malt. Dry barley-
flour, heated at the temperature of boiling water during several hours
180 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
under the exclusion of atmospheric air, constitutes Hufeland's meal
for invalids. Barley-culture can be carried on even in alpine regions.
Marly and calcareous lands are particularly fit for rearing this cereal
grass. It resists moderate spring-frosts. As much as 100 bushels of
Cape-barley have been obtained from an acre of land in volcanic soil
of Victoria as a first harvest.
Hordeum hexastichon, Linne.*
Orient. The regular Six-rowed Barley. In cultivation already
during the stone-age (Heer). This includes among other varieties
the Red, the Scotch, the Square- and the Bear-barley. Seeds less
uniform in size than those of H. distichon. The so-called skinless
variety is that, in which the grain separates from the bracts. Lange-
thal observes, that it is most easily raised, requires less seed-grain
than ordinary barley, has firmer stems, is less subject to the rust-
disease and to bending down.
Hordeum secalinum, Schreber.* (H. nodosum, Smith ; H. pratense,
Hudson. )
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. Perennial.
Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat brackish
marsh-pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits, when kept down
by cattle, and finally suppresses nearly all other grasses and weeds.
Hordeum vulgare, Linne.*
Orient. The Four-rowed Barley, though rather six-rowed with two
prominent rows. Of less antiquity than H. distichon and H.
hexastichon. Several varieties occur, among them: the Spring- and
Winter-barley, Black barley, the Russian, the French, the Naked and
the Wheat-barley. Pearl-barley is obtained from the winter-variety,
which also surpasses Summer-barley in rigor of stems and rich and
early yield, it being the earliest cereal in the season; the straw is
copious and nutritious, and the grain is rich in gluten, hence far better
adapted for flour than for malt. Summer-barley also passes under the
name of Sand-barley. It is inferior in yield to H. distichon, but is
content with a less fertile, even sandy soil, and comes to ripeness in a
month's less time. In alpine regions it ripens with a summer of sixty
or seventy days without frost. In Norway it can be grown to lat.
70° (Schuebeler). The Naked barley is superior to many other varie-
ties for peeled barley, but inferior for brewing; the grain is also apt
to drop (Langethal). Malt is important as an antiscorbutic remedy.
Chemical principles of malt: asparagin, a protein substance, diastase,
an acid and cholesterin fat. Maltine is a therapeutic extract.
Hordeum zeocriton, Linne.*
Central Asia. A Two-rowed Barley. To this species belong the
Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham- and the Putney-barley, the Rice-
barley, the Turkish barley and the Dinkel. This species might be
regarded as a variety of H. distichon. The grains do not drop spon-
taneously, and this kind is securer than others against sparrows;
requires however a superior soil and is harder in straw (Laugethal).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 181
Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg.
Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy frnit-stalks of this tree are
edible. H. inasqualis (De Candolle) and H. acerba (Lindley) are
mere varieties of this species.
Hunrulus lupulus, Linne.*
The Hop-plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North-
America. Very hardy, being indigenous in Norway to lat. 64° 12'
and cultivated to lat. 69° 40' (Schuebeler). This twining perennial
unisexual plant is known to yield enormously on river-banks in rich
soil or on fertile slopes, where irrigation can be effected. A pervious,
specially alluvial soil, fertile through manure or otherwise, appliances
for irrigation natural or artificial, and also shelter against storms are
some of the conditions for success in hop-growth, and under such
conditions the raising of hops will prove thus far profitable in coun-
tries and localities of very different mean-temperature. A dry summer
season is favorable to the ripening and gathering of hops. On the
Mitchell-River, in Gippsland, 1,500 Ibs. have been obtained from
an acre; on the King-River in Victoria even as much as 2,286 Ibs. in
one particular year. In Tasmania large crops have been realized for
very many years. The plant might be readily naturalized on river-
banks and in forest-valleys. The scaly fruit-catkins form the com-
mercial hops, whose value largely depends on the minute glandular
granules of lupuline. Hops impart their flavor to beer, prevent
acetous fermentation, and precipitate albuminous substances from the
malt principally by their tannic acid. Hop-pillows are recommended
to overcome want of sleep. Many of the substitutes for hops are
objectionable or deleterious. The refuse of hops of breweries possess
double the value of stable-manure. Great Britain imported in 1884
nearly 13,000 tons of hops valued at £1,600,000. Active principles
of hop-leaves and fruits : a peculiar volatile and bitter acid substance.
The fibre of the stem can be made into cords and paper. The young
shoots can be used for food, dressed like asparagus.
Hydnum coralloides, Scopoli.
Europe, Asia, North- and South-America. In Cashmere, where it
inhabits hollow trunks of Pinus Webbiana, called the Koho-Khur.
Common on dead wood in forests in the United States. Cooked, of
excellent taste.
Hydnum imbricatum,
In pine-forests of Europe. A wholesome mushroom of delicious
taste, which we should endeavour to naturalize in any pine-planta-
tions. Other recommendable European species are, H. erinaceum
(Persoon), H. album (Persoon), H. diversidens (Fries), H. auriscal-
pium (Linne), H. subsquamosum (Batsch), H. laevigatum (Swartz),
H. violascens (Albertini), H. infundibulum (Swartz), H. fuligineo-
album (Schmitz), H. graveolens (Brotero), H. Caput Medusae (Nees),
H. hystrix (Fries). These and some other edible fungi are given on
182 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
the authority of Rosenthal's valuable work. The Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, Dr. Morren and Dr. Goeppert add HydDum repaudum
(Linne) and H. suaveolens (Scopoli).
Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold.
Japan. The leaves of this shrub give a peculiar tea, called the
" Tea of Heaven."
Hydrastis Canadensis, Linne".
The Yellow Puccoon or Golden Seal. Eastern North- America.
A perennial herb, utilized in medicine. The root contains two
alkaloids, berberin and hydrastin. The root-dye is of a brilliant
yellow, admitting of its use with indigo for rich green colors.
Hymeneea Courbaril, Linne".
Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of colossal
size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, extremely heavy, close-
grained, used for select wheel-work, treenails, beams and planks, also
in various machinery. Courbaril-wood exceeds the British oak four
times in elasticity and nearly three' times in resistance to fracture
(Lapparents). A fragrant amber-like resin, known as West-Indian
Copal, exudes from the stem. The Mexican trade-name of the resin
is Coapinole. The beans of the pod are lodged in a mealy pulp of
» honey-like taste, which can be used for food. The chance of the
adaptability of this remarkable tree to the warmer temperate zone
needs to be ascertained. This is one of the Algaroba- trees.
Hymenanthera Banksii, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk-Island. A tall
spiny shrub, well adapted for close hedges, where rapid growth is not
required. It stands clipping well. Flowers profusely fragrant, hence
this plant is among those best to be chosen for maintaining succes-
sively a strong fragrance in gardens during the whole year in serene
climes.
Hyoscyamus niger, Limie".
The Henbane. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropical Asia. In
Norway indigenous to lat. 63° 35'. An important medicinal herb
of one or two years' duration. It contains a peculiar alkaloid, —
hyoscyamin.
Hyphsene Argun, Martins.
Nubia, to 21° north-latitude. Possibly hardy anywhere on lowlands
in the warmer temperate zone.
Hypheene coriacea, Gaertner.
Equatorial Eastern Africa; the dichotomous Palm of the sea-
coast-regions. It attains a height of 80 feet. Deserving of cultural
trials in cooler latitudes.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 183
Hyphaene crinita, Gaertner. (H. Thebaica, Martius.)
The Gingerbread-Palm or Doum-Palm. Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia
and Egypt, as far as 31° north latitude, and southward to the Zam-
besi, Nyassa and Sofala. In Arabia to 28° north latitude (Schwein-
furth); up to the plateau of Abyssinia (Drude). It is much branched,
and attains a height of about 30 feet. The mealy husk of the fruit
is edible. Grows away from the sea.
Hypheene ventricosa, Kirk.
Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem turgid towards
the middle. Fruit large. Perhaps not absolutely requiring a tropical
clime.
Hypochoeris apargioides, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili. A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary purposes
like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica.
Hypoclic0ris Scorzonerse, F. v. Mueller. (Achyrophorus Scorzonerce, D.C.)
Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Allied species of pro-
bably similar utility exist in Western South- America.
Hyssopus officinalis, Linne".
South-Europe, South- Western Asia. A perennial herb, discarded
and re-introduced in medicine. The essential oil of this herb is also
used for some perfumeries.
Ilex Aquifolium, Linne".
The Holly. Europe, Western Asia. In some cold regions the only
evergreen tree not coniferous. Known to have attained an age of
more than 150 years, a height of 60 feet, and a stem-circumference
of 8|- feet. It yields a wood for ornamental turnery, mathematic
and other instruments, remarkable for its almost whitish paleness.
In Norway it is indigenous to lat. 63° 7', and in lat. 59° 45' it at-
tained still a height of nearly 50 feet (Professor Schuebeler).
Ilex Cassine, Linne".
Southern States of North- America. A tea-bush, to which also
remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed. Ilex opaca (Aiton)
attains a height of over 50 feet in Alabama.
Ilex crenata, Thunberg.
Japan. The wood employed there for superior kinds of wood-
cuts. This shrub proved hardy in Holland (C. Koch).
Ilex Integra, Thunberg.
Japan. Bird-lime can be prepared from the bark of this and
several other hollies; from this species at the rate of 10 per cent.
Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire.
The Mate. Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. This
Holly-bush, which attains the size of a small tree, is inserted in this
list rather as a stimulating medicinal plant than as a substitute for the
N
184 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
ordinary Tea-plant, although in its native country it is very exten-
sively used as such. From the province of Parana alone more than
36 million pounds were exported in 1871, besides 9 million pounds
used for home-consumption; while in Rio Grande de Sul the local
provincial consumption is nearly four times as much, not counting
large quantities consumed by the aboriginal race. It is cheaper than
coffee or tea (about 5d. per pound), but an individual there uses
about 1 Ib. per week. It has a pleasant aroma, can be taken with
milk and sugar, and is the favorite beverage in large portions of
South- America (Dr. Macedo Soares). The leaves destined for the
Mate are slightly roasted. I. Dahoon (Walter) and I. dipyrena
(Wallace) are used for the same purpose, and probably other hollies
may be found occasionally fair substitutes. I. theezans (Martius)
also yields in Southern Brazil a kind of Mate. Chemical principles:
coffein, quina-acid and a peculiar tannic acid, which latter can be
converted into viridin-acid.
Hex verticillata, Gray. (Prinos verticillatus, Linne". )
Eastern North-America. There the bark much used for medicinal
purposes, both externally and internally.
Illicium anisatura, Linne*.
China and Japan. The Star-Anis. An evergreen shrub or small
tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a condiment.
Their flavor is derived from a peculiar volatile oil with anethol.
This species and a few others also deserve culture as ornamental
bushes.
Illipe butyracea, F. v. Mueller. (Bassia butyracea, Roxburgh.)
India, up to 4,500 feet. A tree, gaining a height of 50 feet. The
pulp of the fruit is edible. The seeds yield a soft fat.
Illipe latifolia, F. v. Mueller. (Bassia latifolia, Roxburgh.)
The " Mahwa." Central India. A tree to 50 feet high, content
with dry, stony ground ; enduring slight frost. The succulent corolla
affords a never-failing crop of nourishing food to the rural inhabi-
tants. Each tree supplies 2 to 3 cwt., each hundredweight yields
on distillation about 3 gallons of spirit; essential oil is also obtained
from the corolla. The flowers are also used for feeding cattle; they
will keep for a long time. The seeds yield oil of thick consistence.
I. neriifolia is an allied species, which ascends to 4,000 feet.
Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo.
South-Europe, North-Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, Aus-
tralia, Polynesia. The Lalong-grass of India. Almost a sugar-cane
in miniature. Valuable for binding sand, especially in wet localities.
Difficult to eradicate. Available also for thatching.
Indigofera Anil, Linne".
Recorded as indigenous to the West-Indies, and extending naturally
through continental America from Carolina to Brazil. A shrub,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 185
several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped, short, compressed. One of
the principal Indigo-plants under cultivation both in the eastern and
western hemisphere. Only in the warmer parts of the temperate zone
can we hope to produce indigo with remunerative success. But many
of the hardier species seem never yet to have been tested for pigment.
Over 100 have already been recorded from extra-tropical Southern
Africa alone. An Indigofera of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I.
Anil, yields an excellent product. The pigment in all instances is
obtained by maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid and
inspissation of the sediment.
Indigofera argentea, Linn£. (7. ccerulea, Roxburgh.)
Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia and perhaps
India. A shrub, several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and like-
wise a good Indigo-plant.
Indigofera tinctoria, Linn^.*
Warmest parts of Asia, as far east as Japan; recorded also from
tropical Africa and even Natal as wild and seemingly also indigenous
to Northern Queensland. A shrubby plant, attaining a height of 6
feet. Pods straight, cylindical, many-seeded. Extensively cultivated
in warm zones for indigo, and probably hardy in warm temperate
regions. The plant is frequently sold fresh by the grower to the
factories. The Indigo-plant requires a rich friable soil, neither too
moist nor too dry. The seeds are sown in furrows about a foot apart,
and in hot damp climes the plant can be cut in about two months, as
soon as it begins to flower; in six or eight weeks it yields a second
crop, and under favorable circumstances as many as four crops can be
gathered in a year. The plants have to be renewed every year, as the
old ones do not yield an abundant produce. Bright sunshine favors
the development of the dye-principle, but frequent rains cause a more
luxuriant growth (Hartwig). In 1884 Great Britain imported 1 04,000
cwt. of Indigo, valued at £2,484,000.
Inula Helenium, Linn£.
The Elecampane. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia east-
ward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and somewhat aromatic
root, for the sake of its stimulating and tonic properties used in medi-
cine. It contains also the amylaceous inulin and the crystalline
helenin. With many other large herbs adaptable for scenic effects.
Ipomcea Batatas, Poiret.* (Batatas edulis, Choisy.)
The Sweet Potato. Tropical South-America. First brought to
Europe from Brazil. It has proved well adapted also for the southern
part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tuberous roots afford a
palatable food, more nutritious than ordinary potatoes; they can also
be well utilized for starch. Varieties with red, white and yellow
roots occur. Each tuber weighs generally from 3 to 5 Ibs., but may
occasionally attain to 56 Ibs. The yield is . 200 to 800 bushels from
an acre.
N2
186 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Ipomcea Batatilla, G. Don.
Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet potatoes.
I. platanifolia (Roemer and Schultes), from Central America, and I.
m'ammosa (Choisy), from Amboina, are similarly useful.
Ipomcea Calobra, Hill and Mueller.
Eastern Central Australia. Hardy in the South of France (Prof.
Naudin). The stems cover the ground for a radius of several yards;
the spots becoming picturesque by the showy large flowers for 8 months
in the year; the tubers are formed at 4 or 5 yards' distance along
running roots, weigh from 5 to 30 lbs.,.and are a fair esculent. The
plant likes a ferruginous loam (Rev. Dr. Woolls).
Ipomcea costata, F. v. Mueller.
Central and North-Western Australia. Produces edible tubers.
Ipomcea graminea, R. Brown.
Tropical Australia. The root, called " Mallamak," is eaten by the
natives either raw or cooked (Foelsche).
Ipomcea magapotamica, Choisy.
Southern Brazil and Argentina. The root attains several pounds
weight, and serves as jalap. Propagation by pieces of the root or
from cuttings of the underground-stem.
Ipomoea paniculata, R. Brown.
Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts ; so also indigenous
to North- Australia and the warmer parts of East- Australia. The
tubers of this species also are edible. If hardy, the plant would de-
serve cultivation in any mild extra-tropical countries.
Ipomcea pes caprae, Roth.
Tropical and sub-tropical sea-shores of both hemispheres.. Can be
used in coast-regions free of frost, to bind drift-sand. Preferentially
chosen for this purpose by Colonel Worster in Madras.
IpomcBa purga, Wenderoth.
Mountains of Mexico. The true Jalap. This species yields the
medicinal jalap-root. It has recently been cultivated with apparent
success even at New York, and is therefore entitled to a trial in warm
woodlands. Active principle : the resinous convolvulin. I. Oriza-
bensis (Ledanois) also yields jalap, according to Hanbury.
Ipomcea simulans, Hanbury.
Mexico. From this species the Tampico-jalap, or rather the Sierra-
Gorda-jalap, is derived. I. operculata (Martius) yields the Brazilian
jalap.
Iris Florentina, Linne".
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The well-known " Orris-
root " is obtained from this species. Of the same geographic range
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 187
is Iris juncea (Poiret), the edible root of which is known by the name
of-Zeloak among the Algerian natives (Simmonds). I. versicolor
(Linne) of North-America is there drawn into medicinal use.
Isatis indigotica, Fortune.
Northern China. Perennial, almost shrubby. Its use is similar to
that of the following plant.
Isatis tinctoria, Linn<$.
" Dyer's Woad." From the Mediterranean regions through part of
the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan. In Norway it is
hardy to lat. 67° 16' (Schuebeler). A tall herb of two years' dura-
tion. The blue dye is obtained from the fermented leaves. Woad
succeeds best in rich limestone-ground. Contains luteolin. Many
other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic, may perhaps produce dye with
equal advantage. Boissier enumerates twenty-eight kinds merely as
Oriental.
Jacaranda mimosifolia, D. Don.
Brazil. This tree, with J. Braziliana and J. obtusifolia (Humboldt),
furnishes a beautiful and fragrant kind of Palixander- or Palissandre-
wood, and so do probably some other tropical American species.
This wood is bluish-red, traversed by blackish veins. J. mimosifolia
is hardy at Melbourne, soon recovering from the injuries of our slight
nocturnal frosts, and thus may perhaps be reared with advantage in
many of the warmer and moister regions of the temperate zone.
Jacksonia cupulifera, Meissner.
West-Australia. It might prove an advantage, to disseminate this
small tree in arid desert-regions, as horses and cattle relish the foliage
amazingly. Several other Jacksonias share the local renown, which
this congener of theirs has acquired from its utility as a pasture-
bush.
Jasmirmm grandiflorum, Linn<$.*
From India to Japan. Flowers white. Extensively cultivated in
South-Europe. It is planted in rows 3 feet apart. Leek, tuberoses
and similar plants are used, to occupy the spare-ground for the first
year ; 1,000 plants in the second year after grafting produce 50 kilos
(about 1 cwt.) of flowers in rich soil. Ten thousand Ibs. can be pro-
duced on a hectare (nearly 2j acres), which under very favorable cir-
cumstances will realize a profit of £230 per annunl. Dr. Piesse records,
that in very recent times at Grasse, Cannes and the adjoining villages
about 100,000 Ibs. of Jasmin-flowers were gathered annually for
perfumery-purposes. The plants must be guarded against frost and
exposure to wind (Deherain). In France this jasmin is generally
grafted .on J. officinale. The bushes are richly manured and well
watered. Ordinary cleft-grafting is practised, the stock being headed
down to near the ground. A good workman and assistant will graft
about 1,000 plants in a day. The delicate scent is withdrawn, either
188 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
by fixed oil or fat through alcohol, if not required by itself, or it may
be drawn over along with oil of orange-peel. The pecuniary yield
obtainable from Jasmin-cultivation seems vastly overrated, even if
inexpensive labor could be produced.
Jasminum odoratissimum, Linn<L
Madeira. Shrubby like the rest. Flowers yellow. Used like the
foregoing and following for perfumery. This may be prepared by
spreading the flowers upon wool or cotton slightly saturated with olive
oil or other fixed oil, and covering them with other layers so prepared.
The flowers are renewed from time to time until the oil is thoroughly
pervaded by the scent, when the latter is withdrawn by alcohol.
Other modes of extracting the oil seem feasible.
Jasminum officinale, Linn<$.
From the Caucasus to China. Flowers white. This is the
principal species cultivated in South-Europe for its scent. In Cannes
and Nice about 180,000 Ibs. of jasmin-flowers are produced annually
for distillation (Regel). By Simmonnet's process the essence of
jasmin is solidified as jasminin.
Jasminum Sambac, Aiton.
From India to Japan. It has the richest perfume of all. The
bush attains a height of 20 feet, and is almost climbing. The
flowers are white, and must be collected in the evening before expan-
sion. The relative value of many other species of jasmin, nearly all
from the warmest parts of Asia, seems in no instance to have been
ascertained, so far as their oils or scents are concerned. The Austra-
lian species are .also deliciously fragrant, amongst which J. lineare,
Br., occurs in Victorian deserts; while also J. didymum, Forst., J.
racemosum, F. v. M., J. simplicifolium, Forst., J. calcarenm, F. v.
M. and J. suavissimum, LindL, reach extra-tropical latitudes.
Jubsea spectabilis, Humboldt.
The tall and stout Coquito-Palm of Chili, hardy still in Yaldivia.
Adapted for mild extra-tropical latitudes. A kind, of treacle is
obtained from the sap of this palm. A good tree will give 90 gallons
of mellaginous sap (C. Darwin). The small kernels are edible. Stem
reaching a height of 60 feet, turgid towards the middle; leaves
sometimes 10 feet long. Has endured at Montpellier a winter cold ot
+ 10° F. (Osw. de Kerchove de Denterghem). Jubaea Torallyi
ascends the Andes to 8,500 feet. First introduced into the colony of
Victoria by the writer of this work.
Juglans cinerea, Linn£.*
The Butternut-tree of Eastern Xorth- Am erica. About 50 feet
high; stem-diameter to 4 feet. Growth of comparative celerity;
admits of transplantation readily. Likes rocky places in rich
forests, but is also content with poor soil. Wood lighter than that of
the black walnut, durable and free from attacks of insects. It is
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 1 89
particularly sought for furniture, panels of coaches, corn-shovels,
wooden dishes and similar implements, as it is not heavy nor liable to
split. Splendid for select posts and rails needing durability ; it is
soft and therefore easily worked. This tree with J. nigra endures
even the severe frosts of St. Petersburg, where the Caryas can no
longer be maintained (Regel). The kernel of the nuts is more oily
than that of the ordinary walnut; taste similar to that of Brazil-nuts.
The leaves, bark and husk are of medicinal importance, and so are
those of other species. The sap is saccharine (C. Koch).
Juglans cordiformis, Maximo wicz.
Japan. This species approaches in many respects J. Sieboldiana.
Juglans Mandschurica, Maximowicz.
Corea and Mandschuria. This Walnut is allied to J. cinerea of
North-America. Wood splendid for cabinet-work. The nuts avail-
able as well for the table as for oil-factories.
Juglans nigra, Linn<$.*
Black Walnut-tree. Eastern North -America. Attains a height of
80 feet; trunk grows to 6 feet in diameter; fond of rich forest-land.
Quicker of growth than the European walnut-tree, but the wood not
so easily worked (Meehan). Maximum rate of circumferential stem-
growth in Nebraska 4 feet at 2 feet from the ground in 16 years
(Furnas). The tree will bear fruit after 10 years, giving, when ot
large size, 10 to 15 or even 20 bushels in a season, realizing as much
as 4 shillings per bushel. The tree is hardy still in Christiania,
Norway. Wood most ornamental, purplish-brown, turning dark with
age, strong, tough, not liable to warp nor to split; not attacked by
insects. Supplies three-fourths of the material for hardwood-furniture
in the United States (Sargent), and fetches there the highest price.
Wood stored for many years is the best for gun-stocks, and used
also for musical instruments. For the sake of its compactness,
durability and its susceptibility to high polish, it is much
sought for elegant furniture, stair-rails and other select purposes.
Seeds more oily than the European walnut. The tree extends in a
slightly altered variety to Bolivia and Argentina.
Juglans regia, Linn£.*
The ordinary Walnut-tree of Europe, indigenous in Hungary
(Heuffel) and Greece (Heldreich), extending from the Black Sea to
Beloochistan and Burmah, and seemingly also occurring in North-
China, preferentially in calcareous soil. It attains a height of fully
100 feet, and lives many centuries. Professor Schuebeler found it
hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 35', bearing fruit occasionally; in lat.
60° 14' it attained still a height of nearly 50 feet and a stem-circum-
ference of 13 feet. An aged walnut-tree at Mentraore had a circum-
ference of 12-| feet at 4 feet from the ground, its branches spreading
diametrically to about 100 feet (Masters). Wood light and tough,
much sought for gun-stocks, the exterior of pianofortes and the
190 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
choicest furniture. The shells of the nut yield a black pigment, the
leaves serve also for dye-purposes and have come farther into external
medicinal use. Trees of select quality of wood have been sold for
£600, the wood being the most valuable of Middle-Europe. In some
departments of France a rather large quantity of oil is pressed from
the nuts, which, besides serving as an article of diet, is used for the
preparation of fine colors. To obtain first-class fruit, the trees are
grafted in France (Michaux). An almost huskless variety occurs in
the north of China. Can be grown in cold localities, as it lives up
to 2,000 feet elevation in Middle-Europe. Nuts for distant trans-
mission, to arrive in a fit state for germination, are best packed quite
fresh in casks between layers of dry moss. The foliage yields a
brown dye, and is administered occasionally also for medicinal effect.
Juglans rupestris, Engelmann.
From California to New Mexico, along the course of streams in
rich moist soil. A handsome symmetrical tree of much utility, attain-
ing a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 3 feet (Dr. Gibbons).
Hardy in Christiania still.
Juglans Sieboldiana, Maximowicz.
Throughout Japan, where it forms a large tree.
Juglans stenocarpa, Maximowicz.
From the Amoor- territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica.
Juniperus Bermudiana, Hermann.*
The Pencil-Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species grows
sometimes to 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red durable wood,
used for boat-building, furniture and particularly pencils, also for
hammer-shanks of pianofortes, on account of its pleasant odor and
special fitness. It is almost the only native timber of Bermuda. It
will thrive in the poorest soil, for instance coral-sand, and has a very
great power to resist storms on account of the deeply penetrating
roots, which may reach to 30 feet. Planks of 32 inches width have
been obtained (Lieut. -General Sir J. H. Lefroy). Many of the
plants in gardens called Thuya or Biotia Meldensis belong to this
species.
Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine.
In the Azores, up to 4,800 feet; a nice tree with sometimes silvery
foliage.
Juniperus Cedrus, Webb.
A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary-Islands.
Juniperus Chinensis, Linne".
In temperate regions of the Himalayas, up to an altitude of 15,000
feet, also in China and Japan. Hardy in Christiania (Schuebeler).
This tree is known to rise exceptionally to about 100 feet, with a
stem-girth of 13 feet; it is of comparatively rapid growth, furnishing
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 191
a reddish, soft and fine-grained wood, suitable for pencils (Hoopes).
Probably identical with it is the Himalayan Pencil-Cedar (Juniperus
religiosa, Royle). The timber of some other tall Junipers needs
tests.
Juniperus communis, Linn&
Colder parts of Europe, Asia, North- Africa and North-America,
ascending the European Alps to 8,000 feet, the Indian mountains to
14,000 feet. In Norway it is indigenous to lat. 71° 10', and under
60° 10' it attains still a height of 40 feet (Professor Schuebeler).
One of the three native Coniferae of Britain. The berry-like fruits
are of medicinal value, also used in the preparation of gin. Important
for fuel in the coldest regions. Will grow on almost pure sand.
Juniperus drupacea, La Billardiere.
Plum-Juniper. A very handsome long-leaved species, the " Habhel"
of Syria. It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces a sweet edible
fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient.
Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein.
In Asia Minor, 2,000 to 6,000 feet above the sea-level. Extends
to the Himalayas, where its range of elevation is from 5,000 to 14,000
feet. A stately tree, to 90 feet high. Trunk short, but of great
girth, over 20 feet circumference being known according to Stewart
and Brandis, who refer to this the J. Chineusis of Parlatore.
Juniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal.
In Mexico, at from 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. A tree reaching
30 feet in height, rich in sandarac-like resin.
Juniperus foetidissima, Willdenow.
A tall and beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, also on the Balkan
and in North-Greece, at from 5,000 to 6,500 feet.
Juniperus Mexicana, Schiede.
Mexico, at elevations from 7,000 to 11,000 feet. A straight
tree, sometimes to 90 feet high; stem to three feet in diameter, exuding
copiously a resin similar to sandarac.
Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker.
North-California and Oregon, ascending to 5,000 feet. A straight
tree, to as much as 80 feet high, with a stem reaching often 3 feet in
diameter. Wood pale, comparatively hard, close-grained, thrives well
among rocks.
Juniperus Phcenicea, Linn£.
South-Europe and Orient. A small tree, yielding an aromatic
resin.
Juniperus procera, Hochstetter.
In Abyssinia and Arabia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard, useful
timber.
192 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Juniperus recurva, Hamilton.
On the Himalayas, from 7,500 to 15,000 feet. A tree attaining 80
feet in height according to J. Hoopes.
Juniperus sphserica, Lindley.
North-China. A handsome tree, sometimes to 40 feet high.
Juniperus Virginiana, Linne".
North- American Pencil-Cedar or Red Cedar, extending to 45° N.L.
eastward and to 52° westward; likes limestone-subsoil. A drooping
variety exists. Hardy still in Christiania. A handsome tree, rarely
to 90 feet high, supplying a fragrant timber; it is dense, fine-grained,
light and of pleasant odor; the inner part is of a beautiful red color;
the outer is white; it is much used for pencils; one of the best of all
woods for buckets, tubs and casks. Simmonds observes, that fence-
posts of this wood last for ages. Of wonderful durability for railway
cross-ties (Barney). The heartwood is almost imperishable (Vasey),
nor is it bored by insects. The tree grows best near the sea, but is
rather independent of soil and locality. Rate of growth in Nebraska
according to Governor Furnas 26 inches stem-girth at 2 feet from the
ground in 12 years. One cwt. of wood yields in distillation at an
average 28 ounces of fragrant oil used for scented soaps (Piesse,
Lubin.)
Juniperus Wallichiana, J. Hooker and Thomson.
From the Indus to Sikkim, at elevations from 9,000 to 15,000 feet.
Attains a height of about 60 feet. Desirable for transfer to any Alps.
Wood similar to that of J. excelsa (Stewart and Brandis).
Justicia Adhatoda, Linne\
India; enduring the climate of the lowlands of Victoria. This
bush possesses anti-spasmodic and febrifugal properties. ' It can be
utilized also as a hedge-plant.
Kentia Baueri, Seemann. (Rhopalostylis Bauer i, H. Wendland and Drude.)
The Norfolk-Island Palm. Height to 40 feet.
Kentia Beccarii, F. v. Mueller. (Nengella montana, Beccari.)
On the mountains of New Guinea, up to 4,500 feet. This slender
palm is only a few feet high and eligible for domestic decoration.
Kentia Belmoriana, Moore and Mueller. (Howea Belmoriana, Beccari.)
The Curly Palm of Lord Howe's Island; about 40 feet high. With
its congeners evidently designed to grace our gardens, and to become
also important for horticultural traffic abroad. K. Fosteriaua is a close
ally, restricted to the same island.
Kentia Canterburyana, Moore and Mueller. (Hedyscepe Canterbury ana, H.
Wendland and Drude.)
Umbrella-palm of Lord Howe's Island. Likewise a tall and hardy
palm, growing at or below 2,000 feet altitude.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 193
Kentia Moluccana, Beccari.
Ternate, at heights up to 3,500 feet. This noble and comparatively
hardy palm attains a height of about 90 feet.
Kentia sapida, Blume. (Rhoj)alostylis sapida, H. Wendland and Drude.)
The Nika-palm of New Zealand and the Chatham-Islands. It rises
to a height of about 40 feet, is one of the hardiest of all palms, and
extends to the most southern latitude attained by any palm, being
found down to 44° south. Proved hardy in Stewart's Island; Charl.
Traill. The unexpanded flower-spikes can be converted into food as
palm-cabbage.
Knig-htia excelsa, R. Brown.
The Rewa-Rewa of New Zealand. The wood of this tree is
recommended as valuable for ornamental work and furniture (Camp-
bell Walker).
Kochia eriantha, F. v. Mueller.
Proved an excellent fodder-herb for sheep on the hot and dry pas-
tures of Central Australia, where the temperature in summer reaches
120° F. in the shade, and in the winter falls to 27° (Rev. H. Kempe)*
Several other Australian species of Kochia afford excellent pasture-
fodder.
Kochia pubescens, Moquin.
South-Africa ; there one of the best salt-bushes for pastures
(McOwan).
Kochia villosa, Lindley.
In most of the depressed and saline regions of Australia, particu-
larly inland, also on sand-lands. Renowned amongst occupiers of
pasture-runs as the " Cotton-bush," strangely so called, on account of
downy adventitious excrescences. This rather dwarf shrub resists
the extremes of drought and heat of even the trying Central Austra-
lian clime. The roots sometimes penetrate into the ground to a depth
of a dozen feet. With all other pasture animals also dromedaries
like this and some other salt-bushes particularly for food; so also
ostriches (Officer).
Koeleria cristata, Persoon.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair nutri-
tive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely allied K. glauca
can be sown with advantage on coast-sand.
Krameria triandra, Ruiz.
Chili, Peru and Bolivia, at elevations of from 3,000 to 8,000 feet.
This pretty little shrub can be grown on sandy ridges in an equable
clime. It produces the medicinal Ratanhia-root, well known also as
a dentrifice, and used further for coloring wine. The root contains 38
to 43 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). Some other species have similarly
astringent roots, particularly K. Ixine (Loefling), from Central
194 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
America and the West-Indies. Some could be chosen to aid in adorn-
ing and diversifying our gardens. Krameria is placed by Eichler
among caesalpinous Leguminosse.
Lactuca sativa, C. Bauhin.
Southern Asia. The ordinary annual Lettuce, in use since remote
antiquity. It is not without value for medicinal purposes, especially
as a sedative. L. Scariola (Linne) seems to be the wild state of the
garden-lettuce, and is a native of all the countries around the Medi-
terranean Sea. Mess. Dippe in Quedlinburg devote exclusively
130 acres to the culture of lettuce merely for seed. Mons. Vilmorin
notes the seeds to retain their power of germination for about five
years. L. altissima, Bieberstein, is a variety attaining a height of
9 feet. All yield lactucarium.
Lactuca virosa, Linn£.
Middle and South-Europe, North- Africa, Middle-Asia. A biennial.
The inspissated juice particularly of this lettuce forms the sedative
lactucarium.
Lapageria rosea, Ruiz and Pavon.
The Copigue. Chili. Almost the only plant, which can exist in
the area covered by the sulphurous smoke of the local smelting fur-
naces (Dr. R. O. Cunningham). A half-woody climber with large
showy flowers. The berries, which attain the size of a hen's egg,
are sweet and edible. The plant bears slight frosts.
Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon.
Chili. A climber with stems of enormous length. Might be na-
. turalized in forests for obtaining the tough fibre for cordage. In its
native country the terrified stems are used instead of ropes, according
to Dr. Philippi.
Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray.
Middle and Southern Europe. The stems of this perennial herb
are edible. The fruits serve as a condiment.
Lasiocorys Capensis, Bentham.
South-Africa. Professor McOwan directs attention to the economy
of this plant, it having a singular propensity of rendering rainwater
retained in small gutters; the Lasiocorys compacts the detritus and
impedes also soil washed onward, forming natural little catch-dams.
The plant is bitter, hence not consumed by goats and sheep in plenti-
ful times.
Xiathyrus Cicera,
Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea, also Canary-Islands.
An annual, similar in its use to L. sativus, furnishing a tender palat-
able fodder on sandy soil. L. Clymenum, L., from the same regions,
serves similar purposes.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 195
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Wimmer. (Orobus tuberosus, Linn£.)
Europe, Western Asia. This herb would gradually establish pas-
turage in sterile forest-regions, and could with some allied species be-
disseminated in alpine elevations.
Lathyrus pratensis, Linn6.
The Meadow-Pea. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. Hardy
in Norway to lat. 69° 40'. A good perennial pasture-herb. It can
also be utilized for forest-pastures, like L. silvestris, L. The yield is
considerable, and the herbage, though bitter, is relished by sheep.
The plant spreads easily, particularly on fresh ground. L. tuberosus^
L., can likewise be utilized as a fodder-herb; its tubers are edible,
but very small ; the plant is easily naturalized.
Lathyrus sativus, Linne.
The Jarosse. Middle and Southern Europe. An annual forage-
herb. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). Superior
to vetches in quality of fodder and seed, but inferior in yield; accord-
ing to Langethal's observations, content with a lighter soil, hence
often chosen for first sowing on. sand-lands. Lime in the soil increases
the return. The seeds can only be used with great caution, as their
frequent or continous use, like that of L. Cicera, induces paralysis,
not only in horses, cattle and birds, but even in the human subject.
The plant should therefore only be used for its herbage. The seeds
will keep about five years. Probably other specimens of Lathyrus
could advantageously be introduced.
Launsea pinnatifida, Cassini.
Coast of tropical Asia and East-Africa. A perennial herb, with
creeping and rooting stems, arching from node to node (Hooker), by
which means it keeps down drift-sand (Cleghorn, Bidie). In this
respect the plant has rendered such good services on the Indian coasts,
that its transfer to other shores in frostless zones seems desirable,
particularly as it does not stray away from the coast to invade cultural,
lands.
Laurelia aromatica, Jussieu.
Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Valdivia the principal one used
for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and well able to stand
exposure to the open air, far superior to that of L. serrata (Bertero),,
the " Vouvan or Huahuoa," which tree predominates over L. aromatica
in the far south of Chili (Dr. Philippi).
Laurus nobilis, Linn£.
South-Europe and Asia Minor. The Warrior's Laurel of the
ancients, generally called in Britain " Sweet Bay." Greatest height
about 60 feet, but always displaying a tendency to emit suckers and
rarely assuming a tree-like character (London). The leaves are in
much request for various condiments, and for their peculiar aroma
these Bay-leaves cannot be replaced by any others, unless those of
Lindera Benzoin and Machilus odoratissima.
196 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Lavandula angnstifolia, C. Bauhin. (L. vera, De Candolle.)
The principal Lavender-Plant. Countries around and near the
Mediterranean Sea. Of somewhat shrubby growth; from it, by dis-
tillation, the best oil of lavender is prepared ; the English being
superior to others. It lives on dry soil, but is less hardy than the
following, still it will grow in Norway to lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler).
A thousand plants will only yield about two quarts of oil (Piesse).
The plants last about four years for distillation -purposes. The
plantations should be renewed at intervals of three or four years.
The soil should be calcareous (Vilmorin). Easily grown from cuttings
also.
Lavandula latifolia, C. Bauhin. (L. Spica, De Candolle. )
South-Europe, North-Africa. This species is the richest yielder
of oil. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67° 56'. The Lavenders are easily
multiplied by slips. Seeds will keep for five years.
Lavandula Stcechas, Linne".
South-Europe, North-Africa. "Topped Lavender." This shrub
can also be utilized for oil-distillation and other purposes, for which
the two other Lavenders are used. The quality of the oil of these
species seems to differ according to their locality of growth. Mr.
James Dickinson, of Port Arlington, Victoria, informs us that this is
the best plant known to him for staying sand. It grows much quicker
than the Ulex; every seed which falls germinates, so that around
each bush every stroke of the spade brings up lots of seedlings fit
for transplantation. In mild regions it is five months in full flower
annually, coming into bloom early. Bees are passionately fond of
the nectar of the flowers. Mr. Dickinson calculates, that a ton of
the finest-flavored honey can be obtained annually from an acre of this
Lavender.
Lavatera arborea, Linn£.
"Tree-Mallow" of the countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A
tall biennial plant of rapid growth. The ribbon-like bast is produced
in greater abundance and more rapidly than in most malvaceous plants,
and is recommended for paper-material. Bears frost to 15° F. (Gorlie).
The Tree-Mallow might easily be naturalized on sea-shores, where it
would be useful as a quick shelter. Perhaps it might serve with
allied plants for green manure. The bulky foliage has proved valuable
for fodder, and so has that of Lavatera plebeja (Sims) of Australia.
Lawsonia alba, Lamarck.
North- and Middle- Africa, Arabia, Persia, India and North- Western
Australia. The " Henne or Henna-bush." It may become of use as
a dye-plant in regions free from frost. The orange pigment is ob-
tained from the ground foliage. Mr. C. B. Clarke considers it one of
the best hedge-plants in India, together with Dodonaea viscosa (Linne)
and Odina Wodier (Roxburgh).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 197
Leersia hexandra, Swartz.
Africa, South- Asia, warmer parts of America and Australia. Found
by Mr. Bailey to be one of the most relished by cattle among aquatic
grasses of East- Australia. In the Philippines regularly cultivated for
fodder in the manner of rice. L. Gouini (Fournier) is a Mexican
species.
Leersia oryzoides, Solander.
Middle and South-Europe, various parts of Asia, Africa and Ame-
rica. A perennial rather rough swamp-grass. Other Leersias from
both hemispheres are deserving of introduction, if even only for the
benefit of waterfowl.
Leonotis Leonurus, R. Brown.
South- Africa. The foliage of this highly ornamental bush deserves
attention for therapeutic purposes, as, according to Professor Owen,
the leaves, when used like tobacco, are highly stimulative.
Leontice th.alictroi.des, Linn£. (CaulophyUum thalictroides, Michaux.)
. North-America. " Blue Cohosh," or " Pappoose-root." A peren-
nial herb, the root of which is in medicinal use. The resin, extracted
from the root, contributes the caulophyllin as an emmenagogue.
Lepidium latifolium, Linn£.
Europe, North-Africa, Middle- and North- Asia. A perennial herb
of peppery acridity, used for some select sauces.
Lepidium sativum, Linn£.
The " Cress"-Orient. Annual. Irrespective of its culinary value,
cress is of use as one of the remedies in cases of scurvy. Seeds will
keep for several years, Active principle: a volatile oil and the
bitter lepidin. The crisp-leaved variety preferentially reared.
Lepidosperma gladiatum, La Billardtere.
The Sword-Sedge of the sea-coast of extra-tropical Australia.
One of the most important plants for binding sea-sand, also yielding
a paper-material as good as Sparta. Mr. Th. Christy has brought the
" Cross" process for textile fabrics or paper-pulp recently into use,
which consist in treating vegetable fibrous substances under strong
pressure (15-30 Ib. per square-inch) with water containing about 3
per cent, of Thiolyte.
Lepironia mucronata, Cl. Richard.
East- Australia, Malayan Archipelagus, East-Indies, South-China,
Madagascar. This rush is cultivated (like Rice) in China for textile
purposes, but in poor soils the manure impairs its strength. The
plant renews itself by sprouts from its perennial root. It attains a
height of 7 feet; the stems are beaten flat, to fit them to be woven or
plaited for either bed-mats and bags or especially for mat-sails, the
latter being the most extensively used for the junks in China;
further, the plant is utilized for making the floor-matting, which is
198 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
exported in vast quantities to the United States, to be used in summer
for the sake of coolness, in preference to carpets (Dr. Hance). This
rush thus furnishes the raw material for a great manufacturing
industry. The dyeing of the mats yellow is effected with the flowers
of Sophora Japouica, under addition of alum; green with an acantha-
ceous plant, the Lam-yip (Blue Leaf), alum and sulphate of copper
(Dr. Hirst).
Leptospermumlsevigatum, F. v. Mueller.* (Fabricia Icevigata, Gaertner.)
The " Sandstay." Sea-shores and sand-deserts of extra-tropical
Australia, but not extending to Western Australia. This shrub or
small tree is the most effectual of all for arresting the progress of
drift-sand in a warm clime. It is most easily raised by simply
scattering the seeds on the sand in autumn and covering them loosely
with boughs, or better still by spreading lopped-off branches of the
shrub itself, bearing ripe seeds, on the sand.
Leptospermum, lanigerum, Smith.
South-Eastern Australia. This tall shrub or small tree can be
grown in wet semi-saline soil. It exercises antimalarian influences
.on such places like Melaleuca ericifolia.
Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott.*
China and Japan. Sometimes called "Japan-Clover." An an-
nual herb, which in North- America has proved of great use. Pro-
fessor Meehan states it to be identical with the "Hoop-Koop" plant,
and that it has taken possession of much waste land in the
Southern States. It grows there wonderfully on the hot dry soil,
and the cattle like it amazingly. Mr. Jackson observes, that it
spreads on spaces between forest-trees, covering the soil with a dense
permanent herbage. Dr. Carl Mohr says, that it stands drought well,
and thrives on sandy clay, but luxuriates on light calcareous soil-
It is impatient of frost (W. Elliott). The Department of Agriculture
of Washington (in 1878) regards it as rich in albuminous substances
as the best clovers.
Leucadendron argenteum, Brown.
The Silver- tree of South- Africa is included on this occasion, be-
cause it would add to the splendor of our woods, and thrive far better
there than in our gardens within the warm temperate zone. More-
over, with this tree many others, equally glorious, might be estab-
lished in any mild forest-glens as a source of horticultural wealth,
were it only to obtain in future years a copious supply of seeds.
Mention may be made of the tall Magnolia-trees of North- America:
Magnolia grandiflora (Linne), 100 feet high; M. umbrella (Lamarck),
40 feet; M. acuminata (Linne), 80 feet; M. cordata (Michaux), 50
feet; M. Fraseri (Walter), 40 feet; M. macrophylla (Michaux), 40
feet; M. Yulan (Desfontaines), of China, 50 feet; M. Campbelli (J.
Hooker), of the Himalayas, 150 feet high, with flowers nearly a foot
across; M. sphserocarpa (Roxburgh), also of the Indian highlands,
in Extra- Tropical Countries. . 199
40 feet; Stenocarpus .sinuosus (Endlicher), of East-Australia (the
most brilliant of the Proteacese); the crimson and scarlet Ratas of
New Zealand, Metrosideros florida (Smith); M. lucida (Menzies),
M. robusta (Cunningham), 80 feet high; M. tomentosa (Cunu.), 40
feet; Fuchsia excorticata (L. fil), also from New Zealand, stem
reaching 2 feet in diameter; and Rhododendron Falconeri (J. Ho.oker),
from Upper India, 50 feet high, leaves 18 inches long.
Lewisia rediviva, Pursh.
North-Western America. The root of this herb is large and
starchy, was formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants, and
called by them " The Gift of the Great Spirit." The plant deserves
trial culture.
Leyssera gnaphalioides, Linne".
South-Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and taste.
Much used there as a medicinal tea.
Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow.
Southern States of Northern America. A perennial herb, occurring
in swampy places. The leaves are sometimes used, for the sake of
their aromatic odor, to flavor tobacco and other substances (Saunders).
L. spicata (Willdenowj is the " Button-Snakeroot," medicinal in the
Eastern States.
Libocedrus Chilensis, Endlicher.
In cold valleys on the Southern Andes of Chili, at from 2,000 to
5,000 feet. A fine tree, sometimes 80 feet high, furnishing a hard
resinous wood of a yellowish color. Libocedrus as a genus is hardly
to be distinguished from Thuya, as pointed out more particularly by
Bentham.
Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey.
White Cedar of California, growing on high mountains, in fine
groves up to 5,000 feet, in what Hinchcliff calls the noblest zone of
Coniferae of the globe. Attains a height of fully 200 feet, with a stem
to 25 feet in circumference. The wood is light, extremely durable and
strong, used for exquisite cabinet-work, but also suitable for superior
fence-rails and building purposes. According to Dr. Gibbons, the
tree is well adapted for wind-breaks, and can be trained into tall
hedges.
Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher.
• Northern Island of New Zealand, up to 6,000 feet elevation. A
forest-tree, reaching 100 feet in height, the stem 3 feet and more in
diameter. The wood is hard and resinous, of a dark-reddish color,
fine-grained, excellent for planks and spars.
Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher.*
. On the Andes of Chili, at an elevation from 2,000 to 5,000 feet,
growing as far south as Magellan's Straits, especially in moist moory
o
200 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
localities. This species has a very straight stem, and rises to 120
feet. The wood, though soft and light, is resinous, and will resist
underground-decay for a century and more, like that of Fitzroya Pata-
gonica; for railway-sleepers this timber is locally preferred to any
other (Dr. Philippi); it is also highly esteemed for various artisans'
work; it is nearly white.
Ligustrum Japonicum, Thunberg.
The Japan-Privet. A shrub, evergreen or nearly so, promising to
become a valuable hedge-plant. Hardy still in Christiania (Schue-
beler). It grows readily from cuttings like the ordinary European
Privet, Ligustrum vulgare (Linne). Both will grow under trees,
where scarcely anything else would live (Johnson).
Limonia acidissima, Linne.
India, up to 4,000 feet; hardy in England. This shrub or small
tree has fruit of extreme acidity, but insignificant in size, which cul-
ture may enlarge.
Lindera Benzoin, Blume.
From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the Spice-Laurel.
An aromatic bush, one of the hardiest of the order. The aroma of
the foliage much like that of Bay-leaves.
Linum usitatissimum, Lhm£.*
The Flax-Plant. Orient. Perhaps indigenous also in South-
Europe, and possibly derived fsom L. angustifolium (Hudson), which
was cultivated in Switzerland already during the stone-age (Heer).
A well-known annual, which yields linen-fibre and linseed-oil. Few
plants find a wider congeniality of soil and climate, and few give a
quicker return. Good and deep soil, particularly of forests, well-
drained, is requiste for successful flax-culture. In Norway it is cul-
tivated as far north as lat. 70° 3' (Prof. Schuebeler). The Flax
belongs to the Potash-plants. Change of seed-grain is desirable.
Thick sowing extends the length and flexibility of the fibre. To
obtain the best fibre, the plant must be pulled, when the seeds com-
mence to ripen. If the seeds are allowed in part to mature, then both
fibre and seeds may be turned to account. If the seed is left to ripen
completely, the fibre is generally discarded. The seed yields by
pressure about 22 per cent, of oil. The residue can either be pre-
pared as linseed-meal or be utilized as admixture to stable-fodder.
The demand for both fibre and oil is enormous. Two principal
varieties are under culture; a tall sort, with smaller flowers, closed
capsules and dark seed; a dwarf sort, more branched (even if closely
sown), with larger flowers and capsules, the seed-vessels opening
spontaneously and with elasticity, while the seeds are of a pale color.
None of the perennial species of Linum are so manageable in culture
as the ordinary annual flax. Great Britain imported in 1884 of Flax
80,000 tons, worth over three million pounds sterling, and of Linseed
1,805,000 quarters, valued at £3,832,000.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 201
Lippia citriodora, Kunth.
Peru, Chili, La Plata-States, Brazil. An evergreen shrub, yield-
ing scented oil, used for condiments and for perfumery as " Verbena,"
the leaves fit for flavoring tea. L. Mexicana has come into therapeutic
use, particularly as an expectorant.
Liquidambar Altingia, Blume.
At the Red Sea and on the mountains of India and New Guinea,
ascending to about 3,000 feet. The tree attains a height of 200 feet.
It yields the fragrant balsam known as Liquid Storax.
Liquidambar Formosana, Hance.
China. A silk-producing insect is reared on this tree (Hance).
Liquidambar orien tails, Miller. (L. imberbe, Aiton.)
Asia Minor. This tree also yields Liquid Storax, which is vanilla-
scented, containing much styrol and styracin, and thus used for
imparting scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars, also for keeping
moths from clothing. Its use in medicine is more limited than in
perfumery.
Liquidambar stryaciflua, Linne".
The Sweet-Gum tree. In morasses and on the springs of forests
of North-America, with a wide geographic range. Endures severe
frost after the plant has attained considerable size. The crown of the
tree attains vast dimensions; the stem to about 100 feet in height and
to 10 feet in diameter. The wood is reddish-brown, very compact
and heavy, fine-grained, durable, easily worked, little liable to warp,
and admitting of a fine finish, with its pleasing tint, especially adapted
for furniture. The terebinthine juice hardens, on exposure, to a resin
of benzoin odor. The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin.
•iodendron tulipifera, Linn<$.
The Tulip-tree of North-America. One of the largest trees of the
United States, and one of the grandest vegetable productions of the
temperate zone. In deep fertile soil it sometimes attains a height of
about 140 feet, with a straight clear stem reaching 9 feet in diameter.
In Norway it is hardy to lat, 61° 17' (Schuebeler). The Tulip-wood
is highly esteemed and very extensively used, wherever this tree
abounds, uniting lightness with strength and durability. It is of a
light-yellow color, fine grained, strong, compact, easily worked and
takes a good polish. It is employed for house-building, inside as well
as outsidej for bridges, furniture, coach-building, implements, shingles,
carriage-panels and a variety of other purposes. On account of its
uniformity and freedom from knots and disinclination to warp or
shrink, it is much used in Canada for railway-cars and carriage-
building, chiefly for the panelling (Robb). The bark yields about 8
per cent, tannin. As this tree is difficult to transplant, it should be
grown on the spot where it is to remain. Professor Meehan observes,
that it is of quicker growth than the Horse-Chestnut tree and many
o 2
202 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Maples. The flowers yield to bees much honey; indeed Mr. Lang-
stroth speaks of the Tulip-tree as one of the greatest honey -producers
in the world; as its large flowers expand in succession, new swarms
will sometimes fill their hives from this source alone.
Lithospermum canescens, Lehmann.
North- American Alkanet. This, as the vernacular name indicates,,
offers a dye-root.
Lithospermum hirturn, Lehmann.
North- American Alkanna. A showy perennial herb; the root
yields a red dye.
Lithospermum longinorum, Sprengel.
North- America. A red pigment can also be extracted from the
root of this species.
Livistona Australis, Martius.
East- Australia. The only Palm-tree in Victoria, occurring in East-
Grippsland (in the latitude of Melbourne), and there attaining a height
of about 80 feet. It endures the winters of South-France to 43° 32'
north lat. (Naudin). The young leaves can be plaited as a material for
cabbage-tree hats. The seeds (of which about 200 are contained in
one pound) retain their vitality far better than those of the Australian
Ptychospermas. This palm can be transferred from its native haunts
to very long distances for growth, by previously separating the main
portion of the root from the soil, and leaving the plant for some
months on the original spot, so as to remove it finally with new root-
lets, retaining much soil. Some of the Indian Livistonas may be
equally hardy; their stems often tower above the other forest-trees.
Livistona Chinensis, R. Brown,
South-China and Japan. A very decorative Fan-palm, and one of
the hardiest of the whole order. In its native country, the hairy
stem-covering of this palm is used for fixing lime-plaster to buildings
(Christie).
Livistona Leichhardtii, F. v. Mueller.
North-Australia. Under this name might be combined L. inermis
and L. humilis (K. Brown), neither name applying well to this
finally tall palm with thorny leaf-stalks. The author of this work as
well as Dr. Leichhardt saw it far inland in dry open not mountainous
regions also; nevertheless it may need a moister clime than the
following species.
Livistona Marise, F. v. Mueller.
Central and West- Australia, barely within the tropics. This noble
Fan-palm attains 40 feet in height, and is likely to prove very hardy.
Lolium perenne. Linne.*
Europe, North- Africa, Western Asia. The well known perennial
Rye-grass, mentioned here for the sake of completeness. In Norway
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 203
it grows to lat. 65° 28' (Schuebeler). L. Italicum, Al. Br., the Italian
rye-grass, seems to be only a variety. One of the most important of
all pasture-grasses, also almost universally chosen for lawn-culture.
It produces an abundance of seeds, which are readily collected and
easily vegetate. It comes early to perfection. Nevertheless the pro-
duce and nutritive powers are considerably less than those of Dactylis
glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis and Festuca elatior, but it pushes
forward earlier than the last mentioned grass, while the ripening of
seeds is less defective than in Alopecurus. The chemical analysis,
made very early in spring, gave the following results: — Albumen,
3-36; gluten, 4-88; starch, O51 ; gum, 1'80; sugar, 1-80 per cent.
(F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). At the London Sewerage-Depot, 60
tons of rye-grass were obtained from one acre (Mclvor). Rye-grass,
though naturally living but a few years, maintains its ground well,
by the ease with which it disseminates itself spontaneously. Several
sorts, which can scarcely be called varieties, are under cultivation.
Rye-grass stands the dry heat of Australian summers well. It is
likely to spread gradually over the whole of the Australian continent,
and to play an important part in pasture, except the hottest desert-
tracts. Sheep should not be continually kept on rye-grass pasture, as
they may become subject to fits similar to those produced by L.
temulentum, possibly due to the grass getting ergotized or otherwise
diseased, as many observers assert. -It is one of the best grasses to
endure traffic on roads or paths, particularly on soil not altogether
light, and is also one of the few among important grasses, which can
be sown at any season in mild climes. The Italian rye-grass is pre-
ferably chosen as an early temporary shelter for tenderer but more
lasting pasture-grasses, also furnishing a good collateral return the
first season. Ordinary rye-grass can be cut several times in a
season.
Lotus corniculatus, Li
" Bird's-foot Trefoil." Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle
Asia, extra tropical Australia. Indigenous in Norway as far north
as lat. 69° 58' (Schuebeler). A deep-rooting perennial herb, readily
growing on pasture-land, sandy links and heathy places. This plant
is well deserving cultivation on light inferior soil, on which it will
yield a greater bulk of herbage than any of the other cultivated
clovers; it is highly nutritious, and is eaten with avidity by cattle
and sheep. From the great depth, to which its roots penetrate, it is
not liable to be injured by drought. It well fills out vacant places
between higher fodder-herbs on meadows; it is always somewhat
saline and welcome among hay. L. tenuis (Kitaibel) is a valu-
able variety of the coasts. The nearly allied L. major (Scopoli)
yields a still greater amount of herbage ; it is particularly suited
for bushy and moist localities, and it attains its greatest luxuri-
ance on soils, which have some peat in their composition (Lawson).
In Australia Lotus corniculatus shows a decided predilection for wet
meadows.
204 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Lotus tetrag-onolobus, Linne.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this herb is
highly valued for sheep-pastures. The green pods serve even as a
culinary vegetable. The allied L. siliquosus (Linne) is perennial,
and occurs in a succulent form on sea-coasts. The seeds will retain
their vitality for several years.
Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach.
La Plata-States. The bark, called Quebracho Colorado, exten-
sively used for tanning; latterly much exported to Europe. The
length of time for the tanning process with this bark is only half that
for oak-bark. The kino of this tree has come into therapeutic
use.
Lupinus albus, Linne".
The White Lupine. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, also in
the Orient. An annual quick-growing, herb, valuable when young
for fodder and also for green manure. In Norway it will grow
to lat. 70° 22' north (Schuebeler). It is famed as the " Tramoso " in
Portugal, to suppress sorrel and other obstinate weeds by its close
and easy growth. The lentil-like seeds, after the bitter principle
(lupinin) has been removed through boiling or soaking in salt-water,,
are edible. It would lead too far, to enumerate here many others of
the numerous species of lupines, of which unquestionably very many
are eligible for agrarian purposes, while all are acceptable as hardy,
elegant and easily grown garden-plants. One, L. perennis, L., extends
in America to the Northern States of the Union and Canada; fourteen
are recorded from South-Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and numerous
species from other parts of America, where the limits of the genus
are about Monte Video southward and about Nootka- Sound north-
ward. The majority of the species are perennial. The Egyptian L.
Termis (Forskael) and L. Graecus (Boissier) are closely allied to L.
albus and of equal use; their flowers are bluish or blue.
Lupinus angustifolius. Linne".
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. An annual blue-flowered
species, preferable to L. luteus for grain-harvest. Hardy to lat. 70°
in Norway. Some if not all lupines can be counted among honey-
plants.
Lupinus arboreus, Sims.*
California. This has been used there for the reclamation of sand,
on account of its long tap-roots, the latter having been traced to a
depth of 25 feet, while the stems were only 3 feet high. The ger-
mination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand-downs. For aiding
the young lupines during the first two months, to get hold of the sand,
barley is sown with them, as the latter sprouts in a few days and holds
the sand in the second week; the lupine subsequently covers the sand
with a dense vegetation in less than a year.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 205
Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh.
Oregon and California. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67° 56'. This
somewhat woody species can be used for binding sand with L.
Chamissonis, Escholtz (L. albifrons, Bentham) and many perennial
lupines from other countries.
Lupinus luteus, Linn£.*
The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries in the vicinity of the
Mediterranean Sea. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70 °(Schuebeler).
This annual species is predominantly in use as green manure through
Middle Europe, to improve sandy soil; it is the best of all yet tested,
and will do even on coast-drifts. It can also be employed like some
other lupines as a fodder-herb, green as well as for hay; some lupines
are also very valuable as pasture-herbs. Lupine-seeds are very
fattening, when used as an addition to ordinary fodder, and are in this
respect quite equal to oil-cake, while the foliage is said to be not
inferior to that of clover and more bulky. Nevertheless some lupines
have proved poisonous to sheep. About 90 Ibs. of seeds are required
for an acre. Langethal observes: " What the Sainfoin does for the
poorest limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries out
for sand-land." Lupines are not adapted for wet or moory ground,
nor for limestone-formations, where most other leguminous fodder-
plants do well. Mr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow-flowering
lupine which sometimes in the Azores attains a height of 12 feet in
three months.
Lupinus varius, Linn£.
The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used .like the
above species 5 but a few others are under cultivation as Blue
Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Calif ornian species,
are regarded even as superior to the Mediterranean kinds for agrarian
purposes.
Lycium Afrum, Linn4.
Africa and South-Western Asia. "The Caffir-Thorn." Can
with many other species be utilized as a hedge-bush. It is ever-
green, fiercely spiny, easily raised from seeds, readily transplanted,
quick in growth, stands clipping well, seeds freely, is strong enough
to resist cattle and close enough to keep off fowls. l^lbs. of seeds at
a cost of 30 shillings suffices for a mile of hedging (Th. Lang).
Lycium barbarum, Linn4.
Northern Africa and South- Western Asia. The most common
kind grown in Europe for hedges. Is content with poor soil.
Lycium Europseum, Linn<$.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. Hardy in Norway to
lat. 67° 56'. An excellent hedge-plant, particularly in sand-land, but
emitting copious offshoots (C. Bouche). An allied congener is L.
flaccidum (Moench).
206 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Lycopodium. dendroideum, Michaux.
North- America. This, with L. lucidulum (Michaux), has become
there a great article of trade, being in request for bouquets and
wreaths; both plants, after having been dyed of various colors, are
used as ornaments in vases (Meehan). These club-mosses are men-
tioned here, to draw attention to similar species in other countries.
Lygeum Spartum, Linne".
Regions on the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass serves
much like the ordinary Esparto-Grass, but is inferior to it.
Lyperia crocea, Ecklon.
South-Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine orange dye,
and are also in use for medicinal purposes.
Maba geminata, R. Brown.
One of the Ebony-trees in Queensland. Wood, according to M.
Thozet, black towards the centre, bright red towards the bark, close-
grained, hard, heavy, elastic and tough. It takes a high polish, and
is recommended for veneers. Maba fasciculosa, F. v. M., has the outer
wood white and pink. Several other species exist in Queensland,
which may perhaps give good substitutes for Ebony-wood.
Macadamia ternifolia, F. v. Mueller.
The Nut-tree of sub-tropical Eastern Australia, attaining a height
of 60 feet; hardy as far south as Melbourne; in forest- valleys prob-
ably of fair celerity of growth; endures slight frost. In favorable
localities it bears fruit in seven years. The nuts have the taste of
hazels.
Machilus odoratissima, Nees.
The "Soom-tree." From the Himalayas to Assam, Cochin-China,
Burmah, Java and Sumatra, ascending to the cool elevation of 8,000
feet. A tree of considerable size. The Muga- Silkworm feeds on the
foliage (Gamble). The leaves are pervaded by an orange-scent
(Brandis).
Madura aurantiaca, Nuttall.*
The Osage-Orange, or North-American Bow- Wood, or Yellow
Wood. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana. This thorny deciduous shrub
or tree can be well trained into hedges. It is unisexual, and will in
favorable localities on rich river-banks attain a height of 60 feet, with
a stem 2 to 3 feet thick, thus becoming available as a timber-tree. It
resists severe frosts. Rate of stem-growth in Nebraska about 1 inch
a year circumferentially (Furnas). The saplings furnish stakes for
vines, which are very lasting. The elastic wood serves well for bows,
buggy-shafts, carriage-poles and similar articles. It is one of the most
durable of all North- American woods, also valuable for all purposes,
where toughness and durability are required (Dr. C. Mohr). The
plant is not readily subject to blight or attacks of insects. It produces
from the root a yellow dye. Mrs. Timbrell, at the suggestion of the
in Extra- Tropical Countries'. 207
author, has shown, that the foliage is as good a food for silkworms
as that of the white mulberry, and the silk produced in no way
inferior to ordinary silk. Leaves not too succulent are preferable. [Cf.
also Riley, publications of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture 1877]. M. tinctoria (D. Don) furnishes the Fustic-wood of
Central and Southern America.
Madura excelsa, Planchon.
West-Africa, on mountains up to 3,000 feet elevation. Height of
tree often 150 feet. The wood is remarkably durable and tough,
beautifully dark-brown and veined. Birds feed on the fruit.
Maclura Mora, Grisebach.
North-Argentina. A high tree. Wood greatly esteemed for its
density and toughness; fruit edible (Dr. Lorentz).
Magnolia hypoleuca, Siebold.
Japan. A stately tree, with very large and whorled leaves.
Trunk to a foot in diameter. Wood remarkably flexile; used for many
kinds of utensils. Worthy of introduction as a magnificent garden-
• object (Christy).
Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux.
Eastern States of North- America. Although not cultivated for
any special purposes of the arts or of technics, yet this tree is
admitted into this list as one of the grandest of its kind, as well in
foliage as flowers. It attains a height of about 60 feet ; its leaves
are from 1 to 3£ feet long, while its flowers attain a diameter of fully
1 foot. M. grandiflora, L., attains a height of 100 feet, and a stem-
diameter of 3 feet on the Mississippi; it bears the winter of Phila-
delphia. M. acuminata, L., and M. Fraseri, Walter, are also large
trees. The flowers of all exude much honey-nectar for bees.
Maharanga Emodi, A. de Candolle.
Nepal. The root produces, like that of Alkanna tinctoria, a
red dye.
Malachra capitata, Linne".
Tropical America. A tall herb, annual, or of more than one year's
duration. Its fibre is obtainable to lengths of 9 feet; it is of a silky
lustre, and equal in technical value to Jute (O'Connor). .
Mallotus Philippinensis, J. Mueller. (Rottlera tinctoria, Roxburgh.)
South- Asia and East- Australia, in jungle-country, extending into
New South Wales. A bush or tree, attaining, according to Mr.
O'Shanesy, a height of about 60 feet. Though not of great import-
ance, this plant should not be passed on this occasion, inasmuch as
the powdery substance, investing the seed-capsules, constitutes the
Kamala, which can be employed not only as an orange-dye, but also
as an anthelmintic remedy. The Hindo silk-dyers produce the
color by boiling the Kamala with carbonate of soda.
208 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Mangifera Indica, Linne".
The Mango. South-Asia. An evergreen very shady tree, reach-
ing 70 feet in height. Possibly it could be made to bear its delicious
fruit in warm and humid forest-regions of sub-tropic zones. In the
Himalayas its culture for fruit ascends to 3,500 feet just outside the
tropics.
Manihot Aipi, Pohl.*
The Sweet Cassava. Tropical South- America, but traced as far
south as the Parana-River. The root is reddish and harmless; it can
therefore be used as a culinary esculent, without any preparation
further than boiling, while its starch is also available for tapioca. It
is a somewhat woody plant, several feet high, and too important to be
left altogether unnoticed on this occasion, although we have no
evidence, that it will be productive in a temperate clime. The Aipi
has ligneous tough fibres, stretching along the axis of the tubers,
while generally the roots of M. utilissima are free from this central
woody substance.
Manihot Grlazioui, J.Mueller.* ir'-tor
A native of Ceara, a coast-district of Brazil, in latitude 4°,
possessing an arid climate for a considerable part of the year. This
plant is evidently of a comparatively hardy character, and adapts
itself readily to the exigencies of culture (D. Morris). It produces
the Ceara-Rubber. Its cultivation is not difficult, and its growth
remarkably rapid. It could only be grown in regions free of frost.
Mr. Holtze, at Port Darwin, had the first grand success with this
plant in Australia, seeds from Kew-G-ardens having been placed by
the author at his disposal; his plants attained a height of 12 feet in
little more than a year. Perhaps the plant must be regarded as
strictly tropical, and as then not admissible within the scope of this
work. In Ceylon the plant has grown 20-30 feet in two years; the
plants should be placed about 10 feet apart. It is best to wait with
tapping till the trees are five years old (Keir Leitch).
Manihot utilissima, Pohl.*
The Bitter Cassava or Tapioca-Plant. Eastern Brazil. Closely
allied to M. Aipi, producing varieties with roots of poisonous acridity
and with roots perfectly harmless. The tubers attain a length of
3 feet; they can be converted into bread or cakes, the volatile poison
of the milky sap being destroyed through pressing the grated root in
first instance, the remaining acridity being expelled by heat. The
starch, heated in a moist state, furnishes tapioca. Manihot is abun-
dantly cultivated in many places, thus at Caraccas, where the singu-
larly uniform temperature throughout the year is only 60° to 70° F.
It is a very exhausting crop, and thus stands in need of rich soil and
copious manuring. The propagation is effected by cuttings from the
ligneous part of the stem. The soil, destined for Cassava, must not
be wet. In warm countries the tubers are available in about eight
months, though they still continue to grow afterwards. The growth
in Extra-Troirical Countries. 209
of the plant upwards is checked by breaking off the tops. The Bitter
Cassava is the more productive of the two. The yellowish tubers
sometimes attain a weight of 30 Ibs. They do not become soft by
boiling, like Aipi.
Maoutia Piiya, Weddell.
India, on mountains up to 4,000 feet. It is taller than Boehmeria
nivea, and furnishes a similar fibre, which however is not so easily
separated. This shrub belongs to a tribe of the Nettle-order not
possessing burning acridity. None of the true nettles, such as the
Grirardinias, nor allied stinging plants, have been recommended in this
index, although an exquisite fibre is derived from some, as the writer
wishes to guard against the introduction of any burning species, which
possibly might disseminate itself in a mischievous manner, and then
probably could not again be suppressed.
Maranta aurundinacea, Linne".
The True Arrowroot- Plant, or more correctly " Aru-root," inas-
much as Aru-Aru is the Brazilian word for flour, according to Martius*.
West-Indies, Florida, Mexico to Brazil. The plant is introduced into
this list not without hesitation, as it seems to require a tropical clime
to attain perfection. It furnishes most of the West-Indian arrowroot-
starch, although other species, such as M. nobilis, M. Allouya and
M. ramosissima, are also cultivated for a similar starch contained in
their tubers. Dr. Porcher observes, that it still flourishes as far north
as Florida, producing even in the pine-lands from 200 to 300 bushels
of tubers to the acre. General Sir John Lefroy found in Bermuda
100 Ibs. of the root to yield 15 to 20 Ibs. starch. M. indica (Tussac) is
merely a variety.
Marlea Vitiensis, Bentham.
Fiji, New South Wales and Queensland. A middle-sized tree,
generally with a gouty trunk ; wood bright yellow with fine undulating
rings, black towards the centre. Fruit edible (P. O'Shanesy). The
generic name Stylidium by Loureiro has many years priority over
that of Marlea by Roxburgh.
Marliera glomerata, Bentham. (Rubachia glomerata, Berg.)
The "Cambuca" of sub-tropical Brazil. The fruits attain the size
of apricots, and are locally much used for food (Dr. Rosenthal).
Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes.
Extra-tropical Brazil. The " Gruaparanga." The sweet berries of
this tall shrub are of the size of cherries.
Marrubium vulgare, L'Ecluse.
Middle and South-Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia. The
" Horehound." This tall perennial odorous herb, though in many
countries quite a weed, is here also enumerated for completeness' sake.
Its naturalization can nowhere be unwelcome, as it does not unduly
210 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
spread, as it has important medicinal properties much dependent on
the crystalline Marrubin, and as the flowers through much of the
season afford to bees nectar for a pale excellent honey. The plant
accommodates itself readily to any forlorn waste land.
Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne".
The annual " Chamomile." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
A highly useful herb in medicine. In many parts of the European
continent it is much more extensively employed than the ordinary
perennial Chamomile. The infusion of the flowers has rather a
pleasant taste without bitterness. The flowers serve as a tonic, and
especially as a sudorific, and possess a peculiar volatile oil. In Norway
this plant is grown as far north as lat. 70° 22' (Schnebeler).
Matricaria glabrata, De Candolle.
The South-African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in
renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamomile (Dr.
Pappe). ;„.,.;
Mauritia flexuosa, Linne".
From Guiana to Peru and Brazil. This noble Palm is known to
ascend up to 4,000 feet along the Essequibo. As Palms, like
Bamboos, prove to be among the hardier of tropical plants, experi-
ments for naturalizing M. vinifera (Martius) might also be instituted.
This attains a height of about 150 feet, has leaves sometimes 15 feet
in length, and yields from the incised stem a copious sap, which forms
a kind of wine by fermentation.
Maytenus Boaria. (Boaria Molinos, De Candolle; Maytenus CJiilensis, De
Candolle.)
Chili. An evergreen tree, assuming considerable dimensions in the
southern provinces. Wood extremely hard. Cattle and sheep browse
with predilection on the foliage; hence the trees are cut down, when
grasses become scarce through protracted snowfalls or in times of
drought (Dr. Philippi).
Medicago arborea, Linne".
South-Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow Lucerne
is of value for dairy-farmers, as it -much promotes in cows the yield
of milk. This genus includes several other species, valued as pasture-
plants besides the present and those noted below.
Medicago lupulina, Linn£.
The Black Medick. Europe, 'North- Africa and temperate Asia.
An annual or biennial pasture-herb, easily grown, and not without
nutritive importance. Langethal observes : " It effects for argil-
laceous soils, what the White Clover does for sandy moist soils. It
will even succeed in moory ground, provided such contains some lime.
It suits also particularly for sheep-pastures/' It will thrive, where on
account of poor soil lucerne and clover fail. In rich laud its product
is very copious. In Norway it will grow to lat. 63° 26'.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
211
Medicago sativa, Morison*
The Lucerne, Purple Medick or Alfalfa. Orient and temperate
Western Asia, now spread through Middle and Southern Europe and
Middle Asia. The Romans brought it 470 years before the Christian
era from Media, hence the generic name (A. de Candolle). A
perennial fodder-herb of great importance, and largely utilized in most
countries with a temperate clime; perhaps descended from the European
and North-Asiatic Medicago falcata (Linne), the Yellow Medick,
which also deserves naturalization, especially on light or sandy cal-
careous soil; but that plant is less productive than the true Lucerne,
and does not resist occasional slight inundations so well, enduring
however a rougher clime. Lucerne keeps green and fresh in the
hottest season of the year, even in dry and comparatively barren
ground and on coast-sands, but develops itself for field-culture with the
greatest vigor on river-banks or when subjected to a judicious system
of irrigation, particularly in soil rich in lime. Its deeply penetrating
roots render the plant particularly fit for fixing embankments or
hindering the washing away of soil subject to occasional inundations.
The Peruvian variety (Alfalfa) resists drought and frost better than
the original European Lucerne. Dr. Curl, of New Zealand, allows
cattle to feed upon Alfalfa for two weeks, then takes them off and
puts sheep on for two weeks, to eat the Alfalfa close to the ground;
he then removes them and permits the Alfalfa to grow for a month,
when he repeats the process. He allows five large cattle or twenty
sheep to the acre. Lucerne is also an important honey-plant for bees.
Much iron in the soil or stagnant-water is detrimental to lucerne-
culture, while friable warm soil much promotes its growth. Langethal
records instances of lucerne having yielded on the same field under
favorable circumstances for fifteen years four or five cuts annually.
The chemical analysis of the fresh herb, collected very early in spring,
gave the following results : Starch 1*5, gum 2-1, unfermentable sugar
3, albumen 2*3, insoluble proteins 2*3, ash 2'3 per cent. (F*. v. Mueller
and L. Hummel). For sandy tracts a yellow variety. (M. media,
Persoon) deserves preference. To show how enormously plants are
affected in their mineral constituents by difference of soil, Lace has
analyzed the ashes of lucerne (a) from granitic soil, (b) chalky soil
with flints, (c) clayey with chalk, (d) very chalky, and found —
a
6
c
d
Per cent.
•99
! Per cent.
•41
Per cent.
•47
Per cent.
•58
Ferric oxide
•76
1-05
•29
•60
Magnesium carbonate
Calcium sulphate
,, phosphate ... .. •
,, carbonate
Potassium carbonate ...
Potassium and sodium chlorides
9-89
4-50
14-94
13-42
48-42
6-67
! • 7'15
3-04
8-11
48-15
29-19
2-90
10-11
7'51
10-66
49-68
20-60
•68
9-05
6-80
19-71
30-19
26-09
6 -98
212 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Medicag-o scutellata, J. Bauhin.*
Countries at and near the Mediterranean Sea, where this annual
herb, as well as the allied M. orbicularis (Allioni) is regarded as a
valuable fodder-plant (Caruel), without the disadvantage of their
fruits adhering to fleeces like those of its prickly-fruited congeners.
For this particular reason the author introduced these two plants into
Australia, where in the dry hot inland-regions they have surpassed
most other fodder-herbs in value and resistance to drought. They will
also bear some frost.
Melaleuca ericifolia, Smith.*
South-Eastern Australia. This tall shrub or bushy tree is of
importance for consolidating muddy shores; it will live in salty
ground and water, almost like mangroves. I found it growing
vigorously, where the water contained rather more than 2 per cent,
chlorides, and the wet soil contained nearly 1J per cent, chlorides (the
contents of sea-water being from 3 to 4 per cent, chlorides, or about
2J per cent, chloride of natrium). It yields also a comparatively large
quantity of cajaput-oil. It admits of easy transplantation, even when
full-grown. Myoporum insulare (R. Brown) and Leptospermum
lanigerum (Aiton) can in like manner be used in tree-plantations for
the sake of shelter on wet saline soil. The branches of M. ericifolia
furnish the best native material in South-Eastern Australia for easily
worked and lasting garlands. This species can be grown in swamps
for hygienic purposes by subduing paludal malaria or fever-provoking
effluvia.
Melaleuca genistifolia, Smith.
Northern and Eastern Australia. A tree, attaining 40 feet in height,
flowering in a shrubby state already, fond of banks of water-courses.
The copious flowers, according to Mr. C. French, attract bees to an
extraordinary degree.
Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linn4.
The Cajaput-tree of India, North- and East- Australia as far extra-
tropical as 34° south latitude. This tree attains a height of about
80 feet, with a stem reaching 4 feet in diameter,. on tidal ground; it
can with great advantage be utilized on such areas and in salt-swamps
for subduing malarian vapors, where no Eucalyptus will live. The
lamellar bark protects it against conflagrations. The wood is fissile,
hard and close-grained, regarded as almost imperishable underground,
and resists the attacks of termites. It is well adapted for posts,
wharf-piles, ship-building and various artisans' work. The allied
Callistemons (C. salignus, D.C., 60 feet high, C. lanceolatus, D.C., 40
feet) produce a hard, heavy, close-grained wood, suitable for wheel-
wrights' work and implements, proving very durable underground
(W. Hill).
Melaleuca linarifolia, Smith.
Eastern Australia. A tree attaining finally a considerable height,
deserving attention as eligible for wet saline land, on which it can be
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 213
raised much more easily than Myoporum insulare. M. Thozet ob-
serves, that it occurs in places, where it is bathed by the tides; also
that large saplings without roots can be transplanted. Thus it may
be destined to aid, with several of its congeners and with Salicornias,
Avicennias, ^Egiceras, Batis, Suaedas and some other plants, to
reclaim low muddy shore-lands from sea-floods. Foliage extremely
rich in volatile antiseptic oil. M. squarrosa (Smith) of South-Eastern
Australia, can be grown in fresh-water swamps, also to subdue mias-
mata. It attains exceptionally the height of 60 feet, with a stem two
feet in diameter.
Melaleuca parviflora, Lindley.
Extra-tropical Australia. A tall bush or small tree. In mild
climes one of the most important plants for fixing moving coast-sands.
Melaleuca styphelioides, Smith.
East- Australia. Height of tree reaching about 60 feet; stem-
diameter 2J feet. The timber is hard, close-grained, and stands well
in damp situations. It is said, that the timber has never been known
to decay (Queensland Exhibition, 1878). Tree adapted for swamps.
Melanorrhcea usitata, Wallich.
The Varnish-tree of Burmah, Munnipore and Tenasserim. Possibly
hardy in forest-valleys free of frost, as it ascends to 3,000 feet
elevation. The hardened sap is used for a highly prized black
varnish.
[elia Azadirachta, Linn£. (Azadirachta Indica, Jussieu.) .
From Persia to China, ascending the Himalayas to 5,000 feet.
The " Neem-tree " attains a height of 50 feet, much planted on pro-
menades. The powerful medicinal properties not unlike those of M.
Azedarach. Furniture from its wood not attacked by insects. Leaves
simply pinnate, the fresh ones issuing before the old ones drop.
[elia Azedarach, Linn£.
Called " The Pride of India." South-Asia, North- and also East-
Australia, and there to far extra-tropical latitudes, ascending the
Himalayas to 6,000 feet. Height seldom over 40 feet; branches very
spreading. As an avenue-tree not without importance, because it
will successfully cope with dryness of clime and sterility of soil. It
recommends itself also for retaining the foliage till very late in the
season, and for producing an abundance of very fragrant spring-
flowers, which may perhaps be worth distilling for essential oil.
Grows from cuttings as well as seeds, the latter abundantly matur-
ing. All parts of the plant are bitter; the bark with caution can be
used as a purgative and anthelmintic; the leaves prove insecticidal
(Hieronymus). The wood is considered of value for cabinet-work,
also some kinds of musical instruments. A black-fruited Melia seems
as yet little known. Casimir De Candolle distinguishes twelve species,
their range being from India to Japan and Polynesia.
214 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Melianthus major, Linne.
South- Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very efficacious
as antiseptics, also in cases of scald-head, ringworm and various other
cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its effect of promoting granulation
is very remarkable (Dr. A. Brown). Flowers rich in honey, as
indicated by the generic name. Will bear some frost.
Melica altissima, Linne\
Eastern Europe, Middle Asia. This perennial grass has recently
come into use for pasture.
Melica ciliata, Linne".
Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial fodder-grass, particularly
desirable for sheep. Best for dry gypsum- or lime-ground.
Melica nutans, Linne".
The Pearl-Grass. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, enduring
an alpine exposure and living also in the shade of forests. It will
bear the clime of Norway to lat. 70° 28' (Schuebeler). It produces
suckers, and affords good foliage in woody regions; so also does M.
uniflora (Retzius). Several other species are on record from various
parts of the globe, among which M. mutica (Walter), of North-
America, seems to deserve special attention.
Melica sarmentosa, Nees.
Brazil and La Plata- States. A tall grass, climbing to a height of
12 feet in forests and on river-banks. Prof. Hieronymus speaks of
M. aurantiaca (Desrousseaux), M. laxiflora (Cavanilles), M. macra
(Nees), M. papilionacea (Linne), M. rigida and M. violacea (Cava-
nilles) as perennial Pampas-grasses, which though hard, are nutri-
tious, and particularly sought by asses and mules.
Melicocca bijuga, Linne".
Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous trees of
the Cupania-series have been shown by my own experiments to be
hardy in a climate like that of Victoria, that this important member of
the series could now also be admitted into this list. The pulp of the
fruit is of a grape-taste; the seeds can be used like sweet chestnuts.
Melilotus alba, Desrousseaux.
The Cabul- or Bokhara-Clover. Europe, North-Africa, Middle
Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 60° 16' (Schuebeler). A bien-
nial herb. On account of its fragrance it is of value as admixture to
hay. It is also a good bee-plant, the white flowers lasting till late
in the season. Odorous principle : cumarin.
Melilotus coerulea, Lamarck.
South-Europe and North-Africa. Cultivated in Norway to lat. 70°
22'. An annual, very odorous fodder-herb. It forms an ingredient
of the green Swiss cheese,, which owes its flavor and color chiefly to
this plant.
in ^Extra-Tropical Countries* 215
Melilotus officinalis, Desrousseaux.
Europe and Middle Asia. In Norway hardy to lat. 76° 17'.
Biennial, or lasting through several years, if prevented from flowering.
Contains- also cumarin. An allied species is M. macrorrhiza (Persoon).
Both serve purposes similar to those for which M. alba is employed.
Grown on the coast it becomes less odorous. Honey from this and
closely allied plants exquisite.
Melissa officinalis, Linn<$.
The Balm-Herb. Southern Europe and Western Asia. A peren-
nial herb, valuable for its scent, which depends on a peculiar volatile
oil. This herb is also important as a bee-plant. Readily propagated
by division of the root.
Melocalamus compactiflorus, Bentham.
Martaban, ascending to 6,000 feet. This Bamboo attains a height
of 25 feet, and is somewhat scandent.
Melocanna bambusoides, Trinius.
The Berry-bearing Bamboo, from Chittagong and other mountainous
parts of India, as well as of the Archipelagus. Height to 70 feet
(Kurz). The fruit is very large, fleshy, size of a small pear, and
contains a seed, which is said to be very pleasant eating (Masters).
It is a thornless Bamboo, growing on dry slopes of hills. Height
reaching 70 feet; circumference towards base 1 foot; growth beauti-
fully erect.
Melocanna Travancorica. (Beesha Travancorica, Beddome.)
A Bamboo from Travancore, worthy of introduction, -tj
Mentha arvensis, Linn<$.
Europe, extra-tropical. Asia. The variety piperascens of this
perennial herb constitutes the peculiar Japan Peppermint. From the
distilled oil of this by refrigeration the crystalline menthol is obtained
in unusually large proportion for medicinal purposes (E. Holmes, T.
Christy).
Mentha laxiflora, Bentham.
Victoria and the most southern parts of New South Wales. This,
the Australian " Forest-Mint," furnishes a peculiarly pleasant oil,
not dissimilar to that of peppermint. A fair oil can also be distilled
from M. Australis (R. Brown), the common "River-Mint" of South-
Eastern Australia.
Mentha piperita, Linn&*
The " Peppermint." Middle-Europe. This well known perennial
herb is important for its peculiar essential oil. This distilled oil is in
considerable demand, and would be best obtained from plants culti-
vated in mountain-regions or naturalized along forest-rivulets. The
annual production of oil of peppermint is estimated at 90,000 Ibs.,
two-thirds of which are prepared in the State of New York (Masters).
216 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Eminent authorities refer the peppermint as a variety to Mentha
aquatica, L., .the Water-Mint of Europe, North- America, West- and
North- Asia, from which the true Crisp Mint (M. crispa, Linne) is
again derived, as well as the Bergamot-Mint (M. citrata, Ehrhart).
Mentha Pulegium, Linne".
The true "Penny-royal." Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa.
A perennial scent-herb, yielding a peculiar ethereal oil. It likes moist
soil. To be avoided on pastures, as not readidly repressed.
Mentha rotundifolia, Linne.
Western and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
Fond of wet places, which by the culture of this and other mints may
be profitably utilized. In odor this mint approaches to Melissa. The
French and Italian Crisp Mint is partly derived from this species.
Closely allied to the following, and often regarded as a variety of M.
viridis.
Mentha silvestris, Linne".
The " Horse-Mint." Europe, Northern Africa, temperate Asia.
Perennial. One of the Crisp Mints is derived from this species.
Hardy, like the three preceding species, to lat. 59° 55' in Norway,
(Schuebeler). ' f ' .
Mentha viridis, Linne".
The " Spearmint." Middle and Southern Europe. Perennial. A
particular sort of Crisp Mint (M. crispata, Schrader) belongs to this
species. Readily propagated like other mints by division of the root.
Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne".
Inappropriately called the Bog-bean or Buck-bean. Europe,
Northern and Middle Asia, North- America. In springy and spongy
bogs. A perennial herb of great beauty, which could be naturalized
with facility in any cold regions. Indigenous as far north as lat. 71°
10' in Norway (Prof. Schuebeler). The root is starchy. The whole
plant is pervaded with a bitter principle, largely derived from meny-
anthin. The plant is used medicinally as a tonic and febrifuge.
Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (M. Benghalensis, Bentham.)
Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating odor;
utilized much like sage.
Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, Linne".
The " Hottentot-fig" of South-Africa. Under the same vernacular
name is also comprised the distinct M. edule, L. Both should be
transferred to any of the most inhospitable desert-regions, as they
afford in the inner part of their fruit a really palatable and copious
food. M. edule proved hardy in Southern England.
Mesembrianthemum aequilaterale, Haworth.
Australia and West-coast of America. This widely creeping species
spreads, readily over saline ground, whether clayey, sandy or rocky.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 217
Mr. J. Clode observes, that sheep are very fond of this succulent
plant, and require but little water when browsing on it, ; or in cool
coast-districts they will do .without any water even in summer, while
thriving well on the foliage. Friiit with a sweetish edible pulp.
This species with M. australe (Haworth) forms on the Australian
coasts one of the most effectual first impediments to the influx of sea-
sand; both should be encouraged in their growth at the very edge of
the tide. Not less hardy than M. edule.
Mesembrianthemum capitatum, Haworth.
South-Africa. This perennial species, from the readiness and
quickness of its growth, and from the abundance of its seeds and their
easy dispersion, is one of the best for staying any rolling sea-sand
(Dickinson). M. pugioniforme (Linne) and many other species serve
the same purpose.
Mesembrianthemum crystallinum, Linne".
Countries at the Mediterranean Sea and South-Africa. Annual.
Recently recommended as a spinage-plant. Can be grown on bare
sand, which it helps to cover. Eaten by sheep. In Norway it will
succeed northward to lat. 69° 18'.
Mesembrianthemum floribundum, Haworth.
South-Africa. This succulent perennial with many allied species
from the same part of the globe is a far more important plant, than
might be assumed, because " a good stretch of this is worth as much
as a dam" (Professor McOwan). Succulent plants like these would
live in sandy deserts, where storage of water may be impracticable.
Metrosideros tomentosa, Cunningham.
Northern Island of New Zealand. Could be grown for timber on
rocky sea-shores. Height reaching about 80 feet ; trunk stout, but
comparatively short. The timber, according to Professor Kirk, de-
serves attention, as one of the most durable for the frame-work in
ship-building, for jetties, docks, sills. Other species with dense
wood, occurring in New Zealand, are M. lucida (Menzies) and M.
robusta (Cunn.), both ornamental trees with crimson flowers.
Michelia excelsa, Blume.
In the Himalayas and other Indian mountains, up to 8,000 feet. It
grows to a large size, supplying boards to three feet in width, and is
one of the best timber-trees there. Foliage deciduous ; flowers large,
white ; wood yellowish. M. lanuginosa (Wallich) ascends there also
to temperate regions with M. Kisopa (Hamilton), M. Cathcartii
(Hooker and Thomson), M. Champaca (Linne), M. punduana (H. &
Th.) and M. Nilagirica (Zenker), all being tall trees.
Microseris Forsteri, J. Hooker.
The Native Scorzonera of extra-tropical Australia and New Zea-
land. A perennial herb deserving attention, as its root would proba-
bly enlarge arid improve through culture. On alpine mountains the
p 2
I
218 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
plant develops most luxuriantly during summer. The Australian
aborigines use the root for food. The plant would prove hardy in
Middle Europe.
Milium effusum, Linn6.
English Millet-Grass. Europe, North- and Middle-Asia, North-
America. Perennial, suited for damp forest-land particularly, the
pastural capabilities of which it enhances. On river-banks it attains
a height of 6 feet. It is relished by cattle. The seeds can be used
like millet, the stems for the manufacture of superior straw-hats. It
is a great favorite with pheasants and many other birds for the sake
of its seeds, which ripen early in the season. Indigenous in Norway
as far north as lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler). Nutritious hay to the
extent of 3 tons on an acre obtainable from this grass (Coleman).
Mimosa rubicaulis, Lamarck.
India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproachable. It has proved
hardy at Melbourne, enduring some frost.
Mimusops globosa, Gaertner.
Central America. Tree, reaching a height of about 120 feet,
perhaps fit like many other Sapotoea3 for frostless extra-tropic regions.
The milky juice from cuts into the stem when exsiccated forms the
Balata of commerce, a substance in its qualities allied both to Gutta-
percha and India-rubber (Jenman).
Mimusops Sieberi, A. de CandoUe.
West-Indies and Florida. Tree reaching 30 feet in height. Fruit
of agreeable taste (Sargent).
Monarda didyma, Linne.
Eastern North- America. Hardy to lat. 59° 55' in Norway. A
perennial odorous herb, producing the medicinal Oswego- or Beebalm-
Tea. M. fistulosa, L., and several others are also of very strong
scent. Their volatile oil contains thymol.
Monarda punctata, Linn&
Eastern North- America, where it is called " Native Horse-mint."
Bees extract an astonishing quantity of honey from this plant. M.
citriodora (Cervantes) is an allied lemon-scented species, extending
from the South- Western States to Mexico.
Monodora Angolensis, Welwitsch.
Tropical West-Africa, up to the comparatively cool elevation of
3,500 feet. A tree attaining 30 feet in height. The pleasantly
aromatic seeds come into the market, like those of the following
species ; they measure about half an inch in diameter and are produced
in numbers.
Monodora Myristica, Dunal.
West-Africa. A small tree. The seeds serve as nutmegs.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 219
[orchella conica, Persoon.
Europe, Asia, Northern and Central America, northward to lat.
70° in Norway. With M. semilibera this Morel has been found in
Victoria and New South Wales ; its spread should be encouraged by
artificial means, as it is a wholesome esculent. . Kohlrausch and
Siegel found 29 to 35 per cent, of protein in Morels when dried.
European superior species, probably admitting of introduction, are : M.
esculenta, M. Gigas, Pers., M. rimosipes,D.C., M. Bohemica, Krombh.,
M. deliciosa, Fries (which extends to Java) and M. patula, Pers.,
the Bell-Morell ; but several others occur in other parts of the
globe. Though these f ungs show a predilection for pine-forests, they
are not dependent upon them ; thus the writer found M. conica
(Persoon) in Eucalyptus-forests, and this late in the autumn. They
can all be dried and preserved for culinary purposes.
Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner.
The Horse-Radish Tree of India, abundant as far as the middle
regions of the mountains. Height to about 20 feet, but thick-
stemmed. The long pods are edible ; the seeds are somewhat
almond-like and rich in oil, which has no perceptible smell, and is
esteemed by watchmakers particularly. Gum exudes from the stem.
M. aptera (Gaertner) occurs from Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia
and Syria. M. Concanensis (Nimmo) is an allied species from the
drier regions of North- Western India.
Moras alba, Linn£.*
The White Mulberry-tree. Upper .India and Western China.
This tree in several varieties provides the food for the ordinary
Chinese silk-insect (Bombyx Mori). Silk was produced in Italy
700 years ago, and this branch of industry has flourished there ever
since. In China silk has been reeled for 4,500 years ; this may
demonstrate the permanency of an industry, which we wish to
establish extensively anywhere under a similar sky. " One pound of
silk is worth its weight in silver, and this pound may be produced (so
far as the food of the Bombyx is concerned) from thirty pounds of
mulberry -leaves or from a single tree, which may thus be brought to
yield annually the material for 16 yards of Gros de Naples" (R.
Thompson). The White Mulberry-tree is of extremely easy growth
from cuttings, also readily raised from well-matured seeds. It is
usually unisexual, and finally attains a very large size. It can still
be grown in climes, where olives will no longer thrive. In Norway
the tree bore seeds in lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler). Spots for mulberry-
culture must not be over moist, when the leaves are to be utilized for
the Bombyx. In 1870, according to the British Trade Journal, the
produce of cocoons amounted in Europe to £16,588,000; in Asia to
£28,112,000; in Africa to £44,000; in the South-Sea Islands to
£24,000; in America to £20,000 — thus giving a general total of
£44,788,000. In 1875 the yield of raw silk in the district of
Rajshahye (British India) was estimated at £400,000, employing
220 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
abont 12,000 people, the plantations extending approximately over
150 sqnare miles (Dr. S. Forbes Watson). In that district alone a
quarter of a million people derive their support from the trade and
other branches of the silk-industries. Great Britain imported in 1884
4,519,000 Ibs. of raw silk, to a value of £3,341,000 of thrown silk;
husks and waste to the value of £907,000, irrespective of manufac-
tured silk-goods, the cost of which amounted to nearly eleven
million pounds sterling. Superior varieties of mulberry can be
grafted with ease on ordinary stock. M. Indica, L., M. macrophylla,
Moretti, M. Morettiana, Jacq., M. Chinensis, BertoL, M. latifolia,
Poir., M. Italica, Poir., M. Japonica, Nois., M, Byzantina, Sieb.,
M. nervosa, Del., M. pumila, Nois., M. tortuosa, Audib., as well as
M. Constantinopolitana, Lamarck, with which, according to Prof. C.
Koch, is identical M. multicaulis of Perrottet, are merely forms of
M. alba, to which probably also M. Tatarica, L. and M. pabularia,
Jacquin, belong. The variety known as M. Indica produces black
fruits. The raising of Mulberry-trees has recently assumed enor-
mous dimensions in California, where between seven and eight
millions were planted since 1870. The process of rearing the silk-
insect is simple, and involves no laborious exertions. The cocoons,
after they have been properly steamed, dried and pressed, readily
find purchasers in Europe, the price ranging according to quality
from 3s. to 6s. per Ib. The eggs of the silk-moth sell at a price from
16s. to £2 per ounce; in 1870, Japan had to provide two millions of
ounces of silk-ova for Europe, where the worms had extensively
fallen victims to disease. As an example of the profit to be realized,
a Californian fact may be cited, according to which £700 were the
clear gain from 3J acres, the working expenses having been £93.
The Commissioner of Agriculture of the United States has estimated
that under ordinary circumstances an acre should support from 700 to
1,000 mulberry trees, producing, when four years old, 5,000 Ibs. of
leaves fit for food. On this quantity of leaves can be reared 140,000
worms, from which ova at a net-profit, ranging from £80 to £240 per
acre, will be obtained by the work of one person. Mr. C. Brady, of
Sydney, thinks the probable proceeds of silk-culture to be from £60
to £150 for the acre. The discrepancies in calculations of this kind
are explained by differences in clime, soil, attention, treatment and
also rate of labor.
A very palatable fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated in
Beloochistan and Afghanistan. Morus Tatarica, L., resembles M.
alba; its juicy fruit is insipid and small. The leaves are not gener-
ally used for silkworms. The white-fruited tree was found apparently
' wild by Dr. A. v. Regel, at Taschkent and Tutkaul; the stems there
were 7 feet thick. ,-.
The results of Mr. Brady's experience on the varieties of Morus
alba are as follows : In the normal form the fruits are white with a
purplish tinge more or less deep ; the bark is pale ; the leaf is also
of a pale hue, not very early, nor very tender, nor very abundant.
It may be grown on moist ground, so long as such is drained, or it will
I
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 221
live even on poor, loose, gravelly soil, bordering on running water.
The Cevennes-variety is a free grower, affords a large quantity of
leaves, though of rather thick consistence; all varieties of the Morus-
Eombyx like these leaves, whether young or old; it is also called the
Rose-leaved variety; the silk, which it yield-s, is substantial in quan-
tity and also good in quality; it does best on rich dry slopes. The
bushy Indian variety has a fine leaf of a beautiful green, which, though
light iu weight, is abundantly produced; it can be cut back to the stem
three or four times a year; the leaves are flat, long and pointed, possess
a fine aroma, and are relished by every variety of the ordinary silk-
insect, though all do not thrive equally well on it; the silk derived
from this variety is excellent, but not always so heavy in quantity as
that produced from the rosy variety; it prefers rich, low-lying bottoms,
is a greedy feeder, but may thus be made to cover an extraordinary
breadth of alluvial or manured land in a marvellously short space of
time. At Sydney Mr. Brady can provide leaves from this Indian
variety all through the year by the removal of cuttings, which will
strike their roots almost at any season; it also ripens seeds readily,
and should be kept at bush-size; it requires naturally less space than
the other kinds. A fourth variety comes from North-China; it has
heart-shaped, flat, thick! sh leaves, which form very good food for the
silkworm. Mr. Brady, as well as Mr. Martelli, recommend very par-
ticularly the variety passing under the name of Morus multicaulis for
the worms in their earliest stages. The former recommends the Cape-
variety also; the latter wishes likewise the variety called Morus
Morettiana to be used on account of its succulent nutritious foliage, so
well adapted for the insect, while yet very young, and also on account
of producing the largest amount of food within the shortest time. The
Manilla-variety, above mentioned as Morus multicaulis, comes into
bearing several weeks earlier than most other sorts, and should there-
fore be at hand for early hatched worms. An excellent phytological
exposition of the numerous varieties of the White Mulberry-tree is
given in De. Candolle's prodromus xvn. 238-245 (1873).
The Muscardine-disease is produced by Botrytis Bassiana, while the
still more terrible Pebrine-disease is caused by a minute psorospermous
organism. On the Pebrine Pasteur's researches since 1865 have shed
much light. Countries like ours, happily free from these pests, can
thus rear healthy silk-ova at a high premium for exportion.
The White Mulberry-tree with others, offering food to the silk-
worms, such as the osage-orange, should be planted copiousty every-
where for hedges or copses. A very soft textible fibre is obtained
from the bark of the Chinese Mulberry-tree.
Morus celtidifolia, Humboldt.
From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 8,000 feet. The fruit of this
Mulberry-tree is edible. M. insignis (Planchon), from New Granada,
is a similar species; it reaches elevations of 11,000 feet; is therefore
a plant fit also for the cold temperate zone, and deserves thus
general cultural attention.
222 .Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Morus nigra, Linne.*
The Black Mulberry-tree. Soutk-Western Russia and Persia.
Attains a height of about 60 feet. Highly valuable for its pleasant
refreshing fruits. It is a tree of longevity, instances being on record
of its having lived through several centuries; it is also very hardy,
enduring the winter-cold of Norway to lat. 61° 15'; at Christiania it
bore fruit (Schuebeler). Mr. John Hodgkins regards it as a superior
tree for sandy coast-ridges. The leaves of this species also afford
food for the ordinary silk-moth, and are almost exclusively used for
this purpose in the Canary-Islands, although the produce therefrom is
not always so good as that from M. alba. The tree occurs usually
unisexual. M. atropurpurea (Roxburgh), from Cochin-China, is an
allied tree. The cylindrical fruit-spike attains a length of 2 inches.
Morus rubra, Linne".*
The Red Mulberry-tree. Eastern North-America, North-Mexico.
The largest of the genus, attaining a height of about 70 feet; it produces
a strong and compact timber, of wonderful endurance underground,
hence in demand for posts and railway-ties (General Harrison); also
for knees of small vessels (Dr. C. Mohr) and a variety of other pur-
poses. Fruit edible, sweet, large. The tree is still hardy in Chris-
tiania (Schuebeler). Rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska
43 inches in 18 years (Furnas).
Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Bentham. (Macranthus Cochinchinensis, Loureiro. )
A climbing annual, which can be reared in the open air in Eng-
land. Pods, cooked as a vegetable, taste like those of kidney -beans
(Johnson).
Muehlenbergia diffusa, Willdenow.
Southern States of North- America. Perennial. Recorded among
the good native fodder-grasses of Alabama by C. Mohr, thriving as
well on dry hills as in low damp forest-ground. Prof. Killebrew
mentions, that this grass in Tennessee carpets the soil in forests with
a living green. M. glomerata (Trinius) is in the same region a
pasture- and hay-grass, available in wet meadows (Dr. Vasey).
Muehlenbergia Mexicana, Trinius.
Southern parts of North-America. A perennial good fodder-grass,
particularly fit for low humid ground, also in forests. Root creeping;
stem much branched, bending down.
Murraya exotica, Koenig.
South-Asia, Polynesia, East- and North-Australia. This shrub or
small tree is one of the. best among the odoriferous plants in India
(C. B. Clarke). M. Koenigii (Sprengel) ascends the Himalayas to
5,000 feet; its leaves are in frequent use as an ingredient of curries.
Musa Cavendishii, Lambert.* (Musa regia, Rumph; Musa Chinensis, Sweet;
Musa nana, Loureiro.)
The Chinese Banana. A comparatively dwarf species, the stem
attaining a height of only about 5 or 6 feet. Its robust and dwarf
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 223
habit render it particularly fit for exposed localities, and this is one of
the reasons, why it is so extensively cultivated in the South-Sea
Islands. The yield of fruit is profuse (even as much as 200 to 300
fruits in a spike), and the flavor excellent. General Sir John Lefroy
saw bunches of 80 Ibs. weight produced in Bermuda, where the plant
bears fruits all the year round. This, as well as M. sapientum and M.
paradisiaca, still ripens its fruits in Madeira and Florida. The spe-
cific name, given by M. Loureiro, is entitled to preference. All
Musas are grand honey-plants.
Musa corniculata, Rumph.*
Insular India. Fruits as large as a good-sized cucumber; skin
thick; pulp reddish- white, firm, dry, sweet ; an excellent fruit for
cooking (Kurz). The Lubang- variety is of enormous size.
Musa Ensete, Gmelin.
Bruce's Banana. From Sofala to Abyssinia in mountain-regions.
This magnificent plant attains a height of about 30 feet, the leaves
occasionally reaching the length of fully 20 feet, with a width of 3
feet, being perhaps the largest in the whole empire of plants, exceed-
ing those of Strelitzia and Ravenala, and surpassing even in quad-
rate-measurement those of the grand water-plant Victoria Regia,
while also excelling in comparative circumference the largest com-
pound frond of Angiopteris evecta or the divided leaf of Godwinia
Gigas, though the leaves of some palms are still larger in circum-
ference. The inner part of the stem and the young spike of the
Ensete can be boiled, to serve as a table-esculent, but the fruit is
pulpless. This plant produces no suckers, and requires several
years to come into flower and seed, when it dies off like the Sago-
Palm, the Caryota-Palm and others, which flower but once without
reproduction from the root. It is probably the hardiest of all species,
enduring slight frosts.
Musa Livingstoniana, Kirk.
Mountains of Sofala, Mozambique and the Niger-regions. Similar
to M. Ensete; seeds much smaller. This superb plant requires no
protection in favorable places in warm temperate climes, as it
advances in its native country to elevations of 7,000 feet. This and
a Musa of Angola, like M. Ensete, form no suckers.
Musa paradisiaca, Linn<$.*
The ordinary Plantain or Pisang. India. Among the most pro-
lific of plants, requiring the least care in climes adapted for its growth.
Stem not spotted. Bracts purple inside. In this as well as M.
Cavendishii and M. simiarum, new shoots are produced from the root,
to replace annually the fruit-bearing stem. The fruit of this is often
prepared by some cooking process. Very many varieties are distin-
guished, and they seem to have sprung from the wild state of M.
sapientum. The writer did not wish to pass this and the allied plants
unnoticed, as they will endure the clime in warmer localities of the
224 Select Plants for Industrial C^dture
temperate zone, where under careful attention they are likely to
mature their fruit with regularity. They require rich and humid
soil. Plantain-meal is prepared by simply reducing the dried pulp to
powder; it is palatable, digestible and nourishing. M. sapientum,. L,
the ordinary Banana or Sweet Plantain is a variety. It is one of the
most important plants among those yielding nutritious delicious
fruits. The stem is spotted; bracts green inside. The leaves
and particularly the stalks and the stems of this and other species
of Musa can be utilized for producing a fibre similar to Manilla-
hemp, though not so strong. The fruit of this species is
used chiefly unprepared; it is generally of a yellow color. Numerous
varieties are distinguished. Under favorable circumstances as
much as a hundredweight of fruit is obtained from a plant annually
in tropical climes. At Caraccas, where the temperature is seldom
much above or below 70° F., the plantain- and banana-plants are
very productive, being loaded with fruits 12 to 15 inches long,
on mountains about 5,000 feet high. In the dry Murray-regions
of South-Eastern Australia the winter-temperature seems too low for
the successful development of the plants except on sheltered spots;
but bananas still ripen under the shelter of limestone-cliffs as far
south as Swan-River in West- Australia. The plant matures its fruit
also yet in the Canary-Islands. The banana requires infinitely
less care within its geographic latitudes than the potato; contains
along with much starch amply protein-compounds. The preparation
of starch from bananas is lucrative, as the yield is copious. Many
Indian populations live very extensively or almost exclusively on this
fruit. In hot countries the tall Musas are sometimes reared as nurse-
plants.
Musa simiarum, Rumph.* (M. corniculata, Loureiro; M. acummata, Colla.)
From Malacca to the Sunda-Islands. About half a hundred marked
varieties of this species, called mainly Pisangs in India, are under
cultivation there, especially on the Archipelagus, while M. sapientum
occurs wild more frequently on the mainland. Though the latter is
principally cultivated on the Indian continent, yet it never equals in
delicacy the cultivated forms of M. simiarum, the fruit of which
sometimes attains a length of 2 feet (Kurz).
Musa textilis, Nees.
Philippine-Islands. This species furnishes the widely utilized
Manilla-rope fibre; the plant was introduced first into Australia by
the author, and may thrive in subtropic regions. It likes volcanic
forest-land. Much of the fibre is exported to America for paper.
About 1 Ib. of fibre is annually obtained from each plant
(Simmonds).
Musa troglodytarum, Linn£. (H. uranoscopos, Rumph.)
India, and apparently indigenous also in the Fiji and other islands
of the Pacific Ocean. The fruit-stalk of this species stands upright;
the edible fruits are small, reddish or orange-colored; pulp gamboge-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 225
yellow, mawkish-sweet (Kurz). The Chinese M. coccinea, Ait., a
dwarf ornamental species, has also the fruit-spike straight.
Myoporum Isetum, Forster.
New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines, also in
the Chatham-Islands. As a shelter-tree it is equal to the Australian
M. insulare for the most exposed parts of the coast. It is excellent
for shade, and its wood takes a fine polish. It can be raised on the
beach from cuttings. Uprooted it will produce new roots, if covered
in near the sea. Sheep, cattle and horses browse on the foliage.
Myrica Calif ornica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Californian Sweet-gale Tree, attaining 40 feet in height and a
stem-diameter of 3 feet. The leaves, pervaded by a balsamic resinous-
oily principle, are of medicinal value (Dr. Kellogg). The root-bark
of several Myricas is also turned to therapeutic account.
Myrica cerifera, Linn£.
The Wax-Myrtle or " Bay-Berry." Sandy sea-coast of Eastern
North- America. This shrub helps to bind the rolling sand; it has
fragrant leaves; the fruits are boiled, and the floating wax, which
can be converted into candles, is skimmed off. In Patagonia,
Argentina and Chili the scrophularinous Monttea aphylla, Bentham
(Oxycladus aphyllus, Miers), yi'elds vegetable wax from its branches
(Lorentz).
Myrica cordifolia, Lhm<*.
South-Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of the sea-sand;
it also yields wax from its fruits in remunerative quantity.
Myrica Faya, Aiton.
Madeira, Azores and Canary-Islands. A small tree. The drupa-
ceous fruits are used for preserves.
Myrica quercifolia, Linn<$.*
South-Africa. This, as well as M. cordifolia and M. serrata are
the principal Wax-bushes there. Many other species from different
parts of the globe are available for trial-culture, but none have as yet
been discovered in Australia.
Myrica rubra, Siebold and Zuccarini.
China and Japan. The bark of this tree or shrub serves for a
brown dye; the fruit is edible.
Myrica sapida, Wallich.
Continental India, up to 7,000 feet, also in Borneo. A shady
evergreen tree. The fruit is one of the best of North-Western India,
and is there eaten by all classes (Edwin Atkinson).
Myrica serrata, Lamarck.
South- Africa. Shrub only about 3 feet high. Also wax-yielding.
The Myrica-wax is heavier, harder and more brittle than bees' wax,
226 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
but melts easier; it is obtained from the fruits throughout the cool
season. The sowing of seeds is done after the first rain of the cool
months has steadied the loose sand; it can also be multiplied from
cuttings. The subterraneous trunk is creeping, and in age of con-
siderable length (Dr. Pappe).
Myrrhis odorata, Scopoli.
The Sweet Chervil or Cicely. Mountains of Middle and Southern
Europe and Asia Minor, particularly in forests. A perennial aroma-
tic herb, used for salad and culinary condiments. It could be
naturalized in forests, and would endure an alpine climate; a second
species, M. occidentalis (Bentham) occurs in Oregon and Utah. Asa
Gray keeps this with two additional Californian congeners in the
genus Glycosma.
Myrtus acmenoides, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. The fragrant leaves of this and of M. f ragrantissima
used locally for flavoring tea, according to Mr. P. O'Shanesy.
Myrtus communis, Linnet
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The Bridal Myrtle. This
bush of ancient renown should not be passed ; it is industrially in
requisition for myrtle- wreaths.
TVEyrtuS edulis, Bentham. (Myrdanthes edulis, Berg.)
Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about 25 feet. Berries of
1| inch diameter, of pleasant taste.
Myrtus incana, Berg.
La Plata-States. A dwarf shrub. The berries can be eaten raw,
and are also made into a sweet rich jelly. M. sericea (Cambessedes)
is an allied species from the same region.
Myrtus Luma, Molina.
South-Chili. A tree to fully 100 feet high in the virgin-forests.
Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for press-screws, wheel-
spokes and select implements (Dr. Philippi).
Myrtus Meli, Philippi.
South-Chili. Of the same use as the foregoing species, and in this
manner most favorably contrasting with the numerous other myrta-
ceous trees of Chili.
Myrtus mucronata, Cambessedes.
La Plata-States. A low shrub. The leaves serve locally as a
substitute for tea. The berries, which are of the size of muscatel
grapes, are of pleasant taste, and therefore consumed by the native
inhabitants (Hieronymus).
Myrtus nummularia, Poiret.
The Cranberry-Myrtle. From Chili to Fuegia, also in the Falk-
land-Islands. This trailing little plant might be transferred to the
in ^Extra-Tropical Countries. 227
turfy moors of any alpine mountains. Sir J. Hooker describes the
berries as fleshy, sweet and of agreeable flavor. Allied species occur iri
the cold zone of the Peruvian Andes.
Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton.
India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8,000 feet. The
berries are dark purple, of cherry-size, pulpy and of aromatic sweet-
ness. Various other Myrtles with edible berries are known from
different warm countries.
Myrtus Ugni, Molina.
The Chilian Guava. A hardy shrub, freely bearing its small but
pleasantly aromatic berries.
Nageia (Podocarpus) amara, Blume.
Java, on high volcanic mountains. A large tree, sometimes to 200
feet high. Timber valuable.
Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig. (Prumnoplthys elegans, Philippi.)
The " Lleuque " of Chili. A stately tree, with clusters of edible
cherry -like fruit. As might be expected from its native place, it will
bear severe frost — 0° F. (Gorlie). The wood is yellowish and fine-
grained, and is chosen for elegant furniture- work.
Nageia (Podocarpus) bracteata, Blume.
Burmah, Borneo, Java, up to 3,000 feet. Generally reaching about
80 feet, in height, with a straight trunk and horizontal branches.
The close-grained wood is highly prized. The allied N. neriifolia
from the Himalayas has proved hardy at Melbourne.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard.
The "Manniu and Lahaul" of Chili and Peru, ascending to sub-
alpine elevations. Height reaching 100 feet, with corresponding
thickness of stem. Wood white, of excellent quality.
Nageia (Podocarpus) coriacea, Richard.
West-Indies. This tree attains a height of 50 feet, and advances
to elevations of 8,000 feet. Other species of both hemispheres
should be tested, beyond those here now mentioned.
Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R. Brown.
Java and Philippine-Islands. Height of tree to 180 feet; furnishes
a highly valuable timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Richard.
In swampy ground of New Zealand; the "Kahikatea" of the
Maoris, called White Pine by the colonists. Height to about 150
feet; diameter of stem often 4 feet. The white sweet fruit (fruit-
stalklet) is eaten by the natives; the wood is pale, close-grained,
heavy; it will not stand exposure to wet, but is .one of the best for
flooring -boards. The strength is equal to that of " Rimu," according
to Professor Kirk; but it is more readily attacked by boring insects.
228 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R. Brown.
East-Australia to 35° S. A fine timber-tree, attaining a height
of about 80 feet, with a stem 2 feet in diameter. The timber is soft,
close-grained, free from knots, much used for joiners' work, also for
spars. Market price in Brisbane £3 5s. to £3 10s. per 1,000 super-
ficial feet (Queensland Exhibition, 1867).
Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L'He"ritier.
South-Africa. With N. Thunbergi, Erythrina Caffira (Thunberg)
and Ocotea bullata (Bentham), this is the tallest tree of Capeland and
Caffraria, although it does not advance beyond 70 feet. The yellowish
wood is highly valuable, deal-like, not resinous. The stems can be
used for top-masts and yards of ships.
Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, D. Don.
Northern parts of New Zealand. The " Black Pine" of the
colonists; native name " Miro." Height reaching about 80 feet; it
produces a dark-red resin of a bitter taste. The wood is of a
reddish color, very hard; will stand exposure to sea-water. Fruit
solitary.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch.
Southern Brazil. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) macrophylla, D. Don.
The "Inou-maki" of Japan. A tree attaining about 50 feet in
height. The nut-stalklets used for food there. The wood is white
and compact, employed for carpenters' and joiners' work; the bark
for thatching (Dupont).
Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley.
Southern Chili, generally a companion of N. Chilina, with which
it agrees in its dimensions and the utility of its timber.
Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hooker.
Jamaica, at 2,500 to 3,500 feet. This quick -growing tree attains
a height of 100 feet.
Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Brown.
Black Pine or " Matai " of New Zealand. Fruit spicate. Tree
sometimes to 80 feet high; wood pale or reddish, soft, close and dur-
able; used advantageously for piles, machinery, stringers, braces,
mill-wrights' work, house-blocks, railway-sleepers, also weather-
boards and flooring-boards (Prof. Kirk).
Nageia (Podocarpus Thunbergi, Hooker.
J South-Africa. Superior to N. pruinosa (E. Meyer) and even N.
elongata in the quality of its wood; it is bright-yellow, fine-grained,
and very handsome when polished (Dr. Pappe). Always a smaller
tree than N. elongata according to Mr. Will. Tuck.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 229
Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, D. Don.*
New Zealand. A fine tree, to 120 feet high, with a stem reaching
20 feet in circumference; it is called Mahogany-pine by the colo-
nists. The reddish, close-grained and durable wood is valuable
both for building and for furniture; and is also extensively used
for telegraph-posts ; indeed it is considered the most valuable timber of
New Zealand. Chosen for piles of bridges, wharves and jetties and
in other naval architecture; the heart-wood resists decay and the
attacks of the Teredo for a long time, according to Professor Kirk.
It ranks below Kauri in strength, but equals it in durability. It is
one of the most lasting woods for railway-sleepers. When used for
piles, the bark should not be removed from the timber. Many other
tall timber-trees of the genus Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various
parts of Asia, Africa and America, doubtless all desirable; but the
quality of their timber is not welt known, though likely in many
cases excellent. Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the
genus.
Nardostachys Jatamansi, De Candolle.
Mountains of Bengal and Nepal, at elevations from 11,000 to
17,000 feet (J. Hooker). " The Spikenard." A perennial herb,
famous in ancient times as a medicinal plant. The root contains an
ethereal oil and bitter principle.
Nastus Borbonicus, Gmelin.
Reunion, where it forms a belt all round the mountains of the
island, in a zone of 3-4,000 feet. This beautiful bamboo grows to a
height of about 50 feet (General Munro). A second species, namely,
N. capitatus (Kunth) occurs in Madagascar.
Nelumbo lutea, Caspary.* (Nelumbium luteum, Willdenow.)
The Water-Chinquepin. In Eastern North- America, northward to
44°; also in Jamaica. This magnificent perennial water-plant carries
with it the type of Nelumbo nucifera, but seems more hardy, and thus
better adapted for extra-tropical latitudes, the Pythagorean Bean not
descending in Australia naturally beyond 23°, although this species
also may perhaps be able to live in the warmer parts of the temperate
zone. The tuberous roots of both species resemble somewhat the
Sweet Potato and are starchy; the seeds are of particularly
pleasant taste. The plants would be of great value as ornamental
aquatics. The leaves of N. lutea are from 1 to 2 feet in diameter.
The flower measures ^ to 1 foot across. The capsular fruit contains
from twenty to forty nut-like seeds. The plant in congenial spots dis-
places nearly all other water-vegetation by the vigor of its growth.
Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertner.* (Nelumbium speciosum, Willdenow.)
The Pythagorean Bean or Sacred Lotus of the ancients. Egypt,
on the Caspian and Aral Seas (46° N.); Persia; through India, where
in Cashmere it occurs at an elevation of 5,000 feet; China, Japan;
Amur (46° N); tropical Australia as far south as 23°. The occurrence
230 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
of this grand plant at the Ima, at Pekin and at Astrachan proves
sufficiently, that we can naturalize it in moderately cool climes, as has
been done already by Marquis G-inoi at Doccia, near Florence. The
plant luxuriates even in New Jersey, where when once established
Mr. Sturtevant saw it retaining its vitality while dormant through
successive winters underneath ice 6 inches thick. The Nelumbo
requires deep water with a muddy bottom. The large white or rosy
flowers are very fragrant. The seeds retain their vitality for several
years. According to the ancient Egyptian method, they are placed in
balls of muddy clay and chaff, and then sunk into the water. Not
only the very palatable seeds serve for food, but also the stalks, which
are used as a vegetable. According to Moorcroft this plant contri-
butes much to the sustenance of some thousands of people in
Cashmere for eight months in the year.
Nepeta Cataria, Linne".
Europe, Western Asia. The " Catmint." This somewhat aromatic
herb is valued in domestic medicine. Apiarists praise it also, Quinby
stating, that if there was any plant, which he should cultivate
especially, it would be this.
Nepeta Grleclionia, Bentham. (Glechoma hederacea, Linne.)
" The Ground-Ivy." Europe, Western Asia. This herb is still
in great estimation as a pectoral medicine in many parts of Europe.
It is also a honey-plant. Perennial like most congeners.
Nepeta raphanorrhiza, Bentham.
Cashmere and Afghanistan. The roots of this herb furnish a
delicious vegetable (Dr. Aitchison) ; they have the taste of fresh
almonds; large quantities are consumed by the inhabitants of the
native countries of this plant.
Nephelium lappaceum, Linne".
South-India and Malay-Islands. This rather tall tree furnishes
the Rambutan- or Rampostan-fruit, similar to the Litchi- and Longan-
fruit. As one species of Nephelium is indigenous as far south as
Grippsland (Victoria), and as all the species seem to require rather a
moist mild forest-clime than great atmospheric heat, we may hope to
bring this tree also to perfect bearing in favorable spots of a temperate
clime.
Nepheliuni Litchi, Cambessedes.
Southern China, Cochin-China and the Philippine-Islands. An
evergreen middle-sized tree, producing the Litchi-fruit. The pulpy
arillus is of extremely pleasant taste, though not large.
Nephelium Longanum, Cambessedes.
India and Southern China. Height of tree to about 40 feet. The
Longan-fruit is obtained from this tree; it is smaller than that of the
Litchi-tree and less palatable.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 231
Neurachne Mitchelliana, Nees.
The Mulga-Grass. In the arid interior of Eastern and South-
Eastern Australia. With its companion, N. Munroi (F. v. M.)
eligible as a perennial fodder-grass for naturalization in sandy or dry-
sterile land. It endures any extent of drought, but requires heavy
rain to start anew (R. S. Moore).
Nicotiana glauca, Graham.
Argentina and Uruguay. This quickly-growing arborescent species
can be raised on mere sand on the coast, as one of the best of plants
to establish shelter and stay the shifting of the sand- waves.
Nicotiana multivalvis, Lindley.
The native Tobacco of the regions on the Columbia-River. An
annual. This can be utilized for some inferior kinds of tobacco.
Nicotiana Persica, Lindley.
The Shiraz-Tobacco. Persia. Annual. This can be brought to
perfection only in cool mountain-regions. The mode of culture is
somewhat different from that of the ordinary tobacco. Moderate irri-
gation is favorable. The plants, when ripe, are cut off and stuck
into the ground again until they become yellow; they are then heaped
together for a few days in the drying-house; they are afterwards
packed into thin strata and placed into bags for pressure and daily
turning.
Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh.
The native Tobacco of the Missouri. An annual.
Nicotiana repanda, Willdenow.
Cuba, Mexico, Texas. Annual. It is utilized for some of the
Havanna-tobaccoes .
Nicotiana rustica, Linne*.
Tropical America. Annual. Some exceptional sorts of East-
Indian tobacco, of Manilla-tobacco and of Turkey-tobacco are derived
from this particular species.
Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne".*
The ordinary Tobacco-plant of Central America. Annual. The
tobacco-plant delights in rich forest-soil, particularly where limestone
prevails, on account also of the potassium-compounds, which abound
in soils of woodlands, and also because in forest-clearings that atmo-
spheric humidity prevails, which is needful for the best development
of the finest kinds of tobacco. Various districts, with various soils,
produce very different sorts of tobacco, particularly as far as flavor is
concerned; and again, various climatic conditions will greatly affect
the tobacco-plant in this respect. We can therefore not hope, to
produce for instance Manilla- or Havanna-tobacco in cooler latitudes;
but we may expect to produce good sorts of our own also in Australia,
more or less peculiar; or we may aspire to producing in our rich and
232 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
f restless forest-valleys a tobacco similar to that of Kentucky, Maryland,
Connecticut and Virginia. Frost is detrimental to the tobacco-plant;
not only, particularly when young, must it be guarded against it, but
frost will also injure the ripe crop. The scarcity of dew in some of
the districts of Australia militates against the production of the best
kinds, otherwise the yield as a rule is large, and the soil in many
places well adapted for this culture. Leaves of large size are frequently
obtained, but the final preparation of the leaf for the manufacturer
must be effected by experienced skill. The cruder kinds are obtained
with ease, and so are leaves for covering cigars. Virgin soil, with
rich loam, is the best for tobacco-culture, and such soil should also
contain a fair proportion of lime and potash, or should be enriched
with a calcareous manure and ashes, or with well decomposed stable-
manure. According to Simmonds the average yield in Greece is
about 800 pounds of tobacco per acre. The seedlings, two months or
less old, are transplanted. When the plants are coming into flower,
the leading top-shoots are nipped off, and the young shoots must also
be broken off'. A few weeks afterwards the leaves will turn to a
greenish yellow, which is a sign that the plants are fit to be cut, or
that the ripe leaves can gradually be pulled. In the former case the
stems are split; the drying is then effected in barns by suspension
from sticks across beams. The drying process occupies four or five
weeks, and may need to be assisted by artificial heat. Stripped of the
stalks, the leaf-blades are tied into bundles, to undergo sweating or a
kind of slight fermentation. It does not answer to continue tobacco-
culture beyond two years on the same soil uninterruptedly. A promi-
nent variety is Nicotina latissima, Miller, or N. macrophylla, Lehmann,
yielding largely the Chinese, the Orinoco and the Maryland tobacco.
Lataki a- tobacco, according to Dyer, is prepared by submitting the
leaves for several months to fumigation from fir-wood. Substances
containing cumarin, particularly the Tonka-Bean (Dipterix odorata),
are used to flavor tobacco and snuff. The dangerously powerful
nicotin (a volatile acrid alkaline oily liquid) and nicotianin (a bitter
aromatic lamellar substance) are both derived from tobacco in all its
parts, and are therapeutic agents. The tobacco-plant has been grown
as far north as lat. 70° 22' in Norway (Schuebeler). The total
quantity of tobacco, entered at the custom-houses for home-consump-
tion in the United Kingdom during 1884 was over 52 million Ibs.,
valued at £2,776,000.
Niemeyera prunifera, F. v. Mueller. (Lucuma prunifera, Bentham.)
The Australian Cainito. An evergreen tree, sparingly dispersed
from the north of New South Wales through the coast-forests of
Queensland. The fruit is of a plum-like appearance and edible.
Culture is likely to improve its quality.
Nuphar multisepalum, Engelmann.
Western North-America. This Water-Lily produces nutritious
seeds, which taste like Broom-Corn, and are used locally for food, but
are more particularly valuable for waterfowl. Various species of
in Extrc^Tropical Countries. 233
Nymphaea might be utilized in the same manner, irrespective of their
value as decorative lake- or pond-plants. The author naturalized the
British Water-Lily Nymphoea alba (Camerarius) in Victoria long ago.
The very decorative N. gigantea (Hooker) extends naturally in
Eastern Australia to 30° S.
Nyctanthes arbor tristis, Linne*.
India, up to Assam. This arborescent shrub or small tree (to 30
feet) may be grown in almost any moist regions free from frost, for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers, from which essence of jasmin can
be obtained.
Nyssa aquatica, Linn£.
The Tupelo or Pepperidge. North-America. This large decidu-
ous tree can be grown in pools and deep swamps, and is thus well
adapted for aquatic scenery. The spongy roots serve as a substitute
for cork and the floats of nets.
Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim.
Eastern States of North-America, where it is called the Forest-
Tupelo, or Black Gum-tree (Dr. Asa Gray); also called Sour Gum-
tree. Attains a height of about 50 feet. Suited for forest-soil; has
horizontal branches and a " light, flat spray, like the Beech. " Can
be propagated from cuttings. The wood is very hard, but light and
almost unwedgeable; its serves for hubs of wheels, pumps, side-boards
of carts, trays, bowls, dippers, mortars, wooden shoes, hatters' blocks
and various turners' work. The foliage turns bright crimson in
autumn. The fruits are pleasantly acidulous, like those of N. capi-
tata (Walter) and of some other species, and often used for preserves.
Nyssa uniflora, Walter.
Eastern States of North-America. The Swamp-Tupelo. Wood
soft, whitish; particularly adapted for trays, bowls and carving (C.
Mohr), that of the roots very light and spongy, hence used for corks
(Dr. Asa Gray). A shrub or small tree. The mucilaginous fruits are
edible.
Ocimum Basilicum, Linn£.
The ".Basil." Warmer parts of Asia and Africa. Will grow in
Norway to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). An annual herb, valuable for
condiments and perfumery. Several varieties exist, differing consid-
erably in. their scent. A crystalline substance is also obtained from
this and similar species. O. canum (Sims) is closely allied. Valuable,
like many other aromatic Labiatae., for bees. Seeds will keep for
eight years.
Ocimum gratissimum, Linne.
Recorded from India, the South-Sea Islands and Brazil as indige-
nous. Somewhat shrubby. This is also a scent-plant like the follow-
ing, and is one of the best of the genus. O. viride (Willdenow), from
tropical Africa, seems a variety.
Q2
234 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Ocimuni sanctum, Linn£.
Arabia, India, tropical Australia. A perennial herb. The odor
of the variety occurring in North- Australia reminds of anise; the smell
of the variety growing in East- Australia resembles that of cloves. O»
tenuiflorum, L., seems to be another variety. Probably other species,
cis- as well as trans-atlantic, can be used like Basil.
Ocimuni suave, Willdenow.
East-Africa. A scrubby species.
Oenanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck.
Europe, Western and Northern Asia. A perennial swamp-plant,
the fruitlets of which are of considerable medicinal value.
Olea Europaea, Linn£.*
The Olive-tree. South- Western Asia; naturalized in the countries
around the Mediterranean Sea. A tree not of great height, but of
many centuries' duration and of unabating fecundity. In Corfu how-
ever it grows sometimes to a height of 60 feet, and forms beautiful
forests. The well-known olive-oil is obtained from the fruit. Cer-
tain varieties of the fruit, preserved in vinegar or salt-liquid before
perfectly ripe, are also much used for the table. For this purpose the
fruit is generally macerated previously in water containing potash and
lime. The gum-resin of the olive-tree serves as incense, it contains
the crystalline olivil. The oil of the drupaceous fruit is a most im-
portant product of countries with a warm temperate climate. Its
chemical constituents are: 30 per cent, crystalline palmitin; 70 per
cent, olein, for which reason olive-oil belongs to those 'kinds, which
are not drying. In pressing, the kernels must not be crushed, as
then a disagreeable taste will be imparted to the oil. The wild variety
of the olive-tree usually has short blunt leaves and thorny branches.
Long-continued droughts, so detrimental to most plants, will affect
the olive but slightly. It thrives best on a free, loamy, calcareous
soil, even should it be strong and sandy, but it dislikes stiff clay.
Proximity to the sea is favorable to it, and hill-sides are more eligible
for its culture than plains. The ground must be deeply trenched.
Manuring with well-decayed substances is requisite annually or every
second and third year, according to circumstances. Irrigation will add
to the productiveness of the plant. Captain Ellwood Cooper, of
Santa Barbara, Southern California, obtained from orchards 10 years
old sufficient fruit for 700 gallons of olive-oil to the acre, one-fourth
of the produce paying for the expenses of preparing the soil, gathering
the crop, pressing the oil and conveying it to market. Mons.
Riordet distinguishes three main varieties, of which he recommends
two: 1. The Cayon, a small-sized tree, which comes into bearing
after three or four years, but bears fully only every second year; its oil
is fine with some aroma. 2. The Pendulier, a larger tree, with long
drooping branches, yielding an oil of first-rate quality. Mons. Reynaud,
"Culture de POlivier/* separates twelve varieties, as cultivated in
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 235
France, and recommends among them : 1. The Courniau or Courniale,
also called Plant de Salon, bearing most prolifically a small fruit and
producing an excellent oil. 2. Picholine, which by pruning its top-
branches is led to spread over eight yards square or more; it is of
weeping habit, yields a good oil in fair quantity, and resists the attacks
of insects well. 3. The Mouraou or Mourette, a large tree also fur-
nishing oil of a very fine quality. Olive-trees require judicious pruning
immediately after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively
at rest. They may be multiplied from seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers,
truncheons and old stumps, the latter to be split. They can also be
propagated from protuberances at the base of the stem, which can be
sent long distances (Boothby). Tne germination of the seeds is pro-
moted by soaking the nutlets in a solution of lime and wood-ash. The
seedlings can be budded or grafted after a few years. Truncheons or
estacas may be from one to many feet long and from one to many
inches thick; they are placed in the ground horizontally. Some
Olive-plantations at Grasse are worth from £200 to £250 per acre.
For many details the tract on the "Culture of Olive and its Utiliza-
tion," issued in Melbourne by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, should be
consulted, as it rests largely on its author's observations during a long
stay in Portugal; also the essay of Sir Samuel Davenport in Adelaide,
and the treatise recently issued by Capt. Ellwood Cooper in San
Francisco.
The following notes are derived from the important " Tratado del
Cultivo del Olivo en Espana," by the Chev. Capt. Jose de Hidalgo-
Tablada (second edition, Madrid, 1870). The olive-tree will resist
considerable frost (5° F.) for a short time, provided that the thawing
takes place under fogs or mild rain (or perhaps under a dense smoke).
It requires about one-third more annual warmth than the vine for
ripening its fruit. The Olive-zones of South-Europe and North-
Africa are between 18° and 44° north latitude. An elevation of
about 550 feet corresponds in Spain, as far as this culture is concerned,
to one degree further north. Olives do not grow well on granitic
soil. The fruit produced on limestone-formations is of the best
quality. Gypsum promotes the growth of the tree. An equable
temperature serves best; hence exposure to prevailing strong winds
is to be avoided. The winter temperature should not fall below 19°
F. The quantity of oil in the fruit varies from 10 to 20 per cent.;
sometimes it even exceeds the latter proportion. In the Provence an
average of 24 Ibs. of olive-oil are consumed by each individual of the
population annually; in Andalusia, about 30 Ibs. G. Don mentions
an aged tree near Gerecomis to have provided olives for 240 quarts
of oil in one year. For obtaining the largest quantity of oil the fruit
must be completely ripe. Hand-picked olives give the purest oil.
Knocking the fruit from the branches with sticks injures the tree and
lessens its productiveness the next year. Spain alone produces about
250,000,000 Ibs of olive-oil a year. The imports of olive-oil into the
United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 17,000 tons, valued at
£715,000; in 1883 the quantity was 31,000 tons, worth £1,194,000.
236 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
SPANISH VARIETIES.
A. — Varieties of early maturation, for colder localities: —
1. Var. Pomiformis, Clem.
Manzanillo. (French: Ampoulleau.) Fruit above an inch in dia-
meter, spherical, shining-black. Putamen broad and truncate.
2. Var. Regalis, Clem.
Sevillano. (French : Pruneau de Catignac.) Fruit about an inch
in diameter, ovate-spherical, blunt, bluish-black.
°. Var. Bellotudo or Villotuda.
Fruit about an inch long, egg-shaped; pericarp outside dark-red,
inside violet.
4. Var. Redondillo.
Fruit ovate-spherical, nearly an inch long. Pericarp outside bluish-
black, inside whitish. A rich yielder.
5. Var. Ovalis, Clem.
Lechin, Picholin, Acquillo. (French: Saurine.) Fruit broad-oval,
two-thirds of an inch long. A copious yielder.
6. Var. Argentata, Clem.
Nevadillo bianco; Doncel; Zorzalena; Moradillo; Ojiblanco; Olivo
lucio. Fruit broad-ovate, an inch long, very blunt, not oblique.
Quality and quantity of oil excellent.
7. Var. Varal bianco.
(French: Blanquette.) Fruit ovate-globular, three-fourths of an
inch long, neither pointed nor oblique, outside blackish-red.
8. Var. Empeltre.
Fruit ovate, an inch long, equable. Rich in oil of excellent quality;
also one of the best sorts for pickles. Pericarp outside violet, inside
whitish.
9. Var. JKacimal.
(French: Bouteillan, Boutiniene, Ribien, Rapugette.) Fruit violet-
colored, globose-ovate, about an inch long; neither pointed nor
oblique. Bears regularly also on less fertile soil, and is one of the
earliest to ripen.
10. Var. Varal negro.
Alameno. (French: Cay on, Nasies.) Fruit violet-black, spotted, glo-
bose-ovate, nearly an inch long, somewhat pointed. Bears richly.
11. Var. Colchonuaa.
Fruit spherical, outside red, inside whitish, an inch in diameter,
slightly pointed. Produces a large quantity of good oil.
12. Var. Ojillo de Liebre.
Ojo de Liebre. Fruit nearly spherical, outside violet-black, about
one inch long, somewhat oblique. One of the less early varieties.
13. Var. Carrasquena.
(French ; Redouan de Cotignat.) Fruit black-red, almost spherical,
about an inch long. Valuable both for oil and preserves, but
liable to be attacked by various insects.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 237
14. Var. HispalensiSj Clem.
Gordal; Ocal ; Olivo real. Fruit black-grey, oblique, spherical,
slightly oblique, measuring about an inch. Rather large -and
quick-growing tree. Fruit used in the green state for preserves,
not used for table-oil.
15. Var. Verdego.
Verdial. (French : Verdal, Verdan.) Fruit black-violet, oblique,
spheric, pointed, about one inch long. Furnishes good oil and
resists the cold best of all.
B. — Varieties of late maturition, for warmer localities : —
16. Var. Maxima, Clem.
Madrileno; Olivo morcal. Fruit over an inch long, cordate-globose,
strongly pointed. Less valuable for oil than for preserves.
17. Var. Rostrata, Clem.
Cornicabra. (French: Cournaud, Corniaud, Courgnale, PI. de
Salon, PL de la Fane; Cayon Rapunier, Grasse.) Strong and
tall, less tender; Fruit blackish-red, over an inch long, oval,
much pointed. Good for oil.
18. Var. Ceratocarpa, Clem.
Cornezuelo. (French : Odorant, Luquoise, Luques.) Fruit fully
an inch long, oval, pointed.
19. Var. Javaluno.
Fruit black-grey, over an inch long, egg-shaped, somewhat oblique,
gradually pointed. Rich in good oil ; can also be chosen for
preserves; much subject to attacks of insects.
20. Var. Picudo.
Fetudilla. Fruit fully an inch long, egg-shaped, blunt at the base,
pointed at the apex, with black-grey pulp. Pericarp easily
separable. Employed both for oil and preserves.
21. Var. Nevadillo negro.
Fruit egg-shaped, fully an inch long, with turned pointed apex.
One of the richest of all varieties in yield. Endures consider-
able cold, and is not late in ripening.
All these Spanish varieties show rather long, lanceolate leaves of
more or less width.
FRENCH VARIETIES.
(Some verging into the Spanish kinds.)
22. Var. Angulosa, Gouan.
Galliningue, Laurine. For preserves.
23. Var. Rouget.
Marvailletta. Produces a fine oil.
24. Var. Atrorubens, Gouan.
Salierne, Saverne. Fruit dusted white. Furnishes one of the best
of oils.
238 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
25. Var. Variegata, Grouan.
Marbre*e, Pigale, Pigau. Purple fruit, with white spots.
26. Var. Le Palma.
Oil very sweet, but not largely produced.
27. Var. Atrovirens, Ros.
Pointue, Punchuda. Fruit large, with good oil.
28. Var. Rubicons, Ros.
Rougette. Putamen small. Yield annual and large.
29. Var. Alba, Ros.
Olive blanche, Blancane, Vierge. This, with many others omitted
on this occasion, is an inferior variety.
30. Var. Caillet rouge.
Figanier. Small tree. Fruit large, red. Oil good and produced
in quantity.
31. Var. Caillet blanc.
Fruit almost white, produced annually and copiously, yielding a
rather superior oil.
32. Var. Raymet.
Fruit large, reddish. Oil copious and fine. This variety prefers
flat country.
33. Var. Cotignac.
Pardigniere. Fruit middle-sized, blunt. Oil obtained in quantity
and of excellent quality. This requires much pruning.
84. Var. Bermillaon.
Vermilion. Yields also table-oil and resists cold well
This list was several years ago without permission copied into an
official publication in another part of the globe, also without any
allusion to Capt. Hidalgo-Tablada or the translator.
Many other apparently desirable varieties occur, among which the
Italian Oliva d'Ogni Mese may be mentioned, which ripens fruit
several times in the year, and furnishes a pleasant oil and also fruit
for preserves.
Oncosperma faseiculatum, Thwaites.
Ceylon. This Palm ascends there to 5,000 feet. The very slender
but prickly stem attains a height of 50 feet. Desirable for scenic-
culture.
Onobrychis sativa, Lamarck.*
The " Sainfoin, Esparsette or Cock's-head " Plant. Southern and
Middle Europe, South- Western and Middle Asia. Hardy in Norway
to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A deep-rooting perennial fodder-herb,
fond of marly soil, and living in dry localities. It prepares dry
calcareous soil for cereal culture. Stagnant underground-humidity is
fatal to this plant. It prospers even, where Red Clover and Lucerne
no longer succeed, and is richer in nutritive constituents than either,
as shown already by Sir Humphrey Davy. Sheep cannot be turned
in Extra-Troj)ical Countries. 239
out so well on young Sainfoin-fields as cattle. The hay is superior
even to that of Lucerne and Clover. The plant will hold out from
five to seven years (Langethal). It yields much honey for bees. O.
montana (De Candolle) is a dwarfer sub-alpine variety of limestone-
regions.
Onosma Emodi, Bentham. (Maharanga Emodi, A. de Candolle.)
Nepal. The root, like that of the Alkanna tinctoria, produces a
red dye.
Ophiopogon Japonicus, Ker. (Flueggea Japonica, Richard.)
The mucilaginous tubers can be used for food, a remark, which
applies to many other as yet disregarded allied plants.
Opuntia coccinellifera, Miller.
Mexico and West-Indies. The Cochineal-Cactus. On this and
O. Tuna, O. Hernandezii and perhaps a few others subsists the Coc-
cus, which affords the costly cochineal-dye. Three gatherings can
be effected in the year. About 1,200 tons used to be imported an-
nually into Britain alone, and a good deal to other countries, valued
at about £400 per ton. The precious carmin- pigment is prepared
from cochineal. Different Cochineal-Opuntias occur in Argentina
also. Some species of Opuntia will endure a temperature of 14° F.;
one even advances to 50° north latitude in Canada. Mr. Dickinson
observes, that many species are hardy at Port Phillip, growing even
in sand, overtopping by 10 feet the Leptospermum laevigatum, and
breaking it down by their great weight within a few yards of the
sea.
Opuntia Dillenii, De Candolle.
Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for uninflammable
hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the Coccus Cacti. It is
particularly eligible for barren land, but apt to stray beyond bounds in
'hot countries.
Opuntia elatior, Miller.
Central America. A hedge-plant with formidable thorns.
Opuntia Ficus Indica, Miller.
Called inaptly, with other congeners, Indian Fig. Central America,
north as far as Florida. Serves for big hedges. Pulp of fruit
edible. Exudes a gum, somewhat like Tragacanth.
Opuntia Hernandezii, De Candolle.
Mexico. Also affords food for the Coccus Cacti.
Opuntia Missouriensis, De Candolle.
From Nebraska to New Mexico. Very hardy. Professor Meehan
found this Cactus covered with the Cochineal Coccus, and points to
the fact, that this insect will live through the intense cold, which
characterizes the rocky mountains of the Colorado-regions.
240 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann.
The Prickly Pear. North-America. The most northern of all
species, extending to Lake Michigan. It resists severe frosts, as da
also O. brachyantha, O. Comanchica, O. humilis (Mayer), O. Whip-
plei, O. oplocarpa, O. arborescens and Mammillaria Missouriensis
(Loder, Meehan).
Opuntia spinosissima, Miller.
Mexico and West-Indies. Stem columnar, with pendent branches.
Also a good hedge-plant. Harding recommends for hedges, besides
these species, O. maxima (Miller) as the most repellent.
Opuntia Tuna, Miller.
West-Indies, Ecuador, New Granada, Mexico. Irrespective of its
value as the principal cochineal-plant, this Cactus is also of use for
hedges. It will attain a height of 20 feet. The pulp of the fruit is
edible. With many other species hardy anywhere in Australia down
to the south-coast. Of Cochineal Great Britain imported in 1884
14,100 cwt., value £80,000.
Opuntia vulgaris, Miller.
Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru. Very
hardy. Adapted for big hedges, and like the rest not inflammable,
hence particularly valuable along railway-lines. The fruit almost
smooth, eatable. A dye can also be prepared from its pulp and that
of allied species. Numerous other species are industrially eligible for
hedging purposes, but sometimes spreading beyond control.
Oreodoxa frigida, Humboldt.
Central America, ascending the Andes to 8,500 feet. This dwarf
slender Palm may be chosen for domestic decoration.
Oreodoxa oleracea, Martius.
West-Indies, up to nearly 5,000 feet elevation. One of the most
rapid growing of all Palms, rising to a height of 120 feet. In
highly manured moist ground the Palm-cabbage, which in this species
is of exquisite nut-flavor, can be obtained in two years (Imray,
Jenman), should ever such a culture become desirable. Hardy in
Florida (B. Smith).
Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt.
West-Indies. This noble Palm attains a height of 60 feet. It
has proved hardy in Southern Brazil. The stem is thickened at the
middle, and from it, as from that of O. oleracea, starch can be
obtained.
Origanum Dictamnus, Linne".
Candia. Like the following, a scent-plant of somewhat shrubby
growth.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 241
Origanum Majorana, Linn&
North- Africa, Middle Asia, Arabia. A perennial herb, used for
condiments, also for the distillation of its essential oil, much employed
in French factories of scented soap (Dr. Piesse). In Norway it will
grow to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler).
Origanum Maru, Linn£.
Palestine. Perennial and very odorous.
Origanum Onites, Linn£.
Countries at and near the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhat shrubby
and strongly scented.
Origanum vulgare, Linn<$.
The ordinary Marjoram. All Europe, North- Africa, Northern and
Middle Asia. In Norway it is indigenous in lat. 66° 16' (Schue-
beler). A scented herb of perennial growth, containing a pleasant
volatile oil. It prefers limestone-soil. Of importance also as a
honey-plant. O. hirtum, Link, O. virens, Hoffmannsegg and O.
normale, D. Don, are closely allied plants of similar use. Several
other Marjorams, chiefly Mediterranean, are of value. Their seeds
maintain vitality for a few years.
Ornithopus sativus, Brotero.
South-Europe and North- Africa. " The Seratella or Serradella."
An annual herb, larger than the ordinary Bird's-foot clover, O. per-
pusillus, L. It is valuable as a fodder-plant on sterile particularly
sandy soil. It requires no lime, but improves in growth on gypsum-
land. A good honey-plant. It matures seeds near Christiania
(Schuebeler). Has done particularly well in Hawaia.
Oryza latifolia, Desvaux.
Wild in Central America, but perhaps of Asiatic origin. This
species is said to be perennial and to attain a height of 18 feet. It
deserves trial-culture, and may prove a good fodder-grass on wet land
in warm localities. O. perennis (Moench) seems closely allied.
Bentham and J. Hooker are not inclined, to admit more than one
species of Oryza. The present one is however maintained by
Grisebach.
Oryza sativa, Linn<$.*
The Rice-Plant. South-Asia and North- Australia. Annual like
most cereals. Many rivulets in ranges afford ample opportunities for
irrigating rice-fields; but these can be formed with full advantage
only in the warmer parts of extra-tropic countries, where rice will
ripen as well as in Italy, China or the Southern States of the
American Union. Among the numerous varieties of Indian rice may.
be noted as prominent sorts: The Early Rice, which ripens in four
months and- is not injured by saline inundations; the hardier Moun-
tain-Rice, which can be raised on comparatively dry ground, and
242 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
which actually perishes under lengthened inundation, but which is
less productive; the Glutinous Rice, which succeeds as well in wet as
in almost dry places, and produces black or reddish grains. In the
rich plains of Lombardy, irrigated from the Alps, the average-crop is
estimated at forty-eight bushels for the acre annually. According to
General Capron the average-yield in Japan is fifty bushels per acre.
The spirit, distilled from rice and molasses, is known as arrack.
Rice-beer, known as " Sake," is extensively brewed in Japan, and
is the principal fermented beverage used by the inhabitants. Rice-
starch is now consumed in enormous quantities, particularly in
Britain. Nearly 330,000 tons of rice to the value of £2,680,000 were
imported into the United Kingdom during 1884. Rice-sugar, called
" Ame " in Japan, constitutes there a kind of confectionery.
Oryzopsis cuspidata, Bentham.
South- Western parts of North-America. A perennial grass of
easy dissemination. Tufts dense, hence one of the Bunch-grasses;
thrives on soil too sandy and too dry for more valuable grasses
(Dr. Vasey).
Oryzopsis panicoides, Bentham. (Piptochcetium panicoides, E. Desvaux.)
Extra-tropical South- America. This with some congeners affords
good pasturage in Chili and the La Plata-States (Hieronymus).
Osmanthus fragrans, Loureiro.
China and Japan. The flowers of this bush serve for oil-distilla-
tion like those of the Jasmine. The scent of one plant will perfume
a whole conservatory (G. W. Johnson).
Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini.
South-Africa. A camphor-scented shrub, much in use there for
medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe).
Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli.
" The Hop-Hornbeam." South-Europe and Orient. A deciduous
tree, reaching 60 feet in height. Uses much like those of the fol-
lowing.
•Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow.
" Lever-wood " Tree of Eastern States of North- America, also
Mexico. Occasionally called Iron-wood; to 40 feet high, in rich wood-
lands. Wood singularly hard, close-grained and heavy, in use for
levers, mill-cogs, wheels, mallets, wedges and other implements.
Cattle browse on the foliage. The growth of the tree is very slow.
Osyris compressa, A. de Candolle.
South- Africa. One of the most valuable tans for finer leathers is
provided there by the leaves and young twigs of this shrub or small
tree. The bloom obtained from this tan is much like that imparted
by Sumach.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 243-
Owenia venosa, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland; called locally Sour-Plum. A tree, approaching finally
40 feet in height, furnishing a wood of great strength. O. acidula,
F. v. M., the " Rancouran," is a handsome tree, 50 feet high, with
close-grained, nicely marked wood. Culture might improve the
fruits.
Oxalis crassicaulis, Zuccarini.
Peru. This seems one of the best of those Wood-Sorrels, which
yield a tuberous edible root. Amongst others, O. tuberosa (Molina)
and O. succulenta (Barnsaud) from Chili, as well as O. carnosa
(Molina) and O. conorrhiza (Jacquin) from Paraguay, might be tried
for their tubers.
Oxalis crenata, Jacquin.
Peru and Bolivia; there the tubers largely consumed; they lose
their acidity by being exposed to the sun, becoming sweet and con-
taining a good deal of starch (Vilmorin).
Oxalis Deppei, Loddiges.
Mexico. The tubers of this Wood- Sorrel resemble small parsnips,
and are not at all acid. The plant undergoes regular cultivation in
some parts of its native country, and succeeds well in the south of
England (Chambers). In Prof. Meehan's Gardeners' Monthly,
August 1884, an Oxalis is mentioned as cultivated in California,
which produced as much as 150 tubers in a season, their form being
pear-like, from one original root.
Oxalis esculenta, Otto and Dietrich.
" Spurious Aracacha." Mexico, there with the preceding species
and O. tetraphylla (Cavanilles), 0. violacea (Linne) and several
others producing tuberous, starchy, wholesome roots; the first-men-
tioned gives the largest yield. Propagated by subdivision of the
root-stock. It requires a deep, rich, moist soil. In Norway it can
be grown to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). As similarly useful, may be
mentioned among many others, O. crenata (Jacquin) from Chili and
O. enneaphylla (Cavanilles) from the Falkland-Islands and Magel-
haen's Straits.
)xytropis pilosa, De Candolle. (Astragalus pilosus, Linne.)
Europe, West- Asia. This perennial plant furnishes fair pasture-
herbage; it is deep-rooted and content with almost absolute sand;
the numerous other species — 24 alone enumerated as Oriental by
Boissier — should be tested. All these plants might be classed as
Astragals. They as a rule are satisfied with poor soil.
Pachyma Cocos, Fries.
The Tuckahoe-Truffle or Indian Bread. North-America and East-
Asia.
24:4 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pachyma Hoelen, Fries.
China. This large Truffle occurs particularly in the province of
Souchong. Flavor most agreeable. Naturalization elsewhere to be
tried.
Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Richard.
From Central America rendered spontaneous in many tropical
countries. A climber, the horizontal starchy roots of which attain a
length of 8 feet and a thickness of many inches. Dr. Peckolt
records tubers of 70 Ibs. weight. They keep, in dry ground, growing
for five years, but such are then available only for starch, whereas
annual tubers are the most palatable and yield 6 to 7 per cent, of
starch. From the stems a tough fibre is obtained. The plant
proved hardy at Sydney; it requires rich soil.
Paliurus ramosissimus, Poiret. (P. Aubletia, Schultes.)
China and Japan. A thorny tree, which could be utilized for
hedging.
Paliurus Spina Christi, Miller. (P. acidmtus, Lambert.)
The Christ-Thorn. From .the Mediterranean Sea .to Nepal. A
deciduous bush or finally tree, which can be trimmed into hedges.
Pandanus furcatus, Roxburgh.
This Screw-Pine occurs in India, up to heights of 4,000 feet,
according to Dr. S. Kurz; hence it will be likely to bear a temperate
clime, and give a stately plant for scenic group-planting. P. pedun-
culatus, R. Br., occurs in East-Australia as far south as 32°, and an
allied tall species (P. Forsteri, Moore and Mueller) luxuriates ill
Howe's Island.
Panicum agrostoides, Muehlenberg.
North- America. One of the hardiest species, bearing the winter
cold of New York. Can be utilized for muddy banks and undrained
marshy meadows. Easily disseminated, forming large tall clumps,
flowering as well from the joints as top; yields abundance of hay, but
must be cut while. young (Dr. Vasey).
Panicum altissimum, G.Meyer. (P. elatius, Kunth.)
From Mexico to Brazil. An almost woody species of arborescent
habit, attaining a height of 30 feet. Panicles sometimes a foot and
a half long. Evidently desirable for naturalization.
Panicum amarum, Elliot.
North- America. A perennial species, fit to be grown on drifting
coast-sand.
Panicum atro-virens, Trinius. (Isachne Australis, R. Brown.)
South- Asia, East-Australia and New Zealand. A perennial grass,
not large, but of tender nutritive blade, particularly fitted for moist
valleys and woodlands.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 245
Panicum barbinode, Trinius.
Brazil. Valuable as a fodder-grass.
Panicum brizanthum, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Nepal. A large-grained perennial Millet-
Grass.
Panicum coenicolum, F. v. Mueller.
Extra-tropic Australia. Valuable as an enduring grass for moist
meadows.
Panicum compositum, Linne". (Oplismenus composite, Beauvois.)
South-Asia, East- Australia, Polynesia, New Zealand. The growth
of this soft-bladed and prolific grass should be encouraged in forest-
ground.
Panicum Crus Galli, Linne".
The "Barnyard- or Cockshin-Grass." Occurring now in all warm
countries, but probably of Oriental origin, as it seems not recorded in
our ancient classic literature. Apparently spontaneous in North-
Western Australia. A rich but annual grass of ready spontaneous
dispersion, particularly along sandy river banks, also around stagnant
water. P. colonum, L., and P. Crus Corvi, L., are varieties of it.
Regarded by R. Brown as indigenous in Eastern and Northern Aus-
tralia, where many other excellent fodder species occur, some perennial.
It will succeed also on somewhat saline soil, particularly on brackish
water-courses, likewise on moor-land. For rural rearing the short-
awned variety should be chosen. On the lower Mississippi it has
furnished as much as four or even five tons of hay from one acre.
Cows and horses are very fond of this grass, whether fresh or dry
(Professor Phares). "'*;' . •
Panicum decompositum, R. Brown. (P. Icevinode, Lindley.)
The Australian Millet. One of the most spacious of Australian
nutritious grasses. The aborigines convert the small millet-like
grains into cakes. It is the only grain stored by the nomads of
Central Australia. This grass will thrive on poor soil with Eleusine
cruciata (Lam.), coming after rains in one month to maturity in the
torrid regions of Central Australia (Rev. H. Kempe). Hardly
different from the North- American P. capillare, L., except in perennial
roots. The allied P. trachyrrhachis (Bentham) from North- and East-
Australia also constitutes a very good pasture-grass. Of similar value
the exclusively Australian P. effusum, R. Br., and P. melananthum,
F. v. M.
Panicum distichum, Lamarck. (P. pilosum, Swartz.)
Tropical Asia, Africa and America, Polynesia. This perennial
grass is mentioned by Kurz among those yielding grain for human
food in India.
246 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Panicum divaricatissimum, R. Brown.
Australia, particularly in the warmer inland-regions. A good
perennial grass, of easy growth on poor soil.
Panicum divaricatum, Linn<$. (P. bambusoides, Hamilton.)
Central and Southern America. A grass of scandeiit habit,
ascending high up in trees; desirable for naturalization in forests.
Panicum enneaneurum, Grisebach.
La Plata-States. Prof. Hieronymus mentions this along with P.
grumosum (Nees), P. laxum (Swartz), P. oblongatum (Grisebach)
and P. rivulare (Trinius) as rendering the Pampas-pastures so
nutritive.
Panicum flavidum, Retzius.
Southern Asia, tropical and Eastern sub-tropical Australia. A
prolific seed-bearer, often prostrated by the weight of the seeds.
Panicum fluitans, Retzius.
Tropical Asia and Africa. This perennial grass, like P. spinescens
(R. Brown) of East- Australia, ought to be naturalized along lakes,
lagoons and rivers, particularly for the benefit of waterfowl.
Panicum foliosum, R. Brown.
India, East-Australia. Perennial. Mr. Bailey finds this to be one
of the best grasses for river-banks.
Panicum frumentaceum, Roxburgh,
The " Shamalo- or Deccan-grass." Probably introduced from
tropical Africa into South-Asia. A hardy summer-grass, having
matured seeds even at Christiania (Schuebeler). It serves as a
fodder-grass and produces also a kind of millet. In warm moist climes
it ripens grains in 1^ months from the time of sowing. The grain
much recommended by Mr. C. B. Taylor for culinary purposes.
Panicum Italicum, Linne\* (Setaria Italica, Beauvois.)
This grass, notwithstanding its specific name, is of Indian origin,
ascending the Himalayas to 6,500 feet, extending to China and
Japan. It even ripens in cold climes, its seeds coming to perfection
as far north as Christiania (Schuebeler). Reared in Switzerland since
prehistoric ages; one of the five kinds of plants sown ceremoniously
each year by the Emperor of China, according to an Imperial custom
initiated 2,700 years before the Christian era (A. de Candolle). It is
annual, attaining a height of 5 feet, and is particularly worthy of
cultivation as a tender green fodder. It keeps weeds down, and is
one of the most valuable of soiling plants; withstands drought well;
yields early in the season a heavy crop of excellent hay, which dries
easily (C. Mohr). The abundantly produced grain is not only one of
the best for poultry, but that of some varieties can be utilized as
millet. Considered by many a delicious grain for cakes and porridge.
I
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 247
The Brahmins hold it in higher esteem than any other grain (Dr.
Ainslie) ; called in many places " Hungarian Millet." P. German-
icum (Roth) is a form of this species. Allied is also the West-
Indian Panicum (Setaria) magnum (Grisebach), which attains a
height of 10 feet on margins of lagoons; and Pauicum macrostachyum
(Nees) of East-Australia, South-Asia and tropical America, the
latter highly praised by Mr. R. L. Holmes in Fiji and by Prof.
Hieronymus in Argentina.
Panicum Koenigii, Sprengel. (P. Helopus, Trin.)
Tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. A good
fodder- grass.
Panicum latissimum, Mikan.
Brazil. A highly ornamental grass. Leaves extremely broad,
but hard; panicle very rich.
Panicum maximum, Jacquin.* (P. Jumentorum, Persoon.)
The Guinea-grass. Tropical Africa; elsewhere not indigenous.
This perennial grass attains a height of 8 feet. It is highly nutritious
and quite adapted for the warmer temperate zone, being hardy as far
south as Buenos Ayres. In Jamaica it is the principal fodder-grass
up to elevations of 5,000 feet, springing up over wide tracts of country
almost to the exclusion of everything else. It forms large bunches,
which when cut young supply a particularly sweet and tender hay;
throws out numerous stolons; can be mown every six weeks; the
roots can be protected in the ground against light frosts by a thin
covering with soil. A favorite grass in tropical countries for stall-
fodder. It is necessary, to guard against over-feeding with this grass
solely. Succeeds even on poor clay-soil and on sea-sand. P. bulb-
osum (Kunth) is a more hardy grass of the southern parts of North-
America, regarded as a variety by General Munro, but remarkable
for its thickly enlarged roots.
Panicum melanthum, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Australia. A valuable perennial grass for pastoral purposes
(Bailey).
Panicum miliaceum, Linne".* (P. miliare, Lam.)
The true "Millet." South-Europe, North- Africa, South-Asia,
ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet, North- Australia. Cultivated
in Southern Europe as early as the times of Hippocrates and Theo-
phrastus; in Egypt prior to historic records, and in Switzerland during
the stone-age. Annual, attaining a height of 4 feet. Several varieties
occur, one with black grains. They all need a rich and friable soil,
also humidity. Maturation very quick. It is one of the best of all
grains for poultry, but furnishes also a palatable and nutritious table-
food. It ripens even in Christiania (Schuebeler). In mild countries
as much as 70 bushels of seeds have been harvested from an acre of
land well cultivated with this grass (Ch. Flint).
R
248 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Panicum molle, Swartz.* (P. sarmentosum, Roxburgh.)
Warmer parts of America, Africa and Asia. The Para-grass. A
perennial, very fattening pasture-grass, of luxuriant growth, attaining
a height of 6 feet (Grisebach). It is hardy at the Cape of Good
Hope and other far extra-tropic regions.
Panicum myums, Lamarck
Tropical Asia and America, North-Eastern Australia. A per-
ennial aquatic grass, with broad-bladed foliage, fit for ditches and
swamps. Regarded by Mr. Bailey as very palatable and nutritious
to stock.
Panicum obtusum, Humboldt.*
The Mosquito- or Mezquite-grass of Mexico. Perennial, nutri-
tious; has strong running stems, which at distances of two or three
feet take root, and send up leafy bunches. Dr. Vasey thinks that
this grass will show great endurance in droughty seasons.
Panicum parviflorum, R. Brown.
East-Australia. On dry hills a fine pasture-grass. P. bicolor and
P. marginatum, R. Br., are likewise enumerated by Mr. Bailey among
the nutritious grasses of East-Australia.
Panicum proliferum, Lamarck.*
Southern parts of North- America. Recorded by Steudel as peren-
nial, by Chapman and others as annual. Evidently one of the
hardier species, particularly eligible for wet brackish ground (Prof.
A. Gray). Vegetates luxuriantly in the hottest part of the summer,
the stems lengthening sometimes to 7 feet, soon bending and then
rooting from the lower joints, throwing out numerous shoots from
them, which grow rapidly, allowing of repeated cutting; stems thick,
succulent, sweetish; panicles to 2 feet long. Through all stages of its
growth this grass is much relished by horses and cattle (Dr. C. Mohr).
Panicum prolutum, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia. Flourishes in the hottest weather; bears
a large panicle of seed.
Panicum pro-stratum, Lamarck. (P. setigerum, Retzius.)
Egypt, South-Asia, North- Australia, perhaps also indigenous to
tropical America. Perennial. Recommendable for pastures.
Panicum pygmseum, R. Brown.
East- Australia. Forms a soft, thick, carpet-like verdure in forest-
shade (Bailey).
Panicum repens, Linne.
Near the Mediterranean Sea, also in South-Asia and North-
Australia. . Regarded by the Cingalese as a good fodder-grass. It is
perennial and well suited for naturalization on moist soil, river-banks
or swamps.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 249
Panicum roseum, Steuclel. (TrlcholcKna rosea, Nees.)
South-Africa. This perennial pretty grass promises to become
with others of the section Tricholama valuable for meadows in mild
climes. It gets about 2 feet high. Mr. Danger counted nearly 300
stems on one plant in Gippsland.
Panicum sanguinale,
From Middle and South-Europe, Northern Africa, and Southern
Asia, spread through all countries with a warm .climate, but apparently
also indigenous in North- and East- Australia. This is the "Crab-grass"
of the Southern United States, where according to Mr. Hageuauer it
is recognized as one of the most useful of all pasture-grasses; in Fiji
it is also considered the best grass for pastures according to Mr.
Holmes. It accommodates itself to swampy and shady places, readily
disseminates itself on barren ground, and is likely to add to the value
of desert pastures, although it is annual. Stock relish this grass. P.
ciliare (Linne) and P. glabrum (Gaudin) are allied. Colonel Howard
of Georgia says of the Crab-grass and Bermuda-grass, that they will
live in spite of neglect, but »when petted will make such grateful
returns, as to astonish their benefactor.
Panicum semialatum, R. Brown.
Warmer regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. A superior tall
pasture-grass, of easy dispersion in warm humid localities.
Panicum spectabile, Nees.*
The " Coapim " of Angola. From West- Africa transferred to
many other tropical countries. A rather succulent, very fattening
grass, famed not only in its native land, but also long since in Brazil.
This grass, which was with the help of the great Kew establishment
first obtained by the author for Australia and Polynesia, is according
to Mr. R. L. Holmes " the wonder of all beholders in Fiji, strangling
by its running roots almost everything in its course; at its original
starting point forming a mass of the richest green foliage, over 6 feet
high, gradually lowering to the outer border, where a network of
shoots or runners is covering the ground; it roots at the joints, and
sends up then a mass of the softest and most luscious fodder." In
Fiji it runs over the ground at the rate of ten feet in three months.
Readily propagated by pieces of the procumbent stem, which roots
freely at each joint. Requires to be well fed down. It may be
assumed, that at present about 300 well-defined species of Panicum
are known, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical; very few extending
naturally to Europe or the United States of North- America, Japan
or the southern part of Australia. Though mostly from the hot
zones, these grasses endure a cooler clime in many instances, and
some of them would prove great acquisitions, particularly the peren-
nial species. Numerous good kinds occur spontaneously in Queens-
land and North- Australia. Panicum is the genus richest in species
among grasses.
R2
250 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Panicum striatum, Lamarck. (P. gibbum, Elliott.)
Southern States of North- America, West-Indies and Guiana. A
perennial grass for swampy localities, valuable for pastoral purposes,
according to C. Mohr, who mentions also P. anceps, L., and P. hians,
Elliott, as good fodder-grasses.
Panicum tenuiflorum, R. Brown. (Paspcdum brevifolium, Fluegge.)
South-Asia and East-Australia. It has a running stem and forms a
good bottom as a pasture-grass (Bailey).
Panicum Texanum, Buckley.
Texas. The "Colorado Bottom-grass," also called "Green River-
grass. " One of the best of forage-grasses for horses, cattle and sheep;
it is a sure crop, and produces 2 to 3 tons per acre (Vasey). The hay
from this grass is of a superior kind; it can be cut twice in the
season (Carrington). This grass is however annual, but very leafy
and becomes decumbent and widely spreading; growth rapid, many
stalks proceeding from the same root. Mr. P. Lea of Texas con-
siders it the best native grass for hay there, and notes that all kinds
of pasture animals like it preferentially, and that the hay from this
proved also exceedingly nutritious, and that it subdues weeds readily.
Mr. Ravenel of Carolina found it there to come up spontaneously r
much better and larger than most other grasses. Height to 6 feet.
Panicum turgidum, Forskael.
Egypt, where this millet yields a bread-grain.
Panicum virgatum, Linne".
North-America. A 'tali perennial species, with a wide, nutritious
panicle. Easily disseminated. Content with sandy soil, but likes
some humidity. The foliage good for fodder Avhen young. Frequent
on the prairies, but it will grow even also on sandy sea-coasts. It
passes in some places as Switch-grass.
Panicum viride, Linne. (Setnria viridis, Beauvois.)
Widely spread over many parts of the old world. Though annual,
this grass is of value for the first vegetation on bare sand-land, over
which, as well as over calcareous soil, it spreads with remarkable
facility. The same may be said of Panicum glaucum and a few other
related species.
Papaver somniferum, Linne.
The Opium-Poppy. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The
capsules of this tall annual, so showy for its flowers, are used for
medicinal purposes. From the minute, but exceedingly numerous
seeds, oil of a harmless and most palatable kind can be pressed
remuneratively; but the still more important use of this plant is for
the preparation of opium. Both the black- and pale-seeded varieties
can be used for the production of opium. The return of poppy-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 251
culture, whether for opium or for oil, is obtained within a few months.
Mild and somewhat humid open forest-tracts proved most productive
for obtaining opium from this plant; but it can also be reared in colder
localities, good opium rich in morphia having even been obtained in
Middle Europe and the Northern United States, the summers there
being sufficiently long, to ripen the poppy with a well elaborated sap.
Indeed the plant matured its seeds as far north as lat. 69° 18' in
Norway (Schuebeler). The morphia-contents in opium from Gripps-
land were on an average somewhat over 10 per cent. Opium was
prepared in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens for the Exhibition of
1866; but Mr. J. Bosisto and Mr. J. Hood have given first
commercial dimensions to this branch of rural industry in Australia.
The Smyrna- variety is particularly desirable for opium; it enables the
cultivator to get from 40 Ibs. to 75 Ibs. of opium from an acre,
generally worth 30s. to 35s. per pound. The ground for poppy-
culture must be naturally rich or otherwise be well manured; dressing
with ashes increases the fecundity of the plant. The seeds, about
9 Ibs. to the acre, are generally sown broadcast mixed with sand. In
the most favorable places as many as three crops are obtained during
a season. The collecting of the opium, which consists merely of the
indurating sap of the seed-vessels, is commenced a few days after the
lapse of the petals. Superficial horizontal or diagonal incisions are
made into the capsules as they successively advance to maturity.
This operation is best performed in the afternoon and evenings, and
requires no laborious toil. The milky opium-sap, thus directed out-
wards, is scraped off next morning into a shallow cup, and allowed to
dry in a place away from sunlight; it may also be placed on poppy
leaves. From one to six successive incisions are made to exhaust the
sap, according to season, particular locality or the knife-like instru-
ment employed. In the Department of Somme (France) alone opium
to the value of £70,000 annually is produced and poppy seed to the
value of £170,000. Australian seasons as a rule are favorable for
collecting opium, and therefore this culture is rendered less precarious
here than in many other countries. Our opium has proved as good as
the best Smyrna-kind. The petals are dried for packing the opium.
The main-value of opium depends on its contents of morphia, for
which the genus Papaver, as far as heretofore known, remains the
sole source; but not less than fourteen alkaloids have been detected in
opium by the progressive strides of organic chemistry: codein,
metamorphin, morphia or morphin, narcein, narcotin, opianin,
papaverin, porphyroxin, xanthopin, meconidin, codamin, laudanin,
pseudo-morphin and thebain. It contains besides an indifferent
bitter principle, meconin and meconic acid (vide " Wittsteiu's Che-
mische Analyse von Pflanzentheilen," or my English edit., p. 163).
Various species of Papaver produce more or less opium and mor-
phia. P. setigerum (De Candolle), supposed to be the wild state
of P. somniferum, was cultivated, evidently for the sake of the
seeds, by the lacustrine people of Switzerland prior to historic ages
(Heer).
252 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher.
South-Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry,
savory and edible. The seeds furnish an oil similar to castor-oil in
its effects (Prof. McOwan).
Pappophonim commune, F. v. Mueller.
Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, occurring also
in some parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial; regarded as a very
fattening pasture-grass, and available for arid localities and almost
rainless zones.
Parinarium Nonda. F. v. Mueller.
The " Nonda-tree " of North-Eastern Australia. Attains a height
of 60 feet; its wood soft, close-grained, easily worked (W. Hill).
May prove hardy in mild temperate climes, and may perhaps live in
the dry and hot air of deserts, where it deserves trial-culture for the
sake of its edible, mealy, plum-like fruit. A few other species with
esculent drupes occur in different tropical countries.
Parkinsonia aculeata, Linne.
From California to Uruguay. A thorny shrub, clearly adapted for
the warmer regions of the temperate zone, where it might be utilized
with the following plant for evergreen hedges. The flowers are
handsome. Six other species occur in various parts of America.
Parkinsonia Africana, Sender.
South- Africa. A tall bush. '
Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne.
North- Western Himalayas, from about 3,000 to 8,500 feet elevation.
This deciduous-leaved small tree merits attention. Its tough and
pliable twigs are used for basket-work and preferable for the twig-
bridges, the latter sometimes 300 feet long; hence this tree could be
used for a variety of economic purposes (Stewart and Brand is). P^
persica (C. A. Meyer) occurs on the Caspian Sea.
Parthenium integrifolium, Linne".
Eastern North- America. The flowering tops of this perennial
bitter herb have come into use .as a febrifuge (Houlton).
Paspalum ciliatum, Humboldt.
Tropical South- America. A perennial and lauded cereal grass.
Paspalum dilatatum, Poiret. (P. ovatum, Trinius.)
North- and South-America. Perennial; of excellent quality for
fodder; keeps green during the hottest summer-time. Mr. Bacchus
found it hardy up to a height of 2,000 feet in Victoria. It grew 4^.
feet in little more than two months in New South Wales, after drought
was followed by heavy rains. It is closely allied to the Mexican P^
virgatum, L. Introduced into Australia by the writer with many
other fodder-grasses.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 253
Paspalum distichum, Linn4.*
The " Silt-Grass." North- and South-America, except the colder
regions; elsewhere probably introduced, though now widely natural-
ized also in the warmer coast-tracts of the eastern hemisphere.
Possibly indigenous to Australia also. A creeping bank- or swamp-
grass, forming extensive cushions. It keeps beautifully green
throughout the year, affords a sufficiently tender blade for feed, and is
exquisitely adapted to cover silt or bare slopes on banks of ponds
or rivers, where it grows grandly; moderate submersion does not
destroy it, but frost injures it; it thrives well also on salt-marshes.
The chemical analysis made in spring gave the following results: —
Albumen 2-20, gluten I'll, starch T56, gum 1/64, sugar 5'00
(F. v. Mueller and L. Bummel).
Paspalum Iseve, Michaux.
Southern States of North-America. Perennial. Prof. Phares states,
that for successive years two tons of hay of this meadow-grass can be
mown from an acre, it almost never seeding when regularly cut.
Paspalum lentiginosum, Presl.
Southern States of North-America and Mexico. Spreads by
runners and forms a close turf (Dr. Vasey). P. Floridanum,
Michaux, of the same region is a tall species of vigorous growth.
P. purpurascens, Elliott, is leafy and succulent, and roots at the
lower joints.
Paspalum notatum, Fluegge.*
From Virginia to Argentina. This is one of the best of fodder-
grasses there, forming a dense, soft, carpet-like sward on meadows,
and becoming particularly luxuriant and nutritious on somewhat saline
soil (Lorentz). Closely cognate to P. distichum.
Paspalum platycaule, Poiret. (P, compressum, Presl.)
Warmer regions of North- and South- America. A nutritive pas-
ture-grass, particularly eligible for sandy coast-lands (C. Mohr).
The creeping stems become closely matted (Dr. Vasey).
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linn£.
Through the tropics of the eastern hemisphere widely dispersed,
extending to South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand and Polynesia
also. A valuable pasture-grass, which will grow on poor land, also
on swampy ground. A superior variety is cultivated in India for a
grain-crop. This grass furnishes a good ingredient for hay. Its stem
sometimes attains a height of 8 feet. Rosenthal pronounces it per-
nicious, perhaps when long and exclusive use is made of this grass,
or possibly when diseased through fungus-growth.
Paspalum stoloniferum, Bosc.
Central America. A fodder-grass of considerable value.
254 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Paspalum undulatum, Poiret.
North- and South- America. Noticed by C. Mohr as valuable for
fodder. A. Gray records it as annual.
Passiflora alata, Alton.
Peru and Brazil. This Passion-flower and all the following
•(probably with some other species) furnish Granadilla-fruits. All the
species here recorded are perennial, some woody and widely climbing.
Passiflora coccinea, Aublet.
From Guiana to the La Plata-States. The fruits are eaten raw or
boiled (Hieronymus). This plant with probably many others of the
genus contains a chemical principle of hypnotic value.
Passiflora coerulea, Linne".
South-Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of all Passion-
flowers, and with many others well adapted for covering bowers,
rockeries and similar structures. Many of the equatorial species
come from mountainous regions, and may thus endure mild temperate
climates.
Passiflora edulis, Sims.
Southern Brazil. Frost-shy, Fruit purple.
Passiflora filamentosa, Willdenow.
Southern Brazil.
Passiflora incarnata, Linne".
North- Am erica, from Virginia and Kentucky southward. The
fruits are called May -pops.
Passiflora laurifolia, Linne". (P. tinifolia, Jussieu.)
The Water-Lemon. From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora lingularis, Jussieu.
From Mexico to Bolivia. Professor Ernst of Caraccas says, that
its fruit is one of the finest anywhere in existence.
Passiflora lutea, Linne".
North- America, from Pennsylvania and Illinois 'south ward. With
P. coerulea and P. incarnata among the hardiest of the genus. Berries
small.
Passiflora macrocarpa, Masters.
Brazil and Peru. Mr. Walter Hill reports, having obtained fruits of
8 Ibs. weight at the Brisbane Botanic Garden.
Passiflora malifdrmis, Linne".
From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora mucronata, Lamarck.
Brazil, extending far south. Fruit edible (Dr. Rosenthal).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 255
Passiflora pedata, Linne.
From the West-Indies to Guiana. This is among the species,
mentioned by Dr. Rosenthal as yielding edible fruits.
Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn<*.
Brazil. One of the most commonly cultivated Granadillas. The
fruits attain a large size.
Passiflora serrata, Linne".
From the West-Indies to Brazil.
Passiflora SUberosa, Linn£. (P. pallida, Linn£. )
From Florida to Brazil. A careful investigator, Dr. Maxw. Mas-
ters, has recently defined about 200 species of Passion-flowers.
Passiflora tiliifolia, Cavanilles.
Peru. Fruit edible, according to Dr. Rosenthal.
Paullinia sorbilis, Martius.
Brazil. A climbing shrub, possibly hardy in the warm temperate
zones, where many tropical Cupaniae and other sapindaceous trees
endure the clime. The hard Guarana-paste of chocolate-color is
prepared from the seeds by trituration in a heated mortar with admix-
ture of a little water, kneading into a dough and then drying. This
paste, very rich in coffein, serves for a pleasant beverage, and is also
used medicinally.
Paulownia imperialis, Siebold.
Japan. A tree, hardier than Cercis Siliquastrum, of value for scenic
effects. It will endure the climate of Norway to lat. 58° 58' (Profes-
sor Schuebeler). Rises in 10 years to 30-40 feet.
Peireskia aculeata, Miller.
The Barbadoes-Gooseberry. West-Indies. A tall shrub, adapted
for hedges in localities free of frost. The cochineal-insect can be
reared on this plant also. The berries are edible; the leaves available
for salad. Several other species exist in tropical America, among
which P. Bleo, Humb., is particularly handsome ; but they may not
all be sufficiently hardy for utilitarian purposes in an extra-tropical
clime.
Peireskia portulacifolia, Haworth.
West-Indies. This attains the size of a fair tree.
Pelargonium odoratissimum, Alton.
South-Africa. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of which
a fragrant oil can be distilled. Pelargonium-oil is extensively pro-
duced in Algeria as a cheap substitute for attar of roses. There the
rate of annual production of the " essence of geranium " being about
12,000 Ibs. One ton weight of fresh leaves will yield about 2 Ibs. vola-
tile oil (Piesse). The same remark applies to the shrubby P. radula
256 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
and P. capitatum. The Kaffirs assert that these plants keep off
snakes. Easily multiplied from cuttings. On this occasion may be
pleaded also for the hundreds of distinct kinds of Pelargonium, many
seemingly doomed to utter annihilation in South-Africa, unless indeed
some statesman there by legislation will see these lovely plants protected
at least on a few pristine spots within permanently reserved small
areas, for the joy also of future generations; so also the hundreds of
charming species of Ericas, only there to be found, claim immunity
for ever againsl herds and flocks; and thus likewise might, under
enlightened foresight, yet timely be saved and sheltered the numerous
and gay Polygaleae, podalyrious Leguminosse, Phylicae, Crassuke,
Mesembryanthema, Proteaceae, Gnidia, and the incomparable Iridese
and Liliaceae of the South-African Flora, so far at least, as not to be
swept away altogether from the face of the globe !
Peltophorum Linnsei, Bentham. (Ccesalpinia jBrasiliensis, Linne.)
A small tree, which provides the orange-colored Brasiletto-wood.
This species likes dry calcareous soil (Grisebach). Endures the cli-
mate of Carolina.
Pennisetum latifolium, Sprengel.
Extra-tropical South -America. A tall perennial nutritious grass,
forming large tufts, easily spreading from the roots or seeds. It is
of quick growth.
Pennisetum villosum, R. Brown,
Abyssinia. A grass of decorative beauty, forming ample tufts; it
is recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pasture in New Zealand.
With numerous other grasses it was introduced into Australia by
the writer of this work. Proves hardy in Norway to lat. 67° 56'
(Schuebeler).
Pennisetum thyphoideum, Richard.* (Penicillaria spicata, Willdenow;
Panicum cc&ruleum, Miller.)
The Bajree or Pearl-Millet. Tropical Asia, Nubia and Egypt.
An annual, requiring only about three months to ripen its millet-crop
in warm countries. The stems are thick and reach a height of 6-10
feet; several being produced from one root, and each again forming
lateral branches; the maximum-length of a spike is about a foot and
a half; Colonel Sykes saw exceptionally 15 spikes on one plant and
occasionally 2,000 seeds in one spike. Together with sorghum this
is the principal cereal, except rice, grown in India by the native races.
This grass requires a rich and loose soil, and on such it will yield
upwards of a hundred-fold. It furnishes hay of good quality, though
not very easily dried, and is also valuable as green fodder. In the
United States cultivated as far north as Pennsylvania, and it matures
seeds even as far north as Christiania in Norway (Schuebeler). Its
fast growth prevents weeds from obtaining a footing. In very
exceptional cases and under most favorable circumstances as regards
soil and manure, the first cutting is in six or seven weeks, the stems
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 257
up to seven feet high, giving at the rate of 30 tons green feed, or 6£
tons of hay per acre; in six or seven weeks more a second cutting is
obtained, reaching 55 tons per acre of green feed, the grass being nine
feet high; a third cut is got in the same season. Farm stock eat it
greedily. One plant of pearl millet "is worth three of maize for
fodder." Some of the many other species of Pennisetum are doubt-
less of rural value. A plant allied to P. thyphoideum occurs in
China, namely P. cereale (Triuius). This also affords millet or corn
for cakes.
Pentzia virgata, Leasing.
. South-Africa. A small cushion-like bush, recommended for
establishment in deserts for sheep-fodder. It has the peculiarity,
that whenever a branch touches the ground, it strikes roots and forms
a new plant; this enables the species to cover ground rapidly (Sir
Samuel Wilson). Valuable also for fixing drift-sand in water-rills,
by readily bending over and rooting, thus forming natural little catch-
dams to retain water (McOwau). Several other species occur inr
South-Africa.
Periandra dulcis, Martius.
Sub-tropical Brazil. The sweet root of this shrub yields liquorice,
Perilla arguta, Bentham.
Japan. An annual herb. An infusion of this plant is used for
imparting a deep-red color to table-vegetables and other substances.
In Japan the seeds are pressed for oil. P. ocimoides, L., of Upper
India probably serves similar purposes. Some species of Perilla are
suitable for ribbon-culture.
Persea gratissima, Gaertner.
The Avocado-Pear. From Mexico to Peru and Brazil in forest-
tracts near the coast; but its real nativity, according to A. de Candolle,
restricted to Mexico. Suggestively mentioned here as probably
available for mild localities outside the tropics, inasmuch as it has
become naturalized in Madeira, the Azores and Canary -Islands. A
noble evergeen spreading tree. The pulp of the large pear-shaped
fruit is of delicious taste and flavor. The fruit attains sometimes a
weight of 2 Ibs., and is generally sliced for salad. Its pulp contains
about 8 per cent, of greenish oil. The seeds have come into medi-
cinal use at the instance of Dr. Froehliug, particularly through the
efforts of Messrs. Parke and Davis, to whom we mainly owe the
introduction of many other valuable new drugs into medicine.
Persea Teneriffae, F. v. Mueller. (P. Indica, Sprengel.)
Madeira, Azores and Canary-Islands. This magnificent tree
produces a beautiful, hard, mahogany-like wood, especially sought for
superior furniture and turners' work. One of the most hardy trees-
of the large order of Laurinse.
258 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Peucedanum graveolens, Bentham. (Anethum graveolens, Linne.)
The " Dill." South-Europe, North- Africa, Orient. Annual. The
well-known aromatic fruitlets used as a condiment. In India known
as Sowa. Distilled dill-oil is in use also for scented soaps.
Peucedanum officinale, Linne".
The Sulphur-Root. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
Middle Asia. Perennial. The root is used in veterinary medicine;
it contains, like that of the following species, the crystalline
peucedanin.
Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. (Imperatoria Ostruthium, Linne".)
Mountains of Middle Europe. A perennial herb, which could be
grown in alpine regions. The acid aromatic root is used in medicine,
particularly in veterinary practice. It is required for the preparation
of some kinds of Swiss cheese. P. Cervaria (Cusson) and P. Oreose-
linum (Moench) are also occasionally drawn into medicinal use.
Peucedanum sativum, Bentham. (Pastinaca sativa, Linne.)
The " Parsnep." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. Biennial,
The root palatable and nutritious. The wild root is somewhat
acrid, and poisonous effects have occasionally resulted from its use.
A variety is cultivated in the Channel Islands, with roots 3 or 4 feet
long (Chambers).. A somewhat calcareous soil is favorable to the
best development of this plank It is very hardy, having been grown
in Norway to lat. 70° 22'; it matured seeds as far north as lat. 67° 56'
(Schuebeler). The culture is that of the carrot; for fodder the root
surpasses that of the latter in augmenting milk (Langethal). A decoc-
tion of parsnep-roots ferments with sugar and yeast into a sparkling
beverage, but requires casking for about a year (Baudinet).
Peucedanum Sekakul, F. v. Mueller. (Pastinaca Sekakul, Russell; Hala-
baila Sekakul, Boissier. )
From Greece to Persia and Egypt. The root of this perennial herb
was brought already under medical notice by Dr. Rauwolf ; in a
boiled state it affords a palatable esculent.
Peumus Boldus, Molina.
The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree, with
exceedingly hard wood, which is utilized for many kinds of imple-
ments. The bark furnishes dye-material. The fruits are of aromatic
and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi).
Peziza macropus, Persoon.
Europe. Mentioned by Prof. Goeppert among the edible mush-
rooms, sold in Silesia along with P. repanda (Wahlenberg).
Phalaris aquatica, Linne".
Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Important as a perennial
fodder-grass, fit for wet ground.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 259*
Phalaris arundinacea, Linne".
Temperate and colder regions of Europe, Asia and America; in-
digenous in Norway to lat. 70° 30'. Not without some importance
as a reedy grass of bulky yield on wet meadows or in swampy places.
A variety with white-striped leaves is a favorite as a ribbon-plant
for borders.
Phalaris Canariensis, Linne*.
The Canary-grass. An annual grass from the Canary-Islands,
now widely dispersed as a spontaneous plant over the warmer zones
of the globe. Thus it has also become naturalized in Australia. It
will endure the climate of Norway to lat. 70° 22', bearing seed to
lat. 63° 26' (Prof. Schuebeler). It is grown for its seeds, which form,
one of the best kinds of food for many sorts of small cage-birds.
The flour is utilized in certain processes of cotton-manufacture, and
liked even for some kinds of cakes. The soil for culture of the
Canary -grass must be friable and not too poor. It is an exhaustive
crop. As allied species of similar use, but mostly of less yield, may
be enumerated : P. brachystachys (Link) from Italy, P. minor
(Retzius) and P. trunctata (Gussone) from various countries on the
Mediterranean Sea, the last-mentioned being perennial. Other
species, including some from Asia, are deserving of trial. P. minor
is recommended by Dr. Curl for permanent pastures, as it supplies a
large quantity of fine, sweet, fattening foliage, relished by stock. It
keeps green far into the winter in the climate of New Zealand.
Chemical constituents here (in November): Albumen 1'59, gluten
6*14, starch T03, gum 6'64, sugar 2-86 per cent. (F. v. Mueller
and L. Rummel); another analysis in the same month gave: Albumen
1-06, gluten 5'64, starch 0*98, gum 3'22, sugar 4-20 per cent.
Pharnaceum acidum, J. Hooker.
St. Helena. A dwarf perennial succulent plant, which might
advantageously be naturalized on sea-shores, to yield an acid salad,,
perhaps superior to that of Portulaca oleracea.
Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacquin.
India, up to 4,000 feet. A dwarf annual species. Dr. Forbes
Watson admits it among the culinary beans of India. It will bear
on arid soil. P. trilobus (Aiton), the Simbi-bean, is a still hardier
variety, which becomes perennial.
Phaseolus adenanthus, G. Meyer. (P. Truxittensis, Humboldt; P*
rostratus, Wallich. )
Almost cosmopolitan within the tropics, where, irrespective of
navigation and other traffic, it becomes dispersed by migrating birds;
truly spontaneous. also in tropical Australia. A perennial herb with
large flowers, resembling those of Yigna vexillata (Bentham). Cul-
tivated for its seeds, which are rather small, but copiously produced^
A variety with edible roots occurs.
260 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Phaseolus COCcineus, Kniphof.* (P. multiflorus, Willdenow.)
The Scarlet Runner. Tropical South-America. A twining showy
perennial, as useful as the ordinary French-bean. Its seeds usually
larger than those of the latter plant, purple with black dots, but
sometimes also pure-blue and again quite white. The flowers occur
sometimes white. The root contains a narcotic poison.
Phaseolus derasus, Schranck.
Brazil. There, next to maize, the most important and extensively
used plant for human food (Dr. Peckolt). Sprengel refers this to P.
inamaenus (Liune), a variety of the following species.
Phaseolus lunatus, Lmn£.
The " Lima-bean." Perennial. Tropical South- America. A.
de Candolle restricts the real nativity to that -part of the globe.
Wittmack identifies beans from ancient graves in Peru as belonging
to this species. The root is deleterious. Biennial according to Rox-
burgh. Much cultivated in the warm zone for its edible beans, which
are purple or white. A yellow-flowered variety or closely allied
species is know as the Madagascar-beau, and has proven hardy and
productive in Victoria. P. pereunis (Walter) from the United States
of North- America is another allied plant. !
Phaseolus Max, Lmn6. (P. Munyo, Linne; P. radicatus, Linn4.)
The " Green Gram." South- Asia and tropical Australia. An
annual, very hairy plant, not much climbing. Frequently reared in
India, when rice fails or where that crop cannot be produced. Ac-
cording to Sir Walter Elliot one of the most esteemed of Indian
pulses. " It fetches the highest price and is more than any other in
request among the richer classes, entering largely into delicate dishes
and cake." Cultivated up to 6,000 feet (Forbes Watson). Col.
Sykes counted sixty-two pods on one plant with from seven to
fourteen seeds in each. The seeds are but small, and the herb is not
available for fodder. This plant requires no irrigation, and ripens in
two and a half to three months. In India, it yields the earliest pulse-
crop in the season. The grain tastes well, and is esteemed whole-
some. The harvest is about thirty-fold. Paillieux reminds us that
the young sprouts serve as a delicate vegetable.
Phaseolus vulgaris, 1'Obel.*
The ordinary Kidney-bean, or French-beau, or Haricot. Native
country probably Western South-America, inasmuch as Professor
Wittmack has recently identified beans from ancient graves at Lima
as belonging to P. vulgaris. Though this common and important culi-
nary annual is so well known, it has been deemed desirable to refer to it
here, with a view of reminding our readers, that the kidney-bean is
nearly twice as nutritious as wheat: The meal from beans might also
find far-augmented use. As constituents of the beans should be men-
tioned a large proportion of starch (nearly half), then much legumin,
also some phaseolin (which, like amygdalin, can be converted into an
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 261
essential oil) and iuosit-sugar. Lentils contain more legumin but less
starch, while peas and beans are almost alike in respect to the pro-
portion of these two nourishing substances. The kidney-bean can
still be cultivated in cold latitudes and at sub-alpine elevations, if the
uninterrupted summer warmth lasts for four months; otherwise it is
more tender than the pea. The soil should be friable, somewhat
limy and not sandy for field-culture. Phaseolus nanus, L. (the
dwarf bean) and P. tumidus, Savi (the sugar-bean, sword-bean,
or egg-bean) are varieties of P. vulgaris. Several other species of
Phaseolus seem worthy of culinary culture. Haricot-Beans contain
very decided deobstruent properties, which however are generally
destroyed by too much boiling. To obviate this they should be soaked
for 24 hours in cold water to which salt has been added, and then
gently boiled for not more than 30 or 40 minutes in very little water
(W. B. Booth). The seeds will retain their vitality fully three years.
Phleum pratense, Linne.*
The Timothy- or Catstail-grass. Europe, North-Africa, Northern
or Middle Asia, ascends to 10,000 feet in Spain. One of the most
valuable and most cultivated of all perennial fodder-grasses. Its
production of early spring-foliage is superior to that of the Cock's-
foot-grass. It should enter largely into any mixture of grasses for
permanent pasturage. It will live also on moist and cold clay -ground.
This grass, and perhaps yet more the allied Phleum alpinum, L., are
deserving of an extensive transfer to moory mountain-regions. It is
very hardy, having been found indigenous in Norway to lat. 70° (Pro-
fessor Sciiuebeler). For hay it requires mowing in a young stage.
The seed is copiously yielded and well retained, The greatest
advantage from this grass arises, according to Langethal, when it is
grown along with clovers. It thrives even better on sandy meadows
than on calcareous soil; it will prosper on poorer ground than Alope-
curus pratensis; the latter furnishes its full yield only in the fourth
year, whereas tbe Phleum does so in the second. The Timothy -grass
dries more quickly for hay and the seeds are gathered more easily,
but it vegetates later, is of harder consistence, and yields less in the
season after the first cut. Dr. Curl, of New Zealand, observes that,
while many grasses and clovers, if eaten in their spring-growth, may
cause diarrhoea in sheep, the Timothy- grass, when young, does not
affect them injuriously.
Phoenix dactylifera, Linn4.*
The Date-Palm. North- Africa, also inland; Arabia, Persia. This
noble palm attains finally a height of about 80, exceptionally 120 feet.
It is unisexual and of longevity. " Trees of from 100 to 200 years
old continue to produce their annual crop of dates," though gradually at
very advancing age at diminished rates. This palm seems to . live
through several centuries. Though sugar or palm-wine can be
obtained from the sap, and hats, mats and similar articles can be
manufactured from the leaves, we would utilize this palm beyond
262 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
scenic garden-ornamentation only for its fruits. The date-palm would
afford in time to come a real boon in the oases of desert-tracts, swept
by burning winds, although it might be grown also in the valleys of
mountains and in any part of lowlands free of severe frost. Several
bunches of flowers -are formed in a season, each producing often as
many as 200 dates. In Egypt as many as 4 cwt. of dates have been
harvested in one season from a single date-palm. Many varieties of
dates exist, differing in shape, size and color of the fruit; those of
Gomera are large and contain no seed. The unexpanded flower-
bunches can be used for palm-cabbage and the fibre of the leaf-
stalks for cordage. The town Elche, in Spain, is surrounded by a
planted forest of about 80,000 date-palms, and the sale of leaves for
decorative purposes produces a considerable income to the town, irre-
spective of the value of the date-fruits; and so it is at Alicante. As
far north as the Gulf of Genoa also a date-forest exists. The ease
with which this palm grows from seeds affords facilities in adapted
climes to imitate these examples, and we certainly ought to follow
them in all parts of Australia and in similar climes. The best dates
are grown in oases, where fresh- water gushes from the ground in
abundance and spreads over light soil of the desert subject to burning
winds. The Zadie-variety produces the heaviest crop, averaging
300 Ibs. to the tree; superior varieties can only be continued from
offshoots of the root; these will commence to bear in five years and
be in full bearing in ten years; one male tree is considered sufficient
for half a hundred females. The pollen-dust is sparingly applied by
artificial means. The pulpy part of the fruit contains about 58 per
cent, of saccharine matter. It is estimated, that in Egypt alone four
millions of date-palms exist, the produce of which is to a large extent
consumed locally. The date-groves of Turkey produce annually
40,000 to 60,000 tons of dates in ordinarily good seasons (Le Due).
The date-palm will live in saltish soil, and the water for its irrigation
may be slightly brackish (Surgeon- Major Colvill). Northern limit of
date about 35° north latitude. Into Central Australia the date-palm
was first introduced by the writer of this work. The variety
" Datheres-sifia " ripens early in the season its fruits (Naudin). It
is propagated from suckers. Its pungent rigidity protects this palm
from encroachment of pasture animals; hence it can be disseminated
without hedging.
Phoenix Hanceana, Drude.
South-China. This palm was buried for ten days under three feet
of snow in the south of France without injury (Naudiu).
Phoenix paludosa, Roxburgh.
India. A stout species, not very tall. Of value at least for decora-
tive culture.
Phoenix pusilla, Gaertner.
India and South-China. A dwarf species, which bears the clime
of the South of France without protection (Kerchove de Denterghem).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 263
P. farinifera (Roxburgh) appears to be identical. It is adapted for
sandy and otherwise dry and barren land, but, prefers the vicinity of
the sea. Berry shining'black, with a sweet mealy pulp.
Phoenix reclinata, Jacquin.
South-Africa, in the eastern districts. A hardy species, but not
tall, often reclining. It is adapted for ornamentation. The sweet
coating of the fruit is edible (Backhouse).
Phcenix silvestris, Roxburgh.
India, almost on any soil or in any situation, down even to the edge
of drift-sand on the coast. It has proved a very hardy species at
Melbourne. Its greatest height is about 40 feet. Berries yellowish or
reddish, larger than in P. pusilla. Where this palm abounds, much
sugar is obtained from it by evaporation of the sap, which flows from
incisions into the upper part of the trunk — a process not sacrificing
the plant, as for 50 years the sap can thus be withdrawn. This
palm-sugar consists almost entirely of cane-sugar. A kind of arrack
is obtained by fermentation and distillation of this sap, and also from
the young spikes. Each plant furnishes the juice for about 8 Ibs. of
date-sugar annually, but in some instances much more. About
50,000 tons of sugar a year are produced in Bengal alone from this
and some other palms. The leaves are used for mats. It lives in
drier regions than other Indian palms.
Phoenix spinosa, Thomring.
Tropical Africa, ascending mountain-tracts, thus perhaps hardy
in milder extra-tropic regions. Sir John Kirk found, that the green
bunches, if immersed in water for half a day, suddenly assume a
scarlet hue, when the astringent pulp becomes edible and sweet.
Phormiurn tenax, J. R. and G. Forster.*
The Flax-Lily of New Zealand, where it grows as far south as
46° 30', occurring also in the Chatham -Islands and Norfolk-Island,
though not on Lord Howe's Island. It is also found in the Auckland-
Islands, nearly 51° south (Schur). It flowered in several places of
England in exposed positions, and was not affected by severe frost
(Masters). It perfected seeds even in the most northern of the
Orkney-Islands (Traill) and will bear unhurt a temperature of 15° F.;
the tops of the leaves become injured at 9° F. (Gorlie). It is desir-
able, that this valuable plant should be brought universally under
culture, particularly on any inferior spare-ground or on the sea-
beaches or any rocky declivities, where it may be left to itself unpro-
tected, as no grazing animal will touch it. It is evident, that the
natural growth will soon be inadequate to the demand for the plant.
It is adapted for staying bush-fires, when planted in hedgerows.
Merely torn into shreds, the leaves serve at once in gardens and vine-
yards as cordage, and for this purpose, irrespective of its showy
aspect, the Phormium has been distributed from the Botanic Garden
of Melbourne during many years by the writer. From the divided
264 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
roots any plantation can gradually be increased, or this can be done
more extensively still by sowing the seeds. In all likelihood the plant
would thrive and become naturalized in Kerguelen's Land, the Falk-
land-Islands, the Faroe- and Shetland-Islands and many continental
places of both hemispheres far into cold latitudes. Dr Traill records it
having ripened seeds in the Orkney-Islands without protection. It
has proved quite hardy in England. Among the varieties three are
better characterized than the rest: the Tehore- the Swamp- and
the Hill-variety. The first and the last mentioned produce a fibre fine
and soft, yet strong, and the plant attains a height of only about 5
feet, whereas the Swamp-variety grows to double that height, pro-
ducing a larger yield of a coarser fibre, which is chiefly used for rope-
or paper-making. One of the most dwarf varieties is P. Colensoi (J.
Hooker). As might be expected, the richer the soil the more vigorous
the growth of the plant. Flooding now and then with fresh or
brackish water is beneficial, but it will not live, if this is permanent.
In swampy ground trenches should be dug, to divert the surplus of .
humidity. Fibre, free from gum-resin, properly dressed, withstands
moisture as well as the best Manilla-rope. Carefully prepared, the
fibre can be spun into various textile durable fabrics, either by itself
or mixed with cotton, wool or flax. Elegant articles are woven from
it by the Maoris. In October 1872 the sale of Phormium-fibre in
London was 11,500 bales, ranging in price from £19 to £31. The
tow can be converted into paper, distinguished for its strength and
whiteness. The London price of Phormium-fibre for this purpose is
from £10 to £20 per ton. A strong decoction of the root and leaf-
bases used in surgery for dressing wounds with a. view of producing
ready and healthy granulation (F. A. Moukton).
For further details on the utilization of this plant, the elaborate
report of the New Zealand Commission for Phormium should be
consulted.
Photinia eriobotrya, J. Hooker. (P. Japonica, Franchet and Savatier;
Eriobotrya Japonica, Lindley. )
The "Loquat." China and Japan. This beautiful evergreen
shrub or tree, remarkable for its refreshing fruit, is easily raised from
seed; or superior varieties can, according to G. W. Johnson, be grafted
not only on its own stock, but also on the Whitethorn, or better still
on the Quince. It is also a grand bush for scenic ornamental effects.
Hardy in England. Growth of celerity. In Southern Austria
flowering during midwinter; the flowers are intensely fragrant, and
do not suffer from a few degrees of frost; hence this plant is of parti-
cular horticultural importance, to contribute amply to garden- fragrance
in winter-time. In South-Austria the Loquat is the earliest fruit of
the season (Baron von Thuemen), bearing also copiously there. In
Greece the fruits ripen already during May. Hemsley mentions this
plant among the shrubs and trees, hardy in England, where however
it does not mature its fruits. P. villosa, D.C., also yields edible
native fruit to the Japanese.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 265
Phyllanthus Cicca, J. Mueller. (Cicca disticha, Linnet)
Insular India. Hardy in Florida, 27° 30', where Mr. Reasmer
finds it to be a desirable fruit-tree. The berries are small and acid,
serving for jam. Mr. L. A. Bernays admits this plant among those
recommended in his work on " Cultural industries for Queensland,"
1883.
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Cl. Richard.
Celery-Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree, often to 60 feet high,
with a stem 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The timber is particularly valu-
able for the masts and spars of ships. It will only grow to advantage
in deep forest-valleys. Dwarfed in alpine elevations.
Phyllocladus trichomanoides, D. Don.
Celery-Pine of New Zealand; Maori-name, " Tanekaha." This
tree attains a height of 70 feet, with a straight stem reaching 3 feet
in diameter, and furnishes a pale close-grained timber, strong, heavy
and remarkably durable, according to Professor Kirk, greatly valued
for mine-props, struts, caps, sleepers, water-tanks, bridge-planks and
piles, also spars; the Maoris employ the bark for dyeing red and
black and yellow, according to admixtures. This species also ascends
in a diminutive form alpine elevations.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, Siebold.
Himalayas, China and Japan. A dwarf Bamboo, but hardy; the
yellowish canes available for excellent walking-sticks (Griffith).
Phyllostachys nigra, Munro.* (Bambusa niyra, Loddiges.)
China and Japan. Reaching 25 feet in height. The stems nearly
solid and becoming black. Has withstood severe frost in the south
of France and at Vienna. Known to have grown 16 feet in six
weeks. Bamboo-chairs and walking-sticks often made of this
species. A Japanese species of this bambusaceous genus proved
hardy in Scotland. P. viridi-glaucescens and P. aurea are perfectly
hardy in England (Munro); the latter withstood the severest winters
of Edinburgh, with 0° F. (Gorlie).
Phymaspernmm parvifolium, Bentham. (Adenochcena, parmfolia, De
Candolle.)
South-Africa. A dwarf, somewhat shrubby plant, fit to be natural-
ized on mere sandy ground. Praised by Professor McOwan as equal
in value to Pentzia virgata for sheep-pastures.
Physalis Alkekengi, Linne.
The Strawberry-Tomato or Winter-Cherry. Middle and South-
Europe, North-Africa, Middle Asia, extending to Japan; said to
have come originally from Persia. Ripening in Norway to lat. 63°
26' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb. The berry, which is red and
of a not unpleasant taste, has some medicinal value. The leaves
contain a bitter principle — physalin.
s ^
266 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Physalis angnlata, Linne.
In many tropical countries, extending as a native plant to the
northern parts of the United States and to Japan. An annual
herb. The berries yellowish, edible. P. minima, L. (P. parviflora,
R. Br.), is closely allied, and extends also into tropical Australia.
Physalis Peruviana, Linne".
Temperate and tropical America, widely naturalized in many
countries of the warmer zones. With double inaptness called the
Cape-Gooseberry. A perennial herb; but for producing its fruit well
it requires early renovation. . The acidulous berries can be used as
well for table-fruit as for preserves. Doubtless several other kinds
of Physalis can be utilized in the same manner. In colder countries
the P. Peruviana becomes annual. Seeds will keep for eight years
(Vilmorm).
Physalis pubescens, Linne".
Warmer regions of North- and South- America. Though annual,
worth cultivation on account of its acidulous fruits, called the Goose-
berry-Tomato or inaptly Barbadoes-Gooseberry, under which name
also the very similar P. Barbadensis (Jacquin) is comprised.
Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Lemaire.
The principal Jaborandi-plant of tropical and sub-tropical Brazil.
The leaves and bark of this shrub, which contain essential oil and a
peculiar alkaloid, are famed as an agreeable, powerful and quickly
acting sudorific. Recommended as a specific in diphtheria and sup-
posed to be also reliable in hydrophobia. This bush is likely to
endure the clime of milder temperate forest-regions (Continho,
Baillon, Hardy, Guebler). Like P. simplex, also an active sialogogue.
Pilocarpin contracts the pupil, and stimulates powerfully the salivary-
glands.
Pimpinella Anisum, Linne.
The Anise-plant. Greece, Egypt, Persia. An annual. The
seed-like fruits enter into various medicines and condiments, and are
required for the distillation of oil, rich in anethol. The herbage left
after obtaining the seeds serves for fodder. The plant will bear
seeds in Norway up to lat. 68° 40' (Schuebeler). The seeds will
retain their power of germination for three years (Vilmorin).
Pimpinella saxifraga, Linne*.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A perennial herb; its root
used in medicine; a peculiar volatile oil can be distilled from the root.
P. magna, L., is a closely allied species, and P. nigra, W., is a variety.
The root of the last is particularly powerful.
Pimpinella Sisarum, Bentham. (Slum Sisarum, Linne". )
Middle and Eastern Asia. A perennial herb. The bunches of
small tubers afford an excellent culinary vegetable. The taste is
sweet and somewhat celery-like. . The roots endure frost.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 267
Pinus Abies, Du Roi.* (Pinus Picea, Linnl.)
Silver-Fir, Tanne. Middle and South-Europe, extending to the
Caucasian mountains, ascending the Pyrenees to 6,000 feet. It
will endure the climate of Norway to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). A fine
tree, already the charm of the ancients, attaining about 200 feet in
height and 20 feet in circumference of stem, reaching an age of 300
years. It furnishes a most valuable timber for building as well as
furniture, and in respect to lightness, toughness and elasticity it is
even more esteemed than the Norway-Spruce, but it is not so good
for fuel or charcoal; it is pale, light, not very resinous, and is mostly
employed for the finer works of joiners and cabinet-makers, for sound-
ing boards of musical instruments, largely for toys, also for lucifer-
matches, for coopers' and turners' work, and for masts and spars. It
also yields a fine white resin and the Strasburg-turpeutine, similar
to the Venetian. Besides the above normal form the following two
main-varieties occur: — P.Abies var. Cephalonica, Parlatore (P. Ceplia-
Itfnica, Endlicher), Greece, 3,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. A tree
60 feet high, with a stem-circumference of 10 feet. The wood is very
hard and durable, and much esteemed for building. General Napier
mentions, that in pulling down some houses at Argostoli, which had
been built 150 to 300 years, all the wood-work of this fir was found
as hard as oak and perfectly sound. The very resinous wood probably
of a variety of this or an allied species was used by Stradivari and
his sons for making the famous Italian violins in the last century. —
P. Abies var. Nordmanniana, Parlatore (P. Nordmanniana, Steven),
Crimea and Circassia, to 6,000 above the sea. Can be grown in Nor-
way to lat. 61P 15'. This is one of the most imposing firs, attaining
a height of about 100 feet, with a perfectly straight stem. It fur-
nishes a valuable building-timber. The Silver-Fir is desirable for
mountain-forests. It will grow on sand, but only half as fast as
P. Pinaster. In Britain the upward growth is about 50 feet in 30
years.
Pinus alba, Aiton.
White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest
mountains. It resembles P. picea, but is smaller, at most 50 feet
high. Exudes a superior resin. It bears the shears well, when
trained for hedges, which are strong, enduring and compact ( J. Hicks).
The bark richer in tannin than that of the Hemlock- Spruce. The
timber well adapted for deal-boards, spars and many other purposes,
but on the whole inferior to that of the Black Spruce. The tree
grows in damp situations or swampy ground. Eligible for alpine
regions. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67° 56'. P. Eugelmanni (Parry)
is closely akin; it occurs in British Columbia; stem to 3 feet in
diameter; wood excellent and durable (Dr. G. Dawson).
Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann.
British Columbia and California, ascending to 9,000 feet. Akin
to P. flexilis. Extremely hardy, resisting the most boisterous weather,
268 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
but never "exceeding 40 feet in height (Sir Jos. Hooker). Wood
light, soft, rather brittle though close-grained (Prof. Sargent). Fruit-
strobiles nearly globular, purplish, with short and thick scales. Bark
whitish, scaly.
Pinus Alcockiana, Parlatore.
Japan, at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. A fine spruce,
often to 120 feet high, with very small blue-green leaves; the wood
is used for light household-furniture. P. tsuga and P. polita ascend
there to the same height (Rein). • .
Pinus amabilis, Douglas.
California Silver-Fir. North-California, Oregon, British Columbia,,
at elevations of from 4,000 to 7,000 or even 10,000 feet. A hand-
some fir, to 200 feet high, circumference of stem to 24 feet; the
stem is branchless up to 100 feet. The tree passes under the name
or the " Queen of the Forests " (Lemmon). The wood is elastic,
strong and hard, fit for masts and spars; it has a peculiar red color;
spikes, nails and bolts hold firm and never corrode in it (Dufur).
Very closely allied to P. nobilis and also to P. grandis. Hemsley
records as distinct from this P. lasiocarpa (Hooker), which gains a
height of fully 250 feet and has branchlets with yellowish bark.
Pinus aristata, Engelmann.
California, at elevations of 8-10,000 feet in the Sierras. A piner
attaining about 75 feet in height, the stem three feet in diameter;
leaves extremely short (Gibbons). Fit for any alpine country.
Pinus Arizonica, Engelmann.
Arizona, California. This pine differs from P. ponderosa in
glaucous branchlets, thinner leaves constantly in fives and of different
structures, and in thicker and shorter fruit-cones, with greater promi-
nence on the scales (Engelmann, Sargent, Perry).
Pinus Australis, Michaux.*
Southern-Pine, also called Hard Pine, Georgia, Yellow JPitch-
Pine, Long-leaved Yellow or Broom-Pine. Southern States of North-
America. The tree attains a height of about 100 feet, and requires
soil open to a great depth, and follows the " stratified drifts," con-
sisting of gravel, sand and clay (Prof. Mohr). It furnishes a superior
timber for furniture and building, also for naval architecture, railway-
ties and flooring, particularly eligible also for very tall flagstaff's; thus
yields the principal yellow pine-wood of the lumber-trade. The
wood is compact, straight-grained, very durable, of delicate shades of
yellow and brown (C. Mohr), and has only a slight layer of sap wood.
The tree is not so quick of growth as many other pines. According
to Dr. Little the tree produces 30,000 feet of first-class timber per
acre. It is this species, which forms chiefly the extensive pine-barrens
of the United States, and yields largely the American turpentine, as
well as resin, pitch and tar. Great Britain in 1884 imported 23,000
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 269
tons oil of turpentine, value £560,000, and 73,500 tons resin, value
£370,000; by far the greatest portion of these two articles came from
the United States, where P. Australia would yield a large share. In
1883 the value of oil of turpentine from the United States to Britain
was £533,000, and of resin £386,000. A solution of this oil in
alcohol is known as camphin. The turpentine is obtained by
removing in spring and summer stripes of bark by chipping and col-
lecting the effluence into appropriate boxes particularly applied. The
first yield is the best ; in the fourth year the tree becomes exhausted
(Prof. C. Mohr). The average annual yield during this time is 20
Ibs. Porcher observes, that the tree shoots up devoid of branches for
sometimes as much as 60 feet, and he calls it "one of the greatest
gifts of God to man/' The tree prevails, according to C. Mohr,
where the silicons constituents of the drift-soil mingle with the out-
crops of tertiary strata, and he observes, that forests of this pine
cause grateful showers with wonderful regularity through all seasons.
The emanations from pines, particularly the very resinous species,
are antimalarian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near pine-
forests, and by the use of hospital buildings constructed by pine-
wood.
Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.)
In Mexico, at an elevation of 8,000 to 12,000 feet. An excellent
pine, to 150 feet high, with a stem- diameter of three to four feet.
It has the habit of P. excelsa, and is equal to it in its own line
of beauty (Beecher) and in hardiness, yielding a much esteemed
white or reddis^i timber. Its cones are among the very largest,
measuring as much as 15 J inches in length (Sir J. Hooker), Fur-
nishes a fragrant balsamic turpentine and resin, the latter used as
incense (O. Finck).
Pinus Balfouriana, Jeffrey. (P. aristata, Engelmann.)
The " Fox-tail or Hickory -Pine." California to Colorado, up to
12,000 feet elevation. Height reaching 100 feet ; trunk-diameter
reaching 5 feet. Wood close-grained, tough, very strong (Sargent).
Pinus balsamea, Linne".
" Balsam-Fir, Balm of Gilead-Fir." Canada, Nova Scotia, south
to New England, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. An elegant tree, to
40 feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields Canada-balsam (Bal-
sam of Firs), the well-known oleo-resin. The timber is light, pale,
soft and useful for furniture and implements. The wood is also of
very particular value for superior violins (Dr. R. Tannasch). Rate of
circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska 26 inches at 2 feet from the
ground in 12 years (Governor Furnas). The tree does not attain a
very great age. Sends a pleasant odor through the forest, regarded as
salubrious, to especially phthisic patients, a remark which applies to
many other pines. It thrives best in cold swampy places. Eligible
for alpine regions; in Norway it is hardy to lat. 63° 26'.
270 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Finns bracteata, D. Don.
Southern California, up to 6,000 feet. A very handsome fir, at-
taining about 150 feet in height, forming a slender, perfectly straight
stem, not more than two feet in diameter. A somewhat older name
is P. venusta (Douglas). The resin is used for incense. The young
shoots, according to Hemsley, injured by spring-frosts in Britain.
Pinus Brunoniana, Wallich. (P. dumosa, D. Don.)
Himalaya, descending to 8,000 and ascending to 10,500 feet. This
fir attains a height of about 120 feet, and the stem a circumference
of 28 feet (Sir J. D. Hooker). Particularly eligible for alpine tracts.
The timber is pale and soft, and does not stand exposure well.
Pinus Canadensis, Linn<5.
" Hemlock-Spruce." In Canada and over a great part of the
United States, on high mountains, as well as on undulating land. A
very ornamental fir, to about 100 feet high, with a pale cross-grained
wood, remarkably durable when used for submerged water-works;
also employed for railway-ties. According to Vasey it is one of the
most graceful of spruces, with a light and spreading spray. Schacht
saw aged stems on which 440 wood-rings could be counted. Can be
kept trimmed for hedges. Next to P. Strobus it is the highest pine
of the Eastern States of North-America. The tree is extremely
valuable on account of its bark, which is much used as a tanning
material, containing 9 to 14 per cent, tannin; this is much liked as an
admixture to oak-bark for particular leathers of great toughness,
wearing strength and resistance to water. The extract of the bark
for tanning fetches in the London market from £16 to £18 a ton,
and is imported to the extent of 6,000 tons a year ; the bark is stripped
off during the summer-months. The young shoots are used in making
spruce-beer. P. Caroliniensis is the Hemlock- Spruce of Carolina.
The bark is in medicinal use also.
Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.*
Canary-Pine. Canary-Islands, forming large forests at an elevation
of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. A tree, reaching the height of 80 feet, with
a resinous, durable, very heavy wood, not readily attacked by insects.
It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of growth. Will en-
dure an occasional shade-temperature of 118° F. (W. J. Winter).
Growth in height at Port Phillip 45-50 feet in 20 years.
Pinus Cedrus, Linn&*
Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas-variety on the moun-
tains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North-Africa and Cyprus. The
tree grows to a height of about 100 feet, with a heavy trunk some-
times 46 feet in circumference (Booth) and attains a very great age.
Goeppert and Russegger allot to Lebanon-Cedars an age reaching to
the commencement of the Christian era. The wood is of a light-
reddish color, soft, almost inodorous, easy to work, and much esteemed
for its durability.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 271
Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara.*
Deodar-Cedar. On the north-western Himalaya-Mountains, also
in Afghanistan, 3,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A majestic
tree, reaching a hight of more than 300 feet, and sometimes over 40 feet
in circumference of stem. The wood is of a light-yellow color, very
close-grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably scented, light, ex-
tremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a changeable clime,
and furnishes one of the best building-timbers known. Pillars of
Kashmir-mosques made of this wood are found sound after 400 years,
and bridges of still greater antiquity are in existence. White ants
hardly ever attack the heartwood. Boats built of this wood have
lasted about forty years. It is also extensively used for canal-edges
and for railways. The tree should not be felled too young. It yields
a good deal of resin and turpentine. A humid clime very much
accelerates the growth of this pine, which would come best and
• quickest to its development in forest-ranges. Deodars will endure,
when not too young, an exceptional temperature of 118° F. in the
shade (W. J. Winter). Rate of growth at Port Phillip, 40 to 50 feet
height in 20 years.
Pinus Cembra, Linn<£.
On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary, extending to
Kamtschatka, the Kuriles and arctic America. Less hardy than P.
Laricio, although from high Alps; still it grows to a height of 60
feet at Christiania (Schuebeler). The "Zirbel-Pine" attains a height
of about 120 feet, the stem gets fully 4 feet in diameter, but the growth
is slow. The wood is of a yellow color, soft and resinous, of an
extremely fine texture, and is extensively used for carving and cabinet-
work. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a great quantity
of oil, as much as 47 per cent., according to Schuppe. A particular
turpentine is also obtained from this pine, called Carpathian-balsam.
Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. (P. Llaveana, Schiede and Deppe.)
Mexican Swamp-Pine. A small tree to 30 feet high, growing at
elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of much use,
but the seeds are edible and wholesome, and have a very agreeable
taste.
Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy.
Cilician Silver-Fir. Asia Minor. 4,000 to 6,500 feet above sea-
level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, to 160 feet high.
Quite hardy in climes like that of Vienna. The wood is very soft,
and used extensively for the roofs of houses, as it does not warp.
Pinus concolor, Engelmann.
The great White Silver-Fir. North- Western America, at elevations
of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. A fir reaching 150 feet in height; trunk to
4 feet in diameter. The wood is tough, eligible for building-purposes
and other substantial work (Vasey). It does not warp, shrinks hardly
at all, makes choice ceilings, and needs less paint than most other
timber (Kellogg).
272 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pinus contorta, Douglas. (P. Bolandri, Parlatore.)
On high damp ranges in California, Oregon and British North-
Western America; also abundant on the mountains of Colorado; very
eligible for clothing rocky hill-sides (Meehan). In California this
pine forms dense thickets along the coast, and is in this respect as
valuable as P. Laricio, P. Pinaster and P. Halepensis in Europe, as
a shelter-tree in stormy localities. Dr. Gibbons remarks of this pine,
which vernacularly is called Tamarak or Hack-me-tack, that its size
has generally been underrated. At the foot of the Sierra and on
mountains 8,000 feet high he saw it in great numbers, forming one of
the most stately of forest-pines, not rarely attaining a height of 150
feet and 4 feet in stem-diameter. The timber is pale, straight-grained
and very light; there considered the best and most durable material
for dams and for general building purposes. It furnishes sea-ports
with piles and 'masts; yields also railway-ties. Its value is beyond
calculation. Dr. Gr. Dawson notes, that the cambium-layer is so sac-
charine as to afford food to the autochthones. This species includes
P. Murrayana, Balfour.
Pinus Coulteri, D. Don.
California, on the eastern slope of the coast-range, at elevations
from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a height
of about 100 feet, with a trunk about 4 feet in diameter; with P.
Ayacahuite, P. Montezurna?, P. Larabertiana, P. Sabiniana and P.
excelsa it has the largest cones of all pines, comparable in size and
form to sugar-loaves. The nuts are nutritious (Vasey).
Pinus Cubensis, Grisebach. (P. Elliottii, Engelmann.)
Swamp-Pine, Slash- or Bastard-Pine. Higher mountains of Cuba,
also in the Southern States of Eastern North- America. Allied to P.
Teeda. Likes moist, sandy, flat lands. Height of tree to 120 feet,
of clear stem to 70 feet; growth comparatively quick, overpowering
P. Australis. Yields some turpentine and resin (Prof. C. Mohr).
Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The " Akamatsou-Pine " of Japan, where it forms along with P.
Thunbergi extensive forests at 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea-level.
It is hardy at Christiania. Attains an age of several centuries (Rein).
The timber is excellent for building; it is less resinous than that of
P. Thunbergi (Dupont).
Pinus Douglash, Sabine.*
Oregon-Pine or Fir, called also the Yellow Pine or Fir of Puget-
Sound, where it yields the principal timber for export, and is therefore
of great commercial value in the lumber-trade. It extends from
Vancouver's Island and the Columbia-River through California to
Northern Mexico, from the coast up to the higher mountains of 9,000
feet. The maximum height known is nearly 400 feet; the greatest
diameter of the stem 14 feet. Can be grown very closely, when the
stems will attain, according to Drs. Kellogg and Newberry, a height
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 273
of over 200 feet without a branch. A densely wooded forest wilt
contain about 3G full-grown trees to an acre. The timber is fine and
clear-grained, heavy, strong, soft, and hence easily worked, yet firm
and solid, splendid for masts and spars, ships' planks and piles; also
valuable for flooring, being for that purpose regarded as the best of
California (Bolander). It will bear a tension of 3 to 1 as compared
with the Sequoias. It is the strongest wood on the North -Pacific
coast, both in resisting horizontal strain and perpendicular pressure.
Sub-alpine localities should be extensively planted with this famous
tree. It requires deep and rich soil, but likes shelter; its growth is as
rapid as that of the larch; it passes in various localities as Black and
Red Spruce. Both in clayey and light soil it attains 50 feet in about
eighteen years; it requires however a moist forest-clime for rapid
growth.
Pinus edulis, Engelmann.
New Mexico. A pine, not tall, but very resinous. Wood easily
split. One of the best for fuel (Meehan). It yields the " Pino "-
nuts, which are produced in immense quantities and are of very
pleasant flavor (Sargent). Closely cognate to P. monophylla.
Pinus excelsa, Hamilton.*
The Lofty- or Bootan-Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests, at
from 5,000 to 12,500 feet elevation; also in Macedonia and Monte-
negro. A fine tree, at length about 150 feet high, furnishing a valu-
able, close-grained, soft and easily workable wood, ranking among
Himalayan pine-woods for durability next to Deodar-timber (Stewart
and Brandis); the wood is also highly recommended for patterns in
foundries, further for levelling-staves and cot-planks (Watson). This
pine also furnishes a good quantity of turpentine. Under cultivation
it shrinks before a fierce summer-sun (Beecher); but will bear the
winter of Christiania (Schuebeler). Cones often 15 inches long
(Sir J. Hooker). This tree produces seeds early and copiously;
disseminates itself easily even on steep bare declivities (Brandis).
Pinus firma, Antoine.
Northern Japan, at 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea-level in
humid valleys. A lofty tree of the habit of the Silver-Fir. The
timber is pale, soft and fine-grained, employed particularly by
coopers and upholsterers.
Pinus flexilis, James.
The White Pine of the Rocky Mountains, also known as the BulL-
Pine. From New Mexico to British Columbia, ascending to 13,000
feet. Prefers the limestone-formation. A valuable fir for cold
regions. It attains a height of 150 feet, according to Dr. Gibbons,
but Mr. J. Hoopes states, that it is of slow growth. Wood pale, soft
and compact, of fine texture, according to Prof. Sargent intermedi-
ate between that of P. Strobus and P. Lambertiana. Dr. Gr. Dawson
noted, that the seeds afford food to the autochthones.
274 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pinus Fortune!, Parlatore. (Abies Jezoensis, Lindley.)
China, in the neighbourhood of Foo-Chow-Foo. A splendid fir, to
70 feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P. Cedrus.
Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.
Double Balsam-Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and Pennsyl-
vania. This tree, which grows to a height of about 20 feet only,
yields with P. balsamea the well-known Canada-balsam. The tree is
hardy at Christiania still.
Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich.
Nepal Nut-Pine. In the north-eastern parts of the Himalayas at
an elevation of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, extending to Afghanistan.
With P. Deodara, P. excelsa, P. Webbiana, P. Smithiana and Juni-
perus excelsa reaching the highest regions of pine-forests in Southern
Asia. The tree attains a height of 60 feet, with a comparatively short
stem, exceptionally 10 feet in girth, and produces very sweet edible
seeds, also turpentine. Hoopes refers to it as remarkable for the
copiousness of its resin. In reference to the nut-seeds the proverb
prevails at Kunawar, " One tree a man's life in winter."
Pinus g-labra, Walter.
From Carolina to the Mississippi. Allied to P. mitis. It attains,
according to Prof. C. Mohr. a height of about 80 feet. Dr. Porcher
compares the wood to that of P. Strobus.
Pinus grandis, Douglas.
From California to British Columbia. , Great Silver-Fir, also
known as the Yellow-Fir. A splendid quick-growing fir, to 200
feet high and upAvards, growing best in moist valleys of high ranges.
The stem occasionally attains a diameter of 7 feet at 130 feet from
the ground, and of 6 feet at 200; concentric wood-growth of stem as
much as 1 inch in a year; height reached by the tree in Wales 75
feet in 33 years (A. D. Webster). Trees occur of 15 feet stem-
diameter and 320 feet high. The wood is pale and soft, too light
and brittle, according to Dr. Vasey, for general purposes; while Prof.
Brewer asserts, that it is employed for boards, boxes, cooperage, and
even much sought for ship-building, but it seems fit only for inside
work; it is of pleasant scent. Rate of upward growth in favorable
places about 2£ feet in a year. Hardy in England (Hemsley). P.
subalpina (Englemann) is closely cognate.
Pinus Griffith.!!, Parlatore. (Larix Griffithii, J. Hooker and Thomson.)
The Himalayan Larch. Descends to 8,000 feet and ascends to
12,000 feet. Timber pale, soft, without distinct heartwood, one of the
most durable of all pine-timbers (Stewart and Brandis). P. Lede-
bourii (Endlicher) is the Siberian Larch.
Pinus Halepensis, Miller. (P. maritima, Lambert.)
Aleppo-Pine. South-Europe and North-Africa, South-Western
Asia. This well-known pine attains a height of 80 feet, with a stem
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 275
to 5 feet in diameter. The timber of young trees is pale, of older
trees dark-colored; it is principally esteemed for ship-building, but
also used for furniture. The tree yields a peculiar kind of turpentine,
as well as a valuable tar. Although ascending mountains in South-
Europe to the height of 4,000 feet, it thrives best in sandy coast-lands,
where in ten years it will measure 25 feet, and finally will become a
larger tree than on firmer lands. M. Boitel has published a special
work on the importance of this pine for converting poor santl-land
into productive areas, referring also to P. silvestris and P. Laricio for
the same purpose. According to Mr. W. Irvine Winter it will resist
an occasional heat of 118° F. in the shade. We find the Aleppo-Fir
one of the best of evergeen avenue-trees in Victoria, as first proved
by the writer. It is content with the poorest and driest localities,
and also here comparatively rapid in growth.
Firms Hartwegii, Lindley.
Mexico, 9,000 to 14,000 feet above sea-level. A pine, reaching
150 feet in height, with a very durable wood of a reddish color; it
yields a large quantity of resin.
Pinus Hookeriana, McNab. (Abies Hookeriana, Murray.)
California, at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. A fir, allied to P.
Pattoniana, but distinct (Dr. McNab). Height of tree to about 300
feet, stem perfectly straight. Wood hard, of a reddish color, with
handsome veins. Not a resinous tree. Hardy in Middle Europe.
Pinus Hudsonica, Poiret. (P. Banksiana, Lambert.)
Grey Pine. Colder parts of North-America, both eastern and
western up to 64° north latitude. Height of tree as much as 40 feet;,
in the cold north only a shrub. The wood is light, tough, resinous
and easily worked.
Pinus inops, Solander.
Eastern North- America. The Jersey-Pine. A tree content with
barren soil, attaining a height of 40 feet, available for fixing drift-
sand on coasts. Easily disseminated. Remarkably rich in resin,
hence to be classed with pines most desirable for sanitary plantations.
Wood reddish-yellow. P. Virginiana (Miller) is by far the eldest name.
Pinus Jeffrey!, Murray.
California. A pine, to 150 feet in height. Hardy at Christiania,
Norway. The glaucous branchlets of aromatic fragrance with thinner
and greyish leaves, the greater size of the fruit-cones with thin and
recurved spines to the scales, the larger nutlets and more numerous
cotyledons separate this pine from P. ponderosa (Eugelmann, Sargent,
Perry).
Pinus Jezcensis, Antoine.
Amur and Japan. This spruce is closely allied to the N. W.
American P. Sitchensis. Picea Ajanensis (Fischer) is identical. For
synonyms see Dr. Masters' essay in the Journal of the Linnean
Society 1881.
:276 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pinus Ksempferi, Lambert.
Chinese Larch; also called Golden Pine. North-Eastern China.
This is the handsomest of all the larches; it forms a transit to the
cedars. Resists severe frost. It is of quick growth and attains a
height of 150 feet. The leaves, which are of a vivid green during
spring and summer, turn to a golden-yellow in autumn. The wood is
very hard and durable.
Pinus Kasya, Royle.
Kasya and also Burmah, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Closely related
to P. longifolia. Attains a height of 200 feet. Wood very resinous,
somewhat fibrous, rather close-grained, pale-brown with darker waves
(Kurz).
Pinus Koraiensis, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Kamtschatka, China and Japan. A handsome pine, often to 40
feet high, producing edible seeds.
Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas.*
Shake- Giant- or Sugar-Pine. British Columbia and California,
mostly at great altitudes. A lofty tree, of rapid growth, upwards of
300 feet high, with a straight stem attaining 60 feet in circumference.
It holds, in most places, preeminence in beauty and size over accom-
panying pines, and reaches an age of 600 years (Dr. Vasey). It
thrives best in sandy soil, and produces a soft, pale, straight-grained
wood, which for inside-work is esteemed above any other pine-wood
in California, and obtained in large quantities; it is especially used for
shingles, flooring and for finishing purposes by joiners and carpenters.
The tree yields an abundance of remarkably clear and pure resin, of
sweet taste, eaten even by the natives. The cones may be 19 inches
long; the seeds are edible. This pine would come to perfection best
in the humid regions of higher mountains. P. reflexa (Engelmann)
is an allied large species with smaller fruit, occurring in Arizona.
Pinus Laricio, Poiret.* (P. maritima, Miller.)
Corsican Pine. South-Europe, ascending to about 6,000 feet. It
attains a height of 150 feet. A splendid shelter-tree in the coldest
regions. It will succeed on stiff clay as well as on sandy soil, even
on sea-sand. The wood is pale, towards the centre dark, very
resinous, coarse-grained, elastic and durable, and much esteemed for
building, especially for water- works ; valuable also for its permanency
underground. There are three main-varieties of this pine, namely,
P. L. Poiretiana in Italy, P. L. Austriaca in Austria, P. L. Pallasiana
on the borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows best in calcareous
soil, but also in poor sandy soil, where however the timber is not so
large nor so good. It yields all the products of P. silvestris, but in
greater quantities, being perhaps the most resinous of all pines.
Assumed to attain an age of 500 years (Langethal). The Austriaca
variety attained a stem-girth of nearly 2 feet in 10 years when
cultivated in Nebraska (Governor Furnas). This species is regarded
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 277
by some as even preferable for timber-rearing to P. silvestris and
P. Larix. Rate of upward growth 1^-2 feet in a year.
Firms Larix, Linne.
Common Larch. On the European Alps, up to 7,000 feet. A
tree of quick growth in cool localities; adapted to poor soil, its foliage
as in all larches deciduous. It attains often a height of 100 feet,
sometimes rising even to 160 feet, and produces a valuable timber of
great durability, which is used for land- and water-buildings, and
much prized for ship- and boat-building; for staves of wine-casks
almost indestructible, not allowing the evaporation of the spirituous
contents (Simmonds), also much employed for pumps. The Briancon-
Manna exudes from the stem. Larch-trees, cut in Bohemia, have
shown over 500 annual rings in their wood (Laugethal). Larch-
timber lasts three times longer than that of the Nor way- Spruce, and
although so buoyant and elastic it is tougher and more compact; it is
proof against water, not readily igniting, and heavier and harder than
any deal (Stauffer). The Venetian houses, constructed of larch-
wood, showed for almost indefinite periods no symptoms of decay.
This wood is also selected for the most lasting panels of paintings. The
bark is used for tanning and dyeing. The tree is also of great import-
ance for its yield of Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by boring
holes into the stem in spring; these fill during the summer, supply-
ing from half to three-quarters of a pint of turpentine. In Piedmont,
where they tap the tree in different places, and let the liquid continu-
ally run, it is said, that from seven to eight pints may be obtained in
a year; but the wood suffers through this operation: The larch is
grown in Norway to lat. 66° 5'; in 63° 26' a tree still attained a
height of over 70 feet (Professor Schuebeler). P. L. var. Rossica,
the Russian Larch, grows principally on the Altai-Mountains, from
2,500 to 5.500 feet above sea-level. The species would be important
for upland, particularly alpine country, even for peatbogs.
Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.
At elevations of from 7,000 to 11,000 feet on the mountains of
Mexico. A pine to as much as 90 feet high. A very resinous
species, according to Mr. Hugo Fiuck. The wood is excessively
hard.
Pinus leptolepis, Endlicher.
The Karamatsou or Japan-Larch. In Japan, between 35° and
48° north latitude, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. Never a very
tall tree. The timber, when mature, reddish-brown and soft; it is
highly valued by the Japanese.
Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.*
Emodi-Pine or Cheer-Pine. On the Himalayan mountains, from
2,000 to 9,000 feet. A handsome tree, with a branchless stem for
50 feet, the whole tree attaining a maximum-height of somewhat
over 100 feet, the girth of the stem 12 feet. Does not like much
278 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
shade. Growth ill height at Port Phillip about 40 feet in 20 years.
The wood is resinous, and the red variety useful for building; it
yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The branches are used for
torches by the rural population of its native country (Dr. Brandis).
The tree stands exposure and heat well. According to W. J. Winter
it endures an occasional shade-temperature of 118° F.
Pinus Massoniana, Lambert.
China. A good-sized pine, with widely spreading ramifications.
The wood, when well-seasoned, is much employed as material for
tea-boxes. Prof. C. Koch regards P. sineusis (Lambert) a distinct
species.
Pinus Merkusii, Junghuhu.
Burmah, Borneo and Sumatra, chiefly at elevations of from 3,000 to
4,000 feet. A tall pine. The only species of Pinus, which extends
south of the equator, closely related to P. Massoniana. Wood
exceedingly resinous (Brandis); stems valuable for masts and sparsr
according to Mr. Gamble. Weight of wood about 50 Ibs. per cubic
foot. The resin of this pine resembles Damar (Wiessner).
Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard.
Western Hemlock- Spruce. North-Western America. The wood
is pale, tough and very soft, but is often used for building. This fir
gains a height of about 200 feet, with a stem 4 to 6 feet in diameter ;.
the bark is in great repute for tanning; the roots yield strong fibres,
even for seines and nets; the tender sprigs are the characteristic
ingredient required for making spruce-beer locally; the tree yields
also much resin (Dr. Kellogg). Though naturally so tall a tree, it
can young be trained and trimmed to the best of garden-hedges of a
lovely green (Prof. Bolander).
Pinus mitis, Michaux.*
Yellow Pine of Eastern North-America, extending to Missouri
and Texas, called also Short-leaved Pine, in contrast to P. Australis.
In dry sandy and more particularly somewhat clayey soil attaining a
height of about 90 feet; rapid in growth; eligible for rocky ridges.
Wood yellowish, compact, hard, durable, fine-grained, moderately
resinous, valuable for flooring, cabinet-work and ship-building.
According to Dr. Yasey it commands a higher price even than that
of P. Strobus. P. glabra (Walter) is closely allied to P. rnitis, and
fit for growth on low hummocks. Seeds smaller than those of
the North-East American pines, hence easier of transit in quantity
(Meehan).
Pinus monophylla, Torrey.
Stone- or Nut-Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and Cas-
cade-Mountains, up to 6,500 feet. It thrives best on dry limestone-
soil. The large seeds are edible, of almond-like taste, and consumed
in quantity by the natives. Height of tree generally about 35 feet,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 279
but occasionally as much as 80 feet; stem not of great thickness.
This species is not of quick growth. Wood pale, soft, very resinous,
much used for charcoal.
Pinus montana, Du Roi. (P. pumilio, Hsenke.)
On the Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, also in Greece, up to the
highest points of woody vegetation, covering large tracts, and thriving
on the poorest soil. In Norway it will live to lat. 70° 4' (Schuebeler).
This pine grows to about 25 feet height, but in favorable localities
to 50; it yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is used largely
for carving. Only available to advantage for highlands. The oil,
distilled from the foliage of this and many other pines is a safe anthel-
mintic (Dr. H. Pinkney).
Pinus Montezumae, Lambert. (P. Devoniana, Lindley; P. Grenvillece,
Gordon. )
Mexico. A handsome pine, to 80 feet high; wood pale, soft and
resinous. Cone attaining a length of 15 inches (Dr. Masters).
Pinus monticola, Douglas.
From British Columbia to California, at an elevation of 7,000 feet.
This pine thrives best in poor soil of granite-formation, and attains a
height of about 200 feet, with a stem often 7 feet thick. The wood
is pale, close-grained, similar to that of P. Strobus. Dr. Gibbons
observes, that this species is less than half the size of P. Lamber-
tiana, but in all other respects resembles it. Woodmen are very
pronounced in their statement, that there are two kinds of sugar-
pine,, both growing in close proximity to each other. Mr. J. Hoopes
states, that the wood is similar to White Pine, but tougher. Dr.
G. Dawson says, that the aborigines use also the seeds of this pine
for food.
Pinus muricata, D. Don.
Bishop's Pine. California. Found up to 7,500 feet. This hardy
pine grows ordinarily to about 40 feet, but reaches 120 feet under
favorable circumstances. It might be utilized for wind-breaks (Dr.
Gibbons). Hardy in Middle Europe.
Pinus nigra, Aiton. (Abies rubra, Michaux.)
Black Spruce. Eastern America, occurring extensively between
44° and 53° north latitude. In Norway it will grow to lat. 63° 45'
(Schuebeler). This tree, which is termed Double Spruce by the
Canadians, likes humid sheltered localities, attains a height of about
70 feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of pale color, excellent for
yards of ships; largely sawn into boards and quarterings; has also
come extensively into use for paper-pulp. The spruce-lumber of
eastern markets in the United States is chiefly furnished by this
species (Sargent). The young shoots are used for making spruce-
beer, and the small roots serve as cords. The tree prefers poor and
rocky soil, but a humid cool clime, and is best available for moun-
tainous localities inaccessible to culture. Mr. Cecil Clay estimates,
280 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
that 20,000 cubic feet of timber can be obtained from this tree on one
acre of ground.
Pinus nobilis,' Douglas.
Noble White Fir; but also known as Red Fir. Oregon and its
vicinity, where it forms extensive forests at 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A
majestic tree, attaining a height of 320 feet (Brewer, Gardner),
with regular horizontal branches. Timber splendid. P. magnifica,
Murray, is a variety. Hardy in Middle Europe.
Pinus Nuttallii, Parlatore.
The Oregon-Larch, at elevations of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
According to Dr. Gibbons, one of the most graceful trees. Stem
straight, frequently 200 feet to the first limb. Timber readily fissile,
very strong and durable (Dufur), tough, light and elastic; it can also
be employed in water- work (Dr. Kellogg). Tree only available for
cool mountain-regions to serve commercial final purposes.
Pinus obovata, Antoine. (P. SchrenUana, Antoine.)
North-Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Somewhat like the
Norway- Spruce. Wood soft and pale, locally used for furniture and
household-implements, also for packing-boxes of great durability
(Regel).
Pinus orientalis, Lhme".
Sapindus-Spruce. Asia Minor, ascending to 6,600 feet, thus be-
coming alpine. Hardy in Christiania. The tree rises to about 80
feet, and somewhat resembles the Nor way- Spruce. The wood is
exceedingly tough and durable.
Pinus Parryana, Engelmann.
California. One of the pines with edible nuts.
Pinus parvifiora, Siebold and Zuccarini.
The " Imekomatsou." Kuriles and Japan. A middle-sized pine
of longevity; ascends to alpine heights. Much used as an avenue-
tree. Wood valuable for furniture and boat-building. It is harder
than that of P. Thunbergi and P. densiflora (Dupont).
Pinus Pattoniana, McNab. .
California, restricted to elevations above 5,000 feet and advancing
thence to the glacier-region in a gradually dwarfed state. This fir
rises to a maximum height of 150 feet, the stem enlarging sometimes at
the base to a diameter of 13 feet (Jeffrey).
Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe.
Mexico, at elevations of from 6,000 to 12,000 feet. A graceful
pine, becoming 80 feet high.
Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.)
Small-coned American Larch, Black Larch or Tamarack. From
Labrador and Canada to Virginia. Delighting in swampy ground.
in Extra- Tropical Countries.
281
A pine of pyramidal growth, to 100 feet high. The timber is pale,
heavy, resinous, and as highly valued as that of the common larch;
it is close-grained, well adapted for underground work; it combines
lightness, strength and durability; much sought by ship-builders, as
for knees, bends and ship-garlands it cannot be surpassed (Robb);
much in use also for railway-ties. Rate of circumferential stem-
growth in Nebraska two feet in ten years (Furnas). P. laricina
(Du Roi) is by far the oldest name for this larch, as pointed out by
Prof. C. Koch.
Pinus picea, Du Roi.* (P. Abies, Linn<$.)
Norway-Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and North-
ern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,500 feet, and
forming extensive forests. It exceeds even the birch in endurance of
cold. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 69° 30' (Schuebeler). Adapted
to most kinds of soil. The tree attains a height of 150 feet or even
more, and furnishes an excellent timber, commonly known under the
name of White Deal, for building and furniture, for masts, spars,
ladders and oars. Stems of 6 feet diameter are on record with more
than 200 wood-rings. It also produces the Burgundy-pitch in
quantity, while the bark is used for tanning. Though enduring dry
summers, this spruce would have to be restricted for timber-purposes
to damp mountains. A variety with pendent branches occurs.
Hemsley mentions other forms of this spruce, and indeed many
varieties of other species of Pinus. Britain alone imported in recent
time pinewood to the value of nine millions sterling annually, of
which P. picea must have furnished a considerable portion.
Pinus Pinaster, Solander.* (P. maritima, Poiret and De Candolle.)
Cluster-Pine. From the shores to the mountains of the countries
on the Mediterranean Sea. The tree rises to about 60 feet in height.
The wood is soft and resinous; it yields largely the French turpen-
tine. Among the best of pines for consolidating sandy coasts, and
for converting rolling sands into pastoral and agricultural laud. For
ease of rearing and rapidity of growth one of the most important of
all pines. Average-growth at Port Phillip 40 feet in 20 years. On
the testimony of Mr. J. Hoopes, it does not thrive well on calcareous
soil. W. J. Winter observed, that P. Pinaster and the allied P. Pinea
can withstand an occasional shade-temperature of 118° F. A tree 60
to 70 years old, heavily tapped, yields 12 to 16 Ibs. of turpentine,
equal to 4 Ibs. of resin, the rest being oil of turpentine (Siinmonds).
The tree comes into full flow of turpentine at about 25 years, and the
tapping process, if only a slight one, is endured by this pine for an
enormous length of time. Thus the annual production of resin from
a good tree fluctuates between 5 and 8 Ibs. The quantity of resin
gathered in France during 1874 was about sixty million pounds
(Crouzetter-Desnoyers). The felling of up-grown pines, planted with
wise foresight for antimalarian and other hygienic purposes at
places of centres of population, can but be regarded as most
T 2
282 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
reprehensible, when the simple reason of such destruction consists in
replacing the pines by other perhaps more fashionable but less sani-
tary trees.
Pinus Pinceana, Gordon.
Mexico, up to 9,000 feet above the sea-level. A very remarkable
pine, frequently to 60 feet high, having drooping branches like the
Weeping Willow. Most desirable for cemeteries.
Pinus Pindrow, Royle.
Himalayan mountains, 7,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea-level. A
fine, straight-stemmed fir, becoming 190 feet high; cones purple.
Considered by Stewart and Brandis a variety of P. Webbiana.
Pinus Pinea, Linn4.*
Stone-Pine. Countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, ex-
tending to the Canary-Islands. Height of tree 80 feet; top rather
flat. The wood is whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for
furniture, naval architecture and general building purposes. The
seeds are edible, but of a resinous though not disagreeable taste; they
should be left in the cones until they are about to be used, as other-
wise they speedily become rancid; they only ripen in their third year.
This pine grows as easily and almost as quickly as the Cluster-Pine.
The bark contains much tan-principle.
Pinus Pinsapo, Boissier.
Spanish Fir. Spain and North-Africa, at from 3,000 to 6,000 feet
elevation. A tree to 70 feet high, with branches from the ground.
The timber is similar to that of the Silver-Fir and resinous.
Pinus polita, Antoine.
Japan and Kurile-Islands. A tall superb spruce, forming large
forests on the mountain-ranges (A. Murray). Resists severe frost.
Allied to P. Smithiana.
Pinus ponderosa, Douglas.* (P. JSenthamiana, Hartweg.)
Yellow Pitch-Pine or Trucker-Pine. North- Western America,
Height of tree often to 225 feet, with a stem reaching 24 feet in cir-
cumference. Growth comparatively quick. The wood is yellowish,
hard, strong, durable and heavy; for general purposes it is preferred
to that of any other pine, and also largely used in mining operations.
There are fine groves of this tree up to 5,000 feet elevation in Cali-
fornia, but the variety P. Engelmanni (Parry) ascends to 12,000 feet.
The bark contains a considerable quantity of tanning substance.
Wood pale and soft, neither knotty nor resinous, much esteemed for
cabinet-work (Hoopes) ; it is of great strength, and used for floors,
joists and much other work in carpentry. Gibbons relates, that the
wood, with the bark adherent, exposed to the weather, will decay
within a year, but that when stripped and covered with soil it is readily
preserved. Dr. Kellogg, who aptly calls this tree herculean, saw logs,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 283
which had been in the ground twelve years, quite sound. This pine
has proved well adapted even for rather dry localities in Victoria, but
is there slow of growth.
Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley.
Mexico, up to 10,000 feet. This pine is superior in appearance to
any other Mexican pine; height to about 80 feet.
Pinus pungens, Michaux.
South-Eastern States of North- America. Although seldom over 50
feet high, this pine has the recommendation of being of remarkably
quick growth, especially in early life.
Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse. (P. Brutia, Tenore.)
In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea, ascending to 5,000 feet.
A pine, of quick growth, to 80 feet in height; the wood is pale and
dry, almost free from resin, and of considerable value. The tree
commences to bear fruits in about a dozen years already.
Pinus radiata, D. Don.* (P. insignis, Douglas.)
California. A splendid dark -green pine, fully to 100 feet high,
with a straight stem, occasionally 8 feet in diameter. It is the
quickest growing of all pines, a seedling one year old being strong
enough for final transplantation; it has been noticed to grow fully 5
feet annually in light' soil near Melbourne. Mr. J. Dickinson found
it to attain a height of 70 feet with a stem -girth of 5 feet in 13 years
at Port Phillip. According to Mr. W. J. Winter it will endure
unhurt exceptional exposure to 118° F. in the shade. In the United
Kingdom it suffers greatly from the attacks of the Pine-Beetle,
Hylurgus piniperda (Lawson). The wood is tough, and is sought for
boat-building and various utensils. This tree can be utilized for
obtaining tar and pitch. It bears exposure to the sea at the very edge
of the coast. Produces fruit-cones only at somewhat advanced age.
Mr. J. Kruse, on the author's suggestion, subjected the foliage to
distillation, obtaining oil in 0*01 quantity, of 0'845 specific gravity,
of 293° F. boiling-point, and a pleasant odor reminding of Geneva-
gin.
Pinus reflexa, Engelmann.
California. Allied to P. flexilis, belonging to the Strobus section,
but with large inappendiculated nutlets.
Pinus religiosa, Humboldt.
Oyamel-Fir. Mexico, from 4,000 to 11,500 feet above the sea-level,
thus reaching the limits of arboreous vegetation. A magnificent tree
with somewhat silvery leaves, growing to a height of 150 feet, stem
reaching 6 feet in diameter. The wood is particularly well fitted for
shingles and laths. This species endures the winters of Middle
Europe.
284 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pinus resinosa, Solander.
Red Pine. North- America, principally Canada and Nova Scotiar
but extending to Pennsylvania. It attains a height of 150 feet, the
stem a diameter of 2 feet. It is of rapid growth, and on account of
the red-barked stem very ornamental (Sargent); delights in sandy
soil; the wood is hard, fine-grained, heavy and durable, not very
resinous, and is used for ship-building and structures of various kinds.
Pinus rigida, Miller.*
American Pitch-Pine. From New England to Virginia. It grows
to a height of 80 feet; the timber from gravelly or rocky soil heavy
and resinous, from damp alluvial soil light and soft; used for building;
but the tree is principally important for its yield of turpentine, resin,
pitch and tar. It is suitable for sea-shores; it will also grow in the
driest localities, as well as in swamps, nor is it readily susceptible to
injury from fire. Professor Meehan mentions this as the most rapid
grower among North-East American pines. With P. Taeda among
the most oleous and resinous pines, to be disseminated million-fold in
such extensive malarial regions as cannot be readily or profitably
drained, to subdue miasmata by the copious evolution of the double
oxyde of hydrogen and ozone. The first trees in Australia were
reared by the writer of this work.
Pinus rubrat Lambert.
The Red Spruce. North-Eastern America. Allied to P. alba and
P. nigra. Wood reddish -brown.
Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas.*
Californian Nut-Pine or White Pine. From California to the
Rocky Mountains. Height to 150 feet; stem frequently 5 feet in
diameter. The wood is pale and soft;. according to Dr. Gibbons it is
hard and durable when seasoned, with close and twisted grain, and
contains much resin; for fuel, when well distributed heat is requisite,
far surpassing all other Californian woods in value; yields an abun-
dant supply of excellent turpentine, and thence again by distillation a
superior oil (Dr. Kellogg). The clustered heavy cones attain a
length of one foot. The seeds are edible; they are produced in great
profusion, and constituted formerly a large portion of the winter-food
of the native tribes. Proves even in dry localities of Victoria to be of
quick growth.
Pinus selenolepis, Parlatore.
Japan, up to elevations of 7,000 feet. This fir rises to a height of
about 150 feet. It is known also as Veitch's Fir.
Pinus serotina, Michaux.
Pond-Pine. Southern States of Eastern North-America, in
morassy soil, principally near the sea-coast. It gets to be 50 feet
high. The wood is soft. Of importance as antimalarian for fever-
swamps. Regarded by Prof. Meehan as an extreme form of P. rigida.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 285
PimiS Sibirica, Turczaninow. (P. Pichta, Fischer.)
Siberian Pitch-Fir. Russia, westward to the Volga, eastward to
Kamtschatka, ascending the Altai-mountains to 5,000 feet. This pine
reaches a height of about 50 feet.
Firms silvestris, C. Bauhin.
Scotch Fir or Pine, Foehre, Kiefer. Europe, Northern and Western
Asia, reaching to 70° north latitude, ascending the Alps to 6,000
feet, extending south-eastward to the Black Sea, thriving best in sandy-
soil. Of all trees the one, which needs the least of mineral aliment from
the soil; hence adapted for pure sand, where it forms J;w ice as much
humus within the same time as Robinia pseudacacia or poplars, while
its wood is much more valuable. More easily transplanted than any
other European species (Wessely). A very valuable tree, becoming
fully 100 feet high, usually growing to an age of about 120 years, but
sometimes getting much older; thus a venerable tree at Schandau,
blown down by a storm, showed 463 annual rings. It is important
for masts and spars. The Red Baltic, Norway- or Riga-deals are
obtained from this pine, as well as a large portion of the European
pine-tar and pitch. Great Britain, in 1884, imported 173,000 barrels
of tar, valued at £130,000, to a great extent furnished by this tree.
A kind of vanillin is prepared from the cambium-sap of this pine.
Its cones have come into use for tanning in France. Proves well
adapted even for the drier parts of Victoria. Maximum rate of
growth in Nebraska according to Governor Furnas (in Prof. Meehan's
Gardeners' Monthly) 3 feet stem-circumference at 2 feet from the
ground in 10 years. The leaves of pines can be well Converted into
material for pillows and mattresses, with the great recommendation
of healthfulness for such a purpose. All fir-forests are antimiasmatic
and salubrious for hectic patients, in consequence of the di-oxyde of
hydrogen evolved from their terebinthine emanations. The annual
importation of tar and resin from Coniferae into Britain approached,
recently, one million sterling in value, of which P. silvestris must
have contributed a large share.
Pinus Sitkensis, Bongard. (P. Menziesii, Douglas.)
North- Western America. The Blue Spruce of California, also
called Tideland-Spruce, ascending to elevations of 9,000 feet, of rapid
growth in congenial soil. A very handsome tree, which furnishes
soft, light, pale and fine-grained timber, used largely for piles (Dr.
Gibbons). It thrives best in moist ground. According to Professor
Brewer, instances are on record of trees having attained a height of
over 300 feet, and a stem of 7 feet in diameter at 100 feet from the
base. From an exceptionally large tree 100,000 shingles were
obtained, besides 58 cords of wood.
Pinus Smithiana,1 Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.)
Himalaya-mountains, at elevations from 6,000 to 11,000 feet,
extending to Afghanistan and to China; this spruce, known verna-
cularly also asKutro- or Morinda- Spruce, attains a height of 150 feet,
286 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
and the stem a girth of 21 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight-
grained, but only durable under shelter, but for inside-work greatly in
use. Hardy in Middle Europe.
Pinus Strobus,
Weymouth-Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern
America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for deep, rich
ground in mountain-valleys; known to reach a height of 2 70 feet,
with a stem as much as 8 feet in diameter. It is the principal pine
of the lumber-trade of the Eastern States. One of the finest among
ornamental conifers. The wood is soft, whitish or yellowish, light,
free from knots, almost without resin, easy to work, very durable, and
much esteemed for masts, bridges, frames of buildings, windows,
ceilings, flooring, oars, cabinet-work and organ-pipes. The tree yields
American turpentine and galipot. Mr. Cecil Clay cut exceptionally
40,000 feet of its timber on an acre of ground in the .Virginian
mountains. The sap-wood is remarkably thin. The tree endures
the climate of Norway to lat. 61° 15' (Professor Schuebeler). Maxi-
mum rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska 2^ feet in 12
years (Governor Furnas). The softest and least resinous of pine-
woods can advantageously be converted into paper-material as an
admixture to other substances ; in Europe the wood of P. picea and
P. Abies is preferentially used for this purpose.
Pinus Tseda, Linn£.
Frankincense- or Loblolly-Pine. Florida, Carolina and Virginia,
westward to Texas, in moist loamy-sandy soil, attaining a height of
about 120 feet. The timber is liked for pumps, but liable to warp
and decay in buildings on exposure (Sargent). Stems sought for
masts (Prof. Mohr). The tree yields turpentine in good quantity,
though of inferior quality, and exudes much resin; it likes regions
near the coast ; hence can be well utilized for raising fir-forests on
shore-lands, especially as this pine takes readily possession of cleared
forest-ground, and by quick growth overpowers other young trees
(Prof. C. Mohr).
Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham.
Mexico, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet, forming dense forests.
Height of this pine to nearly 100 feet ; stem to 5 feet in diameter.
Pinus Teocote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Okote- or Torch-Pine. Mexico, from 5,000 to 11,000 feet above
the sea-level. Tree often to 150 feet high ; stem to 4 feet in
diameter. It yields the Brea-turpentine from which locally resin and
oil of turpentine are obtained; the wood is remarkably durable.
Pinus Thunbergii, Parlatore.
Japan. A tall pine with wide ramifications. Closely cognate to
P. Massoniana. The most common of all trees in Japan, called there
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 287
the " Matsu" or " Kouromatsou." It attains a stem- diameter of 6 feet,
a height of 100 feet, and reaches an age of several centuries. It
prefers sandy soil. Splendid for avenues (Rein). It supplies a
resinous, tough and durable wood, used for buildings and furniture, but
suitable only for indoor-work (Veitch). The roots, when burned
with the oil of Brassica Orientals, furnish the Chinese lampblack.
Firms Torreyana, Parry.
California. An average-cone of this pine will contain about 130
seeds, weighing 3 ounces ; they are edible (Meehan).
Firms Tsuga, Antoine.
Northern provinces of Japan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea.
This very hardy spruce-fir grows to a height of only 25 feet. Its
timber is highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners.
It is of a yellowish-brown color. P, Araragi (Siebold) is the oldest
name for this species as pointed out by Prof. C. Koch.
Finns Webbiana, Wallich.
King-Pine, Dye-Pine. Himalaya-mountains, at an elevation of
from 7,000 to 13,000 feet, extending to Afghanistan. A splendid
fir, reaching a height of 150 feet, the stem a circumference of 30 feet.
Will bear a good deal of shade (Dr. Brandis). The wood is pale,
soft, coarse-grained and very resinous, on the testimony of Mr. Webb
equalling in texture and odor the Bermuda- Cedar. The natives
extract a splendid violet dye from the cones. The oldest name for
this species is P. spectabilis (D. Don).
Pinus ^^illiamsonii, Newberry.
California and Oregon, up to 12,000 feet. Height of tree reaching
150 feet. Timber very valuable (Vasey). Many other pines,
eastern as well as western, not alluded to on this occasion, are worthy
of especial utilitarian inquiries.
Fiptadenia Cebil, Grisebach. (Acacia Cebil, Grisebach.)
La Plata- States. A tree attaining 60 feet in height, there furnish-
ing a tan-bark of fair strength (Hieronymus).
Piptadenia rigida, Bentham.
Sub-tropical and extra- tropical South- America. This acacia-like
tree furnishes the angico-gum, similar to gum-arabic. The wood,
according to Saldana da Gama, serves for naval constructions.
Fipturus propinquus, Weddell.
Insular India, South-Sea Islands and warmer parts of East- Aus-
tralia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than Boehmeria
nivea, but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P. velutinus, Wedd.,
is closely allied. The few other species serve probably as well for
fibre.
288 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pircunia dioica, Moquin.
Southern Brazil and La Plata- States. The Ombu. A deciduous
tree, for shady avenues grown in South-Europe, as well as in many
tropical countries; shown by the writer of this work to be hardy in
the lowlands of Victoria. It attains a height of about 60 feet and is
comparatively quick of growth.
Piscidia erythrina, Linn<$.
West-Indies. Florida " Jamaica-Dogwood." A tree, reaching a
height of about 30 feet. The bark has come into medicinal use,
particularly as an hypnotic.
Pisonia aculeata, Linne".
Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, extending
as a native plant into New South Wales. This rambling prickly bush
can be chosen for hedge-copses.
Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne".
The Mastic- Tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen bush,
exuding the mastic-resin, mostly through incisions into its bark. In
Morocco the plant is extensively used for hedges also. The deciduous
P. Atlantica, Desf., yields likewise mastic.
Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small
tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or Chio-turpeutine
exudes from the stem of this species.
Pistacia vera, Linne.
Syria and Persia. A deciduous tree, sometimes to 30 feet high,
yielding the Pistacio-nuts of commerce, remarkable for their green
almond-like kernels. The galls from this tree are of technic value.
Pisum sativum, Linne".*
The Common Pea. South- Western Asia. Matures seeds as far
north as 70° 22' in Norway (Schuebeler). Cultivated even by the
ancient Greeks and Trojans (Virchow, Wittmack). This annual of
daily use could hardly be left unnoticed on this occasion. Suffice it
to say, that the herbage as a nutritious fodder deserves more attention
than it receives. The green fruit contains inosit-sugar and cholestrin
fat. For field-culture a sandy-calcareous loam should be chosen for
this plant, to ensure rich and safe harvests. Peas retained their
vitality afer four years' exposure to the extreme frosts of Polaris-
Bay. A second species, P. Aucheri (Jaubert and Spach), which ia
perennial, occurs in alpine elevations on the Taurus.
Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Solander.
New Zealand. This with P eugenioides has proved very suitable
for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several other species
were first brought into notice by the writer. Unhurt by a cold of 9° F.
(Gorlie).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 289-
Pittosporum undulatum, Ventenat.
South-Eastern Australia. This tree with P. bicolor (Hooker)
produces a wood well adapted for turners' purposes and also to some
extent a substitute for boxwood. The flowers furnish a highly
fragrant volatile oil on distillation. Under very favorable circum-
stances attaining a height of 80 feet (De la Motte).
Planera aquatica, Gmelin.
South-Eastern States of North-America. An elm-like tree, which
can be chosen for plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard
and strong.
Plantago lanceolata, Linn4.
Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa. The Rib-herb or Plain-
tain-herb. This perennial weed disseminates itself readily, and is
recommended by some ruralists, though neither by Langethal nor
Morton, as valuable on very poor pasture land; the allied P. media
(L.) is of similar use and so perhaps P. major (Camerarius), all of
equal geographic range; the seeds are much liked by cage-birds.
Plantago Psyllium, Linn£.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Austria and
Persia. An annual herb. The seeds render water very mucilaginous,
and come thus into requisition for the preparation of silk-ware, for
imparting gloss to colored paper, and for cotton-printing, irrespective
of some medicinal utility (Wiesner). The same may be said of P.
arenaria (Waldstein and Kitaibel). Both species could be easily
naturalized on sandy coast-land.
Platanus occidentalis, Catisbye.*
The true Plane-Tree of Eastern North- America; also known as
Buttonwood. More eligible as an avenue-tree than as a timber-tree.
Height reaching about 100 feet; diameter of stem at times to 14 feet.
Wood dull-red, light, not readily attacked by insects: used in the
manufacture of pianofortes and harps; cuts into very good screws,
also presses, dairy-utensils, windlasses, wheels and blocks. The
young wood is silky-whitish and often handsomely mottled (Robb).
The tree likes alluvial river-banks, and has been successfully planted
in morassy places, to cope with miasmatic effluvia.
Platanus orientalis, Linne.*
The Plane-Tree of South-Europe and Middle Asia. Hardy in
Norway to lat. 58° 8' (Schuebeler). One of the grandest trees for
lining roads and for street-planting, deciduous like the other planes,
rather quick of growth, and not requiring much water. Attains a
height of 90 feet and a stem-circumference of occasionally 70 feet,,
reaching an age of over 800 years. It resists the smoke in large
towns, such as London, better than any other tree, growing vigorously
even under such disadvantage. The wood is well adapted for furni-
ture and other kinds of cabinet-work. Propagation from seeds or
.290 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
cuttings. Growth in height at Port Phillip 30-40 feet in 20 years.
An evergreen plane was mentioned already by Plinius as occurring in
Candia (Sir J. Hooker) and has lately been rediscovered.
Platanus racemosa, Nuttall.
The Californian Plane-Tree. A good promenade- tree, which ac-
cording to Professor Bolander grows more rapidly and more compact
than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and therefore more durable, also
less liable to warp. According to Dr. Gibbons the tree attains a
height of about 100 feet and a stem-diameter of 8 feet; the wood is
brittle; in use however by turners.
Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith.
Sikkim, up to 7,000 feet, extending to 27° north latitude. This
Rattan-Palm requires moist forest-land. Its canes are not durable;
but the plant is an object worthy of scenic horticulture, and would
prove the hardiest among its congeners. P. elongata (Blume) ascends,
according to Drude, to 4,500 feet.
Plectocomia macrostachya, Kurz.
Tenasserim, at about 3,000 feet elevation, therefore most likely
hardy in temperate lowlands.
Plectronia ventosa, Linn£.
South- Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sonder) and P.
spinosa (Klotzsch).
Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin.
The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there ex-
tensively used for bread of an agreeable acidulous taste.
Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.)
The Water Whorl-grass. Europe, North- Africa, Northern and
Middle Asia, North-America. A creeping grass, suitable for pastures
subject to inundation.
Poa alpina, Linn<*.
Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia and North- America. Deserves to
be transferred to other higher mountains as a nutritious perennial
pasture-grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and P. hybrida (Gaudin) are
mentioned also as excellent alpine grasses.
Poa aquatica, Linne. (Glycerla aquaticaf Smith.)
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. This con-
spicuous Water-grass attains a height of about 6 feet. It is peren-
nial, and deserves naturalization in our swamps. It produces a large
bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for fodder-purposes. On
the testimony of Dr. Curl this is one of the best feeding grasses in
New Zealand.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 291"
Poa Bergli, Hieronymus.
La Plata-States. Supplies excellent fodder there, with some species
of the section Eragrostis.
Poa Billardieri, Steudel.
Extra-tropical Australia. A perennial rigid grass, of some value for
saline meadows.
Poa Brownii, Kunth.* (Eragrostis Brownii, Nees.)
Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia, It is here mentioned
as a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully green in the driest
Australian summer, even on poor soil; indeed the Missionary Pastor
Ivempe pronounces it to be the best of all grasses on the Central-
Australian pastures. The section Eragrostis of the genus Poa contains
numerous species in the hotter parts of the globe. Of these many
would doubtless be hardy far beyond the tropics, and prove of value
on pastural land.
Poa csespitosa, G. Forster.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand, ascending alpine eleva-
tions. A tufty grass, available throughout the year for pasture-feed,
when young or when offering flowering or seeding-stalks, or when
presenting tender varieties; the rougher varieties utilized by the
aborigines for nets and cordage. Resisting drought. Well worthy of
being naturalized in other parts of the globe.
Poa Canadensis, Beauvois.
The Rattlesnake-grass of South-Eastern America. A valuable
swamp-grass.
Poa Chinensis, Koenig.
Southern and Eastern Asia, East-Australia. Recommended by
Mr. F. M. Bailey as a valuable pasture-grass, perhaps on account
of its tender panicles. Poa bulbosa, L., of Europe and Western
Asia, and P. compressa, L., of the same regions, will grow in pure
sand.
Poa cynosuroides, Retzius.
North-Eastern Africa, Southern Asia. A harsh perennial grass,
not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fibre-plant of
North- Western India, where it is valued as a material for ropes.
Poa digitata, R. Brown.
South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing wet
river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle and horses
relish the young shoots.
Poa distans, Linn£.
Europe, North- Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North- America.
Perennial. It is one of the limited number of tender grasses, suited
for moist saline soil, and thus affords pasturage on coast-marshes.
292 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Poa fertilis, Host. (P. serotina, Ehrhart.)
Europe, Northern Asia, North-America. Perennial. Important
for wet meadows, even with sandy subsoil. Its foliage is tender,
tasty and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it keeps up the
growth late into the autumn; it will prosper also on sandy and saline
soil.
Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceriafluitans, R. Brown.)
The Manna-grass. Europe, North- Africa, Middle and Northern
Asia, North-America, East-Australia. Perennial. Excellent for
stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is tender.
The seeds are sweet and palatable, and in many countries are used for
porridge. This grass is indigenous in Norway northward to lat.
69° 9' (Schuebeler).
Poa foliosa, J. Hooker.
Auckland- and Campbell-Island, as well as Southern New Zealand,
reaching almost to the glacier-region. Perennial, forming large
mounds. Prof. Kirk calls it a noble species, producing an immense
yield of foliage. Mr. Buchanan also speaks of the fattening food
afforded to horses and cattle by this grass.
Poa Porsteri, Steudel. (Dactylls ccespitosa, Forster.)
The Tussock-grass. Fuegia, Falkland-Islands, South-Patagonia.
Introduced by Sir Joseph Hooker into the Hebrides, and by Mr.
Traill into the Orkney-Islands. Delights, according to Mr. Ingram,
in deep, boggy and mossy land, even when exposed to sea-spray.
Cultivated plants might be dressed with some salt. Thrives in cold
countries near the sea in pure sand, at the edge of peat-bogs. It
would probably prosper on alpine moors. It is perennial, and reaches
a height of nine feet. It is very nutritions and much sought by
herds. The base of the stem is nutty and edible. An allied species
is P. Cookii (J. Hooker) from Kerguelen's Island.
Poa maritima, Hudson.
Europe, North- Africa, Northern Asia, North- America. Roots long
and creeping. This grass can also be depastured and grown on
brackish meadows.
Poa nemoralis, Linne".
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. This peren-
nial grass can be raised on shady forest-land, as the name implies; but
it accommodates itself also to open places, and will grow even among
dry rocks. It endures alpine winters. According to Lawson no
better grass exists for displacing weeds on pleasure-lawns; the same
may be said of Poa compressa, L.
Poa nervata, Willdenow.
Southern States of North- America, called in Alabama the Manna-
grass. Perennial. Valuable for pastures in low forest-land (C. Mohr).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 293
Poa palustris, Linn<$. (Poa scrotina, Ehrhart.)
Europe, Northern Asia, North- America. A perennial grass, allied
to P. nemoralis, excellent for moist meadows and river-banks. P.
fertilis (Host) is a mere variety of this species.
Poa pectinacea, Michaux. (Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray.)
Middle and Southern States of North-America. This perennial
grass spreads rapidly over dry ground and even coast-sands. C.
Mohr regards it as valuable for pastures, and mentions as such also
Eragrostis nitida (Chapman) and E. tenuis (Gray).
Poa pratensis, Linn£.*
The ordinary English Meadow-grass. A perennial species, with
creeping roots, fit for any even very dry meadows, thriving early, and
able to live also in alpine localities. In Greenland it is indigenous to
lat. 80-81° N. L. (Nathurst). Better adapted for pasture than hay.
It is suitable for moor-land, when such is laid dry; although it
flowers only once during the season, it offers a nutritious fodder, even
on comparatively poor soil; it resists drought, forms an excellent
sward, and can be used with advantage for intermixing with other
pasture-grasses. In the United States it is known as the Kentucky
Blue Grass or Pennsylvania Green Grass, and is considered one of
the best for lawns by Professor Meehan, as it will crowd out all
weeds in time.
Poa trivialis, Linne.
Europe, North- Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a good
perennial grass for mixture on pasture-land. One of the best
grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. Recommendable also
as a lawn-grass. Sinclair regarded the produce of this Poa as
superior to many other kinds, and noticed the marked partiality,
which horses, oxen and sheep evince towards it. To thrive well, it
wants rather moist and rich soil and sheltered places. It is a later
grass than P. pratensis, well adapted for hay, and gives good after-
growth (Langethal).
These few species of Poa have been singled out as recommendable,
because they are well tested. Future experiments beyond Europe
will add others to lists of recommendations like this.
PodachSB Ilium alatum, Bentham. (Ferdinanda eminens, Lagasca.)
Central America, up to a height of about 8,000 feet. A tall
shrub; on account of the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for
scenic effects.
Podophyllum peltatum, Linn4.
Eastern North- America, where it is known as the Mandrake. Hardy
in Christiania. A perennial forest-herb of importance for medicinal
purposes. The root contains the bitter alkaloid berberin. Podophyllura
Emodi (Wallich), occurring in the Indian mountains at heights of from
6,000 to 14,000 feet, can probably be used like the American species.
294 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
The berries of both are edible, though the root and leaves are poison-
ous. A third species, P. pleianthum, has been described by Dr.
Hance from Formosa.
Pogostemon Patchouli, Pelletier.
Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its powerful
scent, arising from a volatile oil. P. parviflorus and P. Heyneanus
(Bentham) belong to this species. One cwt. of the herb yields about
28 ounces oil (Piesse); but the essence is chiefly obtained by enfleurage.
Polianthes tuberosa, Linne".
Mexico. The Tuberose. Valuable for perfume. Available late
in the season; thus one of the plants most required to maintain gar-
den-fragrance in serene climes throughout the year. The gathering
of flowers of " Tubereuses " at Grasse, Cannes and adjacent villages
alone comes annually to about 20,000 Ibs. (Piesse).
Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.
Temperate Himalaya and Khasia. Praised as an ophidian alexi-
pharmic. To several other species both of the eastern and western
hemisphere similar properties are ascribed, but we are almost entirely
without any reliable medical testimony on these and many other sup-
posed vegetable antidotes against snake-poison. Doubtless this small
perennial herb possesses therapeutic virtues like many of its congeners.
Poly-gala Senega, Linne".
The Senega Snake-Root. Eastern North-America. A perennial
herb. The root is of medicinal value.
Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries.
South-Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all truffles.
Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.
China and Japan. An annual herb, deserving attention and local
trials, as yielding a kind of indigo; one of the most important dye-
plants of Japan. It can be cultivated in cold climes, being hardy
still at Christiania. Its growth would be vigorous. Various Polyg-
onums contain tannin, P. amphibium (Linne) as much as 11^ per
cent. (Masters).
Polyporus giganteus, Fries.
Europe. Dr. Goeppert records this and also the following species
as allowed to be sold for food in Silesia : P. frondosus, Fr., P. ovinus,
Fr., P. tuberaster, Fr., P. citrinus, Pers. Dr. Atkinson mentions as
edible among the fungs of Cashmere P. squamosus (Fries). ' Bergner
and Frog illustrate P. confluens (Fries) among the esculent fungs of
Switzerland; near relatives of all these occur in Australia also.
Pophyra vulgaris, Agardh.
Temperate and cold oceans. This largely cosmopolitan seaweed
is mentioned here, because in Japan it undergoes regular cultivation.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 295
For this purpose branches of Quercus serrata are placed in shallow
bays, where Porphyra occurs, during spring, and the crop is obtained
from October to March, the seaweed being consumed in its young
state. It grows best, where fresh water enters the sea. Porphyra
contains about 26 per cent, of nitrogenous substances (with more than
4 per cent, of nitrogen) and about 5 per cent, of phosphate of potash.
In Japan, according to the catalogue of the International Exhibitions
of Sydney and Melbourne, the following Algae are also consumed for
food; Gloiopeltis intricata, G. capillaris, Laminaria saccharifera, two
species of Phylloderma, Phyllitis debilis, Kallhymenia dentata, Capea
elongata, Alaria pinnatifolia, G-racilaria lichenoides, G-. confervoides,
Enteromorpha compressa, species of Cystoseira and Halochloa, Codium
tomentosum, Mesogloia decipiens and Gelidium corneum.
Populus alba, Dodoens.
The Abele or White Poplar, indigenous to South-Eastern Europe,
North- Africa and Northern and Middle Asia, extending to North-
China, growing on the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4,000
feet. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 67° 56' (Prof. Schuebeler).
Height reaching 90 feet. Emits suckers. It has proved an excellent
avenue-tree, even in comparatively waterless situations, and the partial
whiteness of its foliage gives a pleasing effect in any plantation. A
Silver-Poplar at Slowitz attained a basal stem-diameter of 20 feet, in-
dicating according to Pannewitz an age of probably 400 years. The
wood is pale, with a reddish tinge, brown near the centre, soft and
light. It can be used for flooring; it is particularly sought for trays,
bowls, bellows and shoe-soles; also, according to Porcher, for wooden
structures under wa.ter. " Sparterie" for plaiting is obtained from the
wood-shavings. The wood of this and some other poplars is easily
converted into paper-pulp, which is cheaply bleached. Lines of pop-
lars along forest-streams prevent or impede the progress of wood-con-
flagrations. The roots of poplars spread widely. P. cauescens (Smith),
the Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele or its hybrid with
the Aspen, and yields a better timber for carpenters and millwrights.
Populus angulata, Alton.
Eastern North-America. The " Water-Poplar " or Carolina-Pop-
lar. Acquires a height of about 70 feet; branches very spreading;
hence this species well adapted as a promenade-tree.
Populus balsamifera, Linn£.
The Tacamahac or Balsam-Poplar of the colder, but not the coldest
parts of North- America; also in Siberia and on the Himalayan Moun-
tains, where it ranges from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. "The balmiest of all
trees" called by Dr. Kellogg. It will endure the winters of Norway
to lat. 69° 40' (Schuebeler). It attains a height of 80 feet. The tree
may be lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis) . Professor Mee-
han says that it will grow near the ocean's brink. Its variety is P.
candicans (Aiton). Acknowledged as a distinct species by Wesmael.
u
296 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Populus ciliata, Wallich.
Himalaya, from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Height as much as 70 feet,
with a straight trunk, which attains 10 feet in girth.
Populus Buphratica, Olivier.
From Algeria dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up to
13,500 feet. Height to 50 feet. Wood harder than that of most
poplars, the inner wood turning blackish in old trees. It is used for
planking and boat-building (Stewart and Brandis), also for beams,
rafters, boxes, panelling, turnery. Cattle will browse on the leaves.
This is the Willow of the 137th Psalm (C. Koch).
Populus Fremontii, S. Watson.
California and adjoining States on river-banks. Tree, attaining
about 150 feet in height and 4J feet in stem-diameter; leaves large.
Much lauded for shading road-sides and promenades, for which how-
ever the staminate trees should only be selected. Wood less white
than that of P. tremuloides, excellent for dry goods, fruit- butter- and
salt-boxes, trays, bowls and other articles; outer bark a fair substi-
tute for cork. The foliage brightens splendidly in autumn. Wood
convertible into paper-pulp (Dr. Kellogg).
Populus grandidentata, Michaux.
The Soft Aspen. Eastern North-America. To 80 feet high.
Wood whitish, soft, very light; can be ground into pulp for paper.
The oldest name seems P. deltoides, Marsh.
Populus heterophylla, Linne*.
The Downy Poplar of North- America, passing also by the name of
Cottonwood. Height often 60 feet. The wood is very pale, soft and
fissile. All poplars, like willows, are very important to eliminate
miasma by absorbing humidity to an enormous extent from stagnant
swampy localities; they are likewise good scavengers of back-yards;
Populus monilifera, Aiton.* (P. Canadensis, Moench.)
The Cottonwood-tree of North- America, extending to. New
Mexico. Height to 150 feet; stem to 8 feet in diameter. Moench's
name is the oldest for this species (C. Koch). One of the best
poplars for the production of timber, which is soft, light, easy to work,
suited for carving and turnery; it is durable if kept dry, and does not
readily take fire. The wooden polishing-wheels of glass-grinders are
made of horizontal sections of the whole stem, about one inch thick,
as from its softness the wood readily imbibes the polishing material.
It is also useful for rails and boards, and supplies a fair fuel. Judge
Whitning says, that it has no rival in quickness of growth among
deciduous trees. Governor Furnas found the stem-girth in Nebraska
reaching to 93 inches in eleven years at 2 feet above ground.
Recommended by Wessely, together with P. alba and P. nigra, for
fixing drift-sand, on which these poplars never become suffocated.
It is advisable, to obtain cuttings from male trees only, for planting
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 297
along streets or near dwellings, as the minute downy seeds of the
female trees are copiously wafted through the ajr, and may have irri-
tant effects on the respiratory organs of the frequenting people. P.
angustifolia (James) is regarded by Wesmael as a mere variety of this
species.
Populus nigra, C. Bauhin.
The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to China;
in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading variety is one
of the best of trees for lining roads. This species includes P. dilatata
(Aiton), or as a contracted variety P. fastigiata (Desfontaines),
the Lombardy-Poplar. Greatest height 1 50 feet. Growth rapid, like
that of all other poplars, or even more so. At Bensberg a Black
Poplar formed in 80 years a stem 19 feet in circumference; at Wip-
pach a hollow stem showed a breadth of 48 feet. In warm zones the
growth is still more rapid than in Middle Europe, as is the case with
the majority of trees.. Wood soft, light and of loose texture, used
for joiners, coopers and turners' work; also for matches; furnishing
furthermore superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed in
tanning, producing a fragrant leather;, it is however not rich in tan-
nic acid. The tree requires damp soil. It retains its foliage longer
than most poplars through the season.
5opulus tremula, C. Bauhin.
The Aspen. Europe, North-Africa, Northern Asia to Japan.
Height reaching to about 100 feet, stem-circumference to 12 feet; age
130 years or more. Emits suckers; content with sandy soil, if not
too dry. The aspen is very hardy; in lat. 70° in Norway a tree still
attained a height of 60 feet (Schuebeler). The aspen-wood is whitish
and tender, and in use by coopers and joiners. Like the wood of
other poplars much sought for paper-mills as an admixture to the
pulp. In Japan it is used for engraving rough works and posters.
In Sweden largely employed for matches. A variety of this tree
with pendent branches occurs.
>pulus trenmloides, Michaux.
The North- American Aspen. Ascends to alpine elevations of
about 10,000 feet; easily disseminated. Height to as much as 50
feet. The wood is whitish, soft, readily worked, and can be converted
into paper-pulp; also of this a weeping variety occurs; the tree ex-
tends westward to California. All poplars might be planted in gullies,
like willows, to intercept forest-fires; also generally on river-banks.
They are also valuable honey-yielders (Prof. Cook). All can easily
be propagated from cuttings, and are of quick growth.
>pulus trichocarpa, Torrey and Gray!
From British Columbia to California. One of the " Cottonwood"-
trees." The stem attains a diameter of 5 feet, and is used by the
autochthones for canoes (Dr. G. Dawson).
D 2
298 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin.
South-Africa. A shrub, rising to 12 feet, called " Spekboom/'
Affords locally the principal food for elephants; excellent also for
sheep-pasture, according to Professor McOwan; hence this succulent
shrub may deserve naturalization on stony ridges and in sandy desert-
land, not readily otherwise utilized.
Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight.
India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The plant
may prove hardy in extra-tropic frostless regions, and its root may
improve in culture.
Prangos pabularia, Lindley.
Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb, much
relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities and deserving
naturalization on alpine pasture-grounds. Other perennial species
exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the Atlas, the Caucasus and
the Indian highlands. P. pabularia is regarded by some as the
Silphium of Arrianus.
Prestoa pubigera, J. Hooker. (Hyospathe pubigera, Grisebach.)
Trinidad. At an elevation of about 3,000 feet (Krueger). The
stem of this palm attains only about 12 feet in height. Valuable
among the dwarf .palms, now so much sought for table- and window-
decoration.
Plinglea antiscorbutica, "W. Anderson and R. Brown.*
The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen's Island. • The peren-
nial long roots taste somewhat like horse-radish. The leaves in never-
ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into heads, beneath which
the annual flower-stalks arise. The plant ascends mountains in its deso-
late native island to the height of 1 ,400 feet, but luxuriates most on
the sea-border. To arctic and other antarctic countries it would be a
boon. Probably it would live on our Alps. Whalers might bring us
the roots and seeds of this remarkable plant, which seems never to
have entered into culture yet. The plant was used as cabbage by
the celebrated Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching
at yonder remote spot, and it proved to possess powerful properties
against scurvy. Sir Joseph Hooker observes, that Pringlea can
sectionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a
pungent volatile oil. Through culture important new culinary varie-
ties may probably be raised from this plant. This vegetable in its
natural growth tastes like mustard and cress ; but when boiled
it proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary cab-
bage.
Priva Isevis, Jussieu.
Chili, Argentina. A perennial herb, the small tubers of which
can be used for food (Philippi).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 299
Prosopis alba, Grisebach.
La Plata-States. A tree, rising finally to about 40 feet, with a
stem-diameter to 3 feet. The fruit, known as Algaroba blanca, is
considered wholesome and nutritious. The tree yields also tan-bark.
P. nigra (Hieronymus) serves in Argentina similar purposes also.
Prosopis dulcis, Kunth.
From California and Texas to the southern parts of the La Plata-
States. Vernacularly known as the.Cashaw- Mesquite- or Algaroba-
tree. A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree of 30 feet height,
with a stem 2^ feet in diameter; adapted for live-fences. The wood
is durable and of extraordinary strength and excessive hardness, fit
for select furniture particularly, assuming when polished the appear-
ance of mahogany. This is one of the species yielding the sweetish
Algaroba-pods for cattle-fodder, and utilized even in some instances
for human food. The pods of the various kinds of Prosopis are
adapted only for such animals as chew the cud, and thus get rid of
distending gases (R. Russell). Argentina Algaroba-pods contain,
according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent, grape-sugar, 1 1 to 17 per cent,
starch, 7 to 11 per cent, protein, of organic acids, pectin and other
non-nitrogenous nutritive substances 14 to 24 per cent. They are
also comparatively rich in potash, lime and phosphoric acid. A spark-
ling drink called Aloja is made of the fruits. This and some allied
species yield the Algarobylla-bark for tanning; the leaves contain,
according to Sievert, 21 per cent, tannin. The pods also of several
species are rich in tannic acid. Mere varieties, according to Bentham,
are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa. Particu-
larly the latter variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and this
is obtained at times so copiously, that children could earn two to three
dollars a day in Texas while gathering it, latterly about 40,000 Ibs.
being bought by druggists there. A short communication on the
American Algaroba-trees was presented to the Parliament of Victoria
by the writer in 1871. Pods of some Prosopis, used as fodder, have
caused the death of horses in Jamaica by overfeeding.
Prosopis pubescens, Bentham.
The Tornillo or Screw-bean. Texas, California, Mexico. The
pods ripen at all seasons and contain much saccharine nutritive sub-
stance (J. S. Gamble). Likely available for hedges with other
species of other countries. Seeds can be converted into food (Sar-
gent). Not resisting climatic vicissitudes so well as P. dulcis.
Prosopis spicigera, Linn£.
India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also producing edible
pods and enduring some frost. It attains a height of 60 feet, but is
of slow growth (Brandis). Serves for hedge-lines. It can be chosen
for desert-land (Kurz).
Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth.
Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth.
300 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Prostanthera lasiantha, Labillardi&re.
South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania. Confined to the banks of
forest-streams. The only one among more than 2,500 Labiatse
which becomes a good-sized tree, reaching a height of fully 60 feet,
Wood useful for many technologic purposes. The leaves of this and
its many congeners afford on distillation aromatic oils.
Protea mellifera, Thunberg.
South- Africa. This tall bush is deserving a place among the
plants of this work, not only in view of its gaudy ornamental aspect,
but also on account of the richdom of honey-nectar in its large in-
florescence.
Pmnus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.)
Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree, furnish-
ing the Yellow and Red Plum of North- America. Hardy in Norway
northward to lat. 65° (Schuebeler). The fruit is roundish and
rather small, but of pleasant taste. All kinds of Prunus are impor-
tant to the apiary.
Pmnus Amygdalus, J. Hooker.* (Amygdalus communis, Linn£.)
The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and
South- Western Asia ; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in
Kurdestan, Turkestan and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). Both
the sweet and bitter almond are derived from this species. The cost
of gathering the crop in South-Europe is about 20 per cent, of its-
market-value. Their uses and the value of the highly palatable oil,
obtained by pressure from them, are well known. This oil can well
be chosen as a means of providing a pleasant substitute for milk
during sea- voyages, by mixing with it, when required, half its weight
of powdered gum-arabic, and adding then successively, while quickly
agitating iu a stone-mortar, about double the quantity of water; thus
a palatable and wholesome sort of cream for tea or coffee is obtained
at any moment. There exist hard- and soft-shelled varieties of both
the sweet and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown on sea-
shores. The tree bears the climate of Christiania in Norway (Professor
Schuebeler). The crystalline amygdalin can best be prepared from
bitter almonds, through removing the oil by pressure, theri subjecting
them to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with ether.
The volatile bitter almond-oil — a very dangerous liquid — is obtained
by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in alcohol it forms the essence of
almonds. This can also be prepared from peach kernels. The
almond-tree is one of the aptest, to be chosen as a standard of
comparison with other kinds of trees (as well as other plants) for
records of synchronous flowering time.
Prunus Armeniaca, Linn& (Ai~meni,aca vulgaris, Lamarck.)
The Apricot-tree. China, as already indicated by Roxburgh, not
indigenous in Armenia. Cultivated up to 10,000 feet in the Hima-
layas. Professor C. Koch points to the alliance of this tree to-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 301
P. Sibirica (Linne), and he considers P. dasycarpa (Ehrhart) to be a
hybrid between the apricot- and. plum-tree. A variety of apricot
occurs with a sweet kernel. Cold-pressed apricot-seeds yield an oil
much like that of almonds. Muspratt found as much as 24 per cent,
tannin in the bark. The Chinese P. Mume, Sieb. and Zucc., is a
peculiar apricot-tree.
Prunus Caroliniana, Alton.
South-Eastern States of North- America. Porcher regards it as one
of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of the States. It
can be cut into any shape, and is much employed for quick and dense
hedges. It can be grown on coast-land.
Prunus cerasifera, Ehrhart. (P. Myrobalanus, Desfontaines.)
The Cherry-Plum tree. Countries at and near the Caspian Sea.
The fruits known also as Mirabelle-Plums, whence long ago the
objectionable designation Myrobalane-Plum arose. Among all kindred
species it is this one, which flowers earliest, indeed before the develop-
ment of its leaves, hence its claims for decorative horticulture. On this
and some other cultivated species see also Koch's Dendrologie, 1869.
Prunus Cerasus, Linn<5.
The Cherry-tree. Orient, especially in the countries near the
Caspian Sea. The name applies strictly only to the species, dis-
tinguished by never assuming large dimensions, by emitting suckers.
by smoothness of leaves and austerity and acidity of fruit. P. avium
(Linne), the sweet-fruited Cherry-tree, seems naturally to extend as
far as Middle Europe, and attains a high age, when the stem may
acquire a diameter of 4 feet, produces no suckers and has downy more
wrinkled leaves, irrespective of some few other discrepancies. It
afforded its fruit already to the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in
pre-historic times (Heer, Mortillet), and the tree was cultivated by the
early Greeks also, according to historic records (A. de Candolle). It
is hardy in Norway to lat. 66° 30' (Schuebeler). In the Himalayas
it is cultivated up to 12,000 feet. The tree enjoys everywhere a
remarkable immunity from insect-attacks.
Prunus Chisasa, Michaux. (P. angustifolia, Marsh.)
North-America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is only
3 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with a tender
usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible fruit occur in
North- America, such as P. pumila and P. Pennsylvanica (Linn6), but
their fruits are too small, to render these plants of importance for
orchard-culture, though they also may become enlarged by rural
treatment. Marsh's name is the oldest.
Prunus demissa, Walpers.
California. The Wild Plum of Utah. Worthy of improving
cultivation. It fruits abundantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet high.
It is of near affinity to P. Virginiana.
302 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Prurms domestica, Linn&
Plum-tree, Damson-tree, Prune-tree. From the Black Sea to
Western China. In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea numerous
varieties were cultivated even at the commencement of the Christian
era. In Norway this species endures the winter to lat. 64° (Professor
Schuebeler). The wood is sought for musical instruments and select
turnery.
Prurms ilicifolia, Nuttall.
California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges of
intricate growth. Fruit about ^ inch diameter, red or black, of a
pleasant sub-acid flavor, but somewhat astringent (Gibbons).
Prunus insititia, Linn<§.
The Bullace. Middle and Southern Europe, North-Africa,
Western Asia to the Himalayan mountains. Professor Heer has
proved, that the lacustrine Swiss of the stone-age were already ac-
quainted with the Bullace as well as the Sloe. This species yields
some of the Damascene-Plums. P. cerasifera seems descended from
P. insititia, and this again may be the original wild plant of P. do-
mestica (Loudon, J. Hooker).
Prunus Lauro-Cerasus, Linn&
The Cherry-Laurel. Persia and adjoining countries. A tall shrub
or small tree, with evergreen remarkably shining foliage; the latter,
as not quickly shrivelling, valuable for garlands and for other
decorative purposes. From the leaves the medicinal laurel-water is
distilled.
Prunus Lusitanica, Linn£.
The Portugal Cherry-Laurel. A small tree, seldom over 30 feet
high, not of strictly industrial value, but mentioned here as one of
the very hardiest among evergreen trees not coniferous.
Prunus Mahaleb, Linn£.
South-Europe and South- Western Asia. It deserves some atten-
tion on account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter
used in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are in use
for perfumes. The tree is hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 26'. The
kernels are used for making marasquino-liqueur (Prof. Wittstein).
Prunus maritima, Wangenheim.
The Beach-Plum of Eastern North- America. A shrubby species,
of service not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit,
which is crimson or purple, globular, measuring from ^ to 1 inch.
Information on these and other varieties and on orchard-fruits in
general may be sought in Hogg's " Fruit-Manual."
Prunus Padus, Linn£. .
The Birds' Cherry-tree. Europe, Northern and Western Asia, ex-
tending to the Himalayas and the mountains of Northern Africa. A
in Extra-Tro2)ical Countries. 303
small tree. Foliage deciduous; the leaves distilled for medicinal
purposes, the bark also utilized therapeutically.
Prunus Persica, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus Persica, Linn£.)
China, not really indigenous to Persia, as ascertained by Alph. de
Candolle. The Peach-tree, as delightful through its early flowering as
through the ready yield of its luscious fruit. Not quite so hardy as the
Almond-tree in cooler climes, its near ally, though enduring the clime
of England. In the southern of the United States peaches are not
rarely turned to account for alcoholic fermentation and distillation
(Rhind). The Nectarine, which is characterized by smooth fruits, is
a variety merely. The bark used as an anthelmintic. The necessity
of reducing the genus Amygdalus to that of Prunus was indicated in
1812 already by Stokea (Bot. Mat. Med. in. 101) and in 1813 by
F. G-. Hayne (Arznei-Gewaechse iv. 38).
Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, Lindley. (P. Puddum, Roxburgh.)
The "Sakura"of Japan, extending to Upper India. A large
shady tree, the stem attaining two feet in diameter, charming to
view when bearing its profusion of flowers. The fruit is of the
size of small cherries and of pleasant and refreshing taste, though
never quite sweet (Wallich). This is this tree, which supplies
mainly the wood so extensively required for xylography in Japan
(Dupont).
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.
The Black Cherry-tree of Eastern North-America. Fruit slightly
bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor; wood compact, light, easily
worked, not liable to warp (Sargent), very valuable for cabinet- and
sash-makers (A. Gray). In Virginia and Alabama the tree attains a
height of about 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter ; it prefers
rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys. Wood pale-red, dense,
fine-grained; when polished as beautiful as mahogany-wood (Robb
and Simmonds). Will live on the poorest soil, and even within the
salt-spray of the coast. Readily raised from seeds and transplanted ;
not succumbing under rough usage (Sargent).
Prunus spinosa, Linn<*.
The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe. Indi-
genous in Norway to lat. 60° 8'; but it will endure the winter even
to lat 67° 56' (Schuebeler). Hardly at all liable to be attacked by
insects. With its flowers 'it is one of the earliest plants to announce
the spring. Its tendency, to throw out suckers, renders the bush less
adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but these suckers fur-
nish material for walking-sticks. The small globular fruits can be
made into preserves. Perhaps the fruit of some of the species from
Eastern Asia, California and tropical America may be improved by
horticultural skill. The sloe and others might with advantage be
naturalized on forest-streams.
304 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Primus tomentosa, Thunberg.
Northern China. A very hardy species with cherry -like edible-
fruits.
Prunus Virginiana, Lhm£.
The Choke Cherry-tree of the Eastern United States. In a mild
clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of about 100 feet and
a stem-circumference of 16 feet. Endures the winters of Norway to
lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). The wood is compact, fine-grained, and
not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a dull light-red tint,
deepening with age. The fruit finally loses its acerbity. The bark
used in medicine.
Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes.* (P. littwalis, Beauvois; Cala-
magrostis arenaria, Roth.)
The Morram, Marrem or British Bent-grass. Sand- coasts of
Europe, North-Africa and North-America. One of the most impor-
tant of reedy grasses with long descending roots, to bind moving
drift-sands on the sea-shore, for the consolidation of which this tall
grass and Elymus arenarius are chiefly employed in Europe. It de-
lights in the worst of drift-sands, and for its full development gradual
accumulation of fresh sands around it becomes necessary (Wessely):
hence it never gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual upgrowth
finally form stems and roots, sanded in to a depth of fully 100 feet.
Psamma Baltica (R. & S.) from the Baltic- and North-Sea, serves
the same purpose. Both can also be used in the manner of Sparta
for paper-material, for tying and for mats. Like Elymus arenarius, they
are not touched by grazing animals. P. arenaria collects the sand-heaps
at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus fastens their sides.
Psidium acidum, Martius.
Higher regions on the Amazon-River. A tree, at length 30 feet
high; its guava-fruit pale yellow and of apple-size.
Psidium Araca, Raddi.
From the West-Indies and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil,
where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the edible
guavas, already recorded by Piso and Marcgrav. The greenish-yellow
berry is of exquisite taste.
Psidium arboreum, Vellozo.
Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro. The guava-fruit of this plant
measures about one inch, and is of excellent flavor.
Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.*
The Purple Gruava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of
the guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20 feet. The purple
berries are seldom above an inch long, but, as well known, of delicious
flavor and taste, resembling thus far strawberries. P. buxifolium
(Nuttall) of Florida, seems nearly related to this species.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 305
Psidium chrysoph.yllu.ni, F. v. Mueller. (Abbevillea chrysophylla, Berg.)
The Guabiroba do Mato of South-Brazil. This tree attains a
height of about 30 feet. The fruit is generally not larger than a
cherry. Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would be
hardy and worthy of cultivation.
Psidium cinereum, Martius.
Brazil, provinces Miuas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yielding aa
edible fruit.
Psidium cor datum, Sims.
The Spice-Guava. West-Indies. This attains the height of a
tree. Its fruit is edible. Probably hardy in sub-tropic regions.
Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes.
Brazil, province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of a
Mirabelle-plum.
Psidium grandifolium, Martius.
Brazil, provinces Rio Grand do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas
Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queensland. A
shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible, size of a walnut.
Psidium Guayava. Linne".* (P. pomiferum, Linne"; P. pyriferum, Linne*.)
The large Yellow Guava. From the West-Indies and Mexico to
South-Brazil. This handsome evergreen and useful bush should
engage universal attention anywhere in warm lowlands, for the sake
of its aromatic wholesome berries, which will attain the size of a hen'a
egg, and can be converted into a delicious jelly. The pulp is gene-
rally cream-colored or reddish, but varies in the many varieties, which
have arisen in culture, some of them bearing all the year round^
Propagation is easy from suckers, cuttings or seeds. Many other
berry-bearing Myrtaceae of the genera Psidium, Myrtus, Myrciar
Marliera, Calyptranthes and Eugenia furnish edible fruits in Brazil
and other tropical countries; but we are not aware of their degrees of
hardiness. Berg enumerates as esculent more than half a hundred
from Brazil alone, of which the species of Campomanesia may safely
be transferred to Psidium.
Psidium incanescens, Martius.
Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grand do Sul. This guav-a-busK
attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible.
Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.
Mountains of Brazil. Berry about 1 inch in diameter.
Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia malifolia, Berg.)
Uruguay. Berry about 1 inch in diameter.
Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.*
From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively small
shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its yellow berries,,
which are of the size of a large cherry and of exquisite taste.
306 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Psidium rufum, Martins.
Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on sub-alpine heights.
This guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is probably
the hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit.
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Be Candolle.
Tropical Africa, perhaps to Madagascar. A climber with annual
stem; pods to one foot long, used as peas. P. palustris (Desvaux) is
closely allied, and has shorter pods. Likely to ripen fruits also out-
side the tropics.
Psoralea esculenta, Pursh.
North- America. This herb is mentioned here, as its tuberous
roots, known as the Prairie-Turnip, may be capable of great improve-
ment by cultivation, and of thus becoming a valuable esculent.
Psychotria Bckloniana, F. v. Mueller. (Orumilia cymosa, E. Meyer.)
South- Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as of a
beautiful citron-yellow.
Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.
The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable dimensions,
famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a kind of dragon-
blood resin.
Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxburgh.
India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to fully 3,000 feet alti-
tude; hence this tree would doubtless grow without protection in
those tracts of the temperate zone, which are free from frost. The
tree is large when in its final development; its foliage is deciduous.
It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains about 75 per cent,
of tannic acid. P. santalinus (Linne fil.) which provides the Saunders
' or Red Sandal- Wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of India and
important for dye-purposes.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth.
From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut-tree,
which, with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Candolle) on Dr. Hance's recom-
mendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament and timber,
and so perhaps also the Japanese species, P. rhoifolia (Siebold and
Zuccarini).
iPtychosperma Alexandras, F. v. Mueller.
The Alexandra-Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as extra-
tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian palms, and one of the
noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. Aged it exceeds
100 feet in height, and is likely destined to grace many shady moist
groves yet outside the tropics, so long as they are free from frost, as
this palm seems less tender than most others. The demand for seeds
has already been enormous; for long voyages they are best packed
into the sawdust of resinous kinds of wood.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 307
Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Beccari.
New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in comparatively
temperate regions. Height as much as 30 feet.
Ptychosperma Cunningiiami, Hermann Wendland.
East- Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the most
southern of all palms. This also is a very high species, destined to
take a prominent position in decorative plantations even far beyond
the tropics. Several congeners occur in Fiji and other islands of the
Pacific Ocean, and others again might be obtained from India, but
they are probably not so hardy as those just mentioned. Though
strictly speaking of no direct industrial value, these palms are impor-
tant for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for experi-
ments in acclimation.
Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.)
Assam, up to 4,000 feet.
Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel; Seaforthia elegans,
R. Brown.) !' -'•.'";
Literal forests of tropical Australia. Also a magnificent Feather-
palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy in mild extra-
tropic regions.
Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari.
Ternate, Insular India, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this palm
reaching 90 feet. Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered localities of
the warmer temperate zone.
Pueraria Thunbergiana, Bentham.
Japan. There starch is prepared from the tubers of this climber.
The fibre of the bark is woven locally into cloth (Dyer).
Pueraria tuberosa, De Candolle.
Southern Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its large
tubers are edible, and might improve by culture.
Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner.
From the Caspian Sea to China. This herb is grown by the Mon-
gols as a vegetable (Hance).
Punica G-ranatum, Linne".
The Pomegranate. North- Africa and South- Western Asia, in the
Himalayas up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy habit, rich-
colored flowers, peculiar fruit and medicinal astringency, but much
overlooked regarding its value as a hedge-plant. The bark contains
32 per cent, tannin (Muspratt), and is also used for dyeing the yellow
Morocco- leather (Oliver). The peel of the fruit serves likewise for dye.
For therapeutic purposes particularly the root-bark is administered.
Concerning pelletierin and other alkaloids from the root-bark, ample
information is given in Husemaun's and Hilger's Pflanzenstofle (1884)..
508 . Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux.
North- America. A perennial herb, in odor resembling both Penny-
royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky woodland, and on
such it might be easily naturalized.
Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux.
The Mountain-Mint of North -America. A perennial herb of
pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular species
have been chosen from several North-American kinds to demonstrate,
that we may add by their introduction to the variety of our odorous
garden-herbs. They may also be subjected with advantage to
distillation.
Pyrularia edulis, Meissner.
Nepal. Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The drupa-
ceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few other species
occur in Upper India, one on the high mountains of Ceylon, and one
in North-America. The latter, P. pubera (Michaux), can be utilized
for the oil of its nuts.
Pyrus aucuparia, Gaertner.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The Rowan or Mountain-
Ash. Height seldom over 30 feet. Wood particularly valuable for
machinery and pottery-work, also crates.
Pyrus coronaria, Lmn4.
The Crab-Apple of North-America. This showy species is
mentioned here as worthy of trial-culture, since it is likely that it
would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in glades.
Wood nearly as tough for screw- work as that of the pear-tree
(Robb).
Pyrus communis, Linn4.
The Pear-tree. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia.
Well known even at the time of Homer; and many varieties were
cultivated in Italy at the commencement of the Christian era; pears
were available also to the lacustrine people of Switzerland, Lombardy
and Savoy, but seemingly not so extensively as the apple. Prof. C.
Koch regards the Chinese Pyrus Achras (Gaertner), which is the
oldest name for P. Chinensis of Desfontaines and Lindley, as the
wild plant, from which all our cultivated varieties of pears have
originated. The pear-tree is cultivated iip to 10,000 feet in the
Himalayas; like the apple-tree, it sets no fruit in tropical regions,
but on the other hand it will bear a good deal of frost, being grown
in Norway to lat. 63° 52'. The tree attains an age of over three
hundred years, fully bearing. At Yarmouth, a tree over 100
years old has borne as many as 26,800 pears annually; the circum-
ference of its crown is 126 feet (Masters). Pear-wood is used
by wood-engravers, turners and instrument-makers. A bitter gly-
cosid, namely phlorrhizin, is attainable from the bark of apple- and
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 309
pear-trees, particularly from that of the root; while a volatile alkaloid,
namely trimethylamin, can be prepared from the flowers. Pyrus
auricularis, Knoop (P. Polveria, L.), the Bollwiller-Pear, is a hybrid
between P. communis and P. Aria, Ehrhart. Curious fruits have
been produced latterly in North- America by the hybridization of the
apple with the pear. The generic writing of Pirus is inadmissible, as
even Plinius used both Pirus and Pyrus in his writings, and as the
latter wording was already adopted by Malpighi and fixed for the
genus by Linne. The flowers of all the leading European fruit-trees
afford nectar for honey to bees.
Pyrus Cydonia, Linn£. (Cydonla vulyaris, Persoon.)
The Quince. Countries at the Caspian Sea. Reared in South-
Europe from antiquity ; in the Himalayas its culture reaches to 5,500
feet elevation. The Portuguese variety bears extremely large fruit.
The preserved quince is one of the most agreeable of fruits. The
seeds impart copiously to water a tasteless mucilage. Quinces are
not readily attacked by sparrows.
Pyrus Germanica, J. Hooker. (Mespilus Germanica, Linne".)
The Medlar. Southern Europe, Western Asia. Of this species a
variety exists with large fruits of particularly pleasant taste. The
ordinary medlar-fruits become edible after some storage. A large-
fruited variety of excellent taste is cultivated in South-Europe.
P. Maulei (Masters) is a closely cognate plant, with golden-yellow
edible fruit, particularly fit for preserves.
Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.
Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes, and one of the
earliest flowering. Under favorable circumstances it will produce its-
quince-like fruit. It is one of the early species, so valuable to the
apiarist.
Pyrus Malus, Linne.
The Apple-tree. Europe, Western Asia, ascending the Himalayas
to 11,000 feet. Shown to have been in culture already in Switzer-
land and Northern Italy prior to historic records, though Professor
C. Koch regards neither the wild and variable crab-trees nor the pear,
as original denizens of Middle and Northern Europe, but simply as
strayed from cultivation aud degenerated. Koch traces some sorts
of cultivated apples to P. pumila (Miller) of South- Western Asia;
as other original forms he notes the P. dasyphylla (Borkhausen), P.
silvestris and P. prunifolia (Willdenow) of Middle and Western
Asia. This tree is one of longevity; Mr. H. C. Hovey gives records
of an apple-tree in Connecticut, which at the age of 175 years
measured about 14 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the ground,
the diameter of the top of the tree being over 100 feet. In Prof.
Meehan's Gardeners' Monthly is a record of the fecundity of an apple-
tree in New England, given by Mr. W. S. Platt, of Cheshire; its eight
branches spread over six rods, and five of the branches bore in oue
310 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
year over 100 bushels of apples, the bearing taking place alternately
with the other three branches. The value of the annual import of
American apples into the United Kingdom has risen to two millions
sterling. In Europe apple-trees and other fruit-trees are occasionally
bored by the Scolytus destructor. Succulent apples contain about 70
per cent, of juice, a remark which may serve in calculating the yield
of cider. Apple-trees will endure the winters of Norway to lat. 65° 28'
(Schuebeler). The best dried apples and similar fruits are obtained
by submitting them, according to the new American method, to a blast
of cold air. The United States sent to England in the season 1880-1
about 1,350,000 barrels of apples, irrespective of the large quantity
sent by Canada.
Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.
The Snow-Pear. Middle and Southern Europe. This would be
adapted for orchards in higher mountain-regions. The fruit becomes
soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygdaliformis
(Villars) or P. Kotschyana (Boissier) are probably the wild state of
this tree. . Pear-cider is often made of the fruit of this species.
Pyrus rivularis, Douglas.
The Crabapple-tree of North-Western America. Fruit prized by
the aborigines for food (G-. Dawson); likely amenable to cultural
improvements. Dr. C. Koch draws attention to the probable identity
of P. Toringo (Siebold) from Japan.
Pyrus salicifolia, Linn£.
Greece. Turkey, Persia, South-Western Russia. Hardy at Chris-
tiania. Though its fruit, which softens slowly, is edible, this tree is
mainly utilized as a superior stock for grafting.
Quercus ^gilops, Linne.*
South-Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the size of
the British oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used for tanning and
dyeing; the unripe acorns, called Camata or Camatena, for the same
purpose. Valonia is largely exported from Smyrna to London (33,802
tons in 1876). Greece used to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth
as much as £18 per ton. The supply is inadequate to present
demand. 34,450 tons of Valonia, worth about £526,000, were im-
ported into the United Kingdom in 1884. Valonia (Wallones)
produces a rich bloom on leather, which latter also becomes less
permeable to water (Muspratt). The ripe acorns are eaten raw or
boiled. This oak is also recommended as a fine avenue-tree. It
bears considerable frost. The wood is capital for furniture. Dr.
Kotschy separates Q. JEgilops into several species, of which A.
Grseca, Q. oophora and Q. Vallonea yield the mercantile article.
Quercus agrifolia, N^e.
California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among ever-
green oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick bark
available for tanning. According to Dr. Gibbous this tree attains a
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 311
height of about 100 feet, a stem-diameter of 8 feet, and a crown of
125 feet breadth. Wood-cutters distinguish two varieties, one with
red arid one with pale wood. It grows naturally near the sea, and
luxuriates in the deep soil of valleys, but also on the tops of moun-
tains. The value of its timber is not fully appreciated. Although
brittle when green and perishable if exposed to the weather, it be-
comes almost as hard and strong as live-oak, if properly seasoned,
and is especially adapted for ships' knees.
Quercus alba, Linne*.*
The White or Quebec-Oak. From Canada to Florida, west to
Texas. A most valuable timber-tree, becoming fully 100 feet high;
diameter of stem to 7 feet, trunk sometimes 65 feet long to first
branch. Rate of stem -growth in Nebraska according to Governor
Furnas 29 inches circumferentially in 22 years. Attains a great age;
succeeds best in rich woodlands; and is of quicker growth than the
English oak. The timber is pliable, most durable, one of the very
best of all woods for casks, also of first-class value for cabinet-work,
for machinery, spokes, naves, beams, plough-handles, agricultural im-
plements, carriages, flooring, basket-material (Sargent) and railway-
ties (Robb); it is also largely employed in ship-building; the young
saplings serve for hoops and whip-handles. The bark contains
about 8 per cent, tannin, and is used also in medicine.
Quercus annulata, Smith.
Upper India. A large evergreen oak, which provides a very good
timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana. Q. spicata
(Smith), another very large Indian oak, ascends only 5,000 feet; it
is known also from Borneo, Java and Sumatra.
Quercus aquatica, Walter.
North- America. Height of tree often 60 feet; it furnishes a
superior bark for tanning. This oak should be chosen for planting
in wet ground or for bordering streams. Although the wood is not
of much value, yet the tree is a great favorite as a shade-tree, being
of rapid growth and fine outline. Prof. C. Koch identified this with
the true Q. nigra of Linne.
Quercus bicolor, Willdenow.
Southern White-Oak. South-Eastern States of North-America.
Closely allied to Q. Prinus, but vernacularly distinguished as Basket-
Oak; it thrives best in deep, damp forest-soil, and is regarded as the
most important hardwood-tree in the Gulf -region; height reaching
120 feet, stem-length to 70 feet. The growth comparatively slow;
wood similar in applicability to that of the white oak; it is split
readily into thin strips of great strength and flexibility for rough
baskets (Dr. C. Mohr).
Quercus Castanea, Nee.
The Mexican Chestnut-Oak. Evergreen. It furnishes edible acorns.
312 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Quercus Cerris, Linn£.
Turkey or Moss-cupped Oak. Southern Europe, South-Western
Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. Of the height of the English
oak; in suitable localities of quick growth. The foliage deciduous
or also evergreen or nearly so. The wood available for wheel-
• wrights, cabinet-makers, turners, coopers, also for builders generally.
, It is still firmer and harder than that of the British oak; the sap-
wood larger, the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and the large
rays more numerous, giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot-
grain (Dr. Brandis, Prof. C. Koch).
Quercus Chinensis, Bunge.
Northern China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen
oaks.
Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann.
California. According to Dr. Vasey this evergreen oak rarely
exceeds 50 feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood on the
Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes, that it holds a primary rank
among Calif ornian forest-trees, but is of sparse occurrence; in suitable
soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant-growth, spreading out in
magnificent proportions. In toughness and density of wood it repre-
sents the live-oak of Florida, being thus highly useful to imple-
ment-makers, wheelwrights and machinists; the ivory -like appearance
of the wood befits it particularly for inlaying (Dr. Kellogg).
Quercus coccifera, Linn£.
The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South-Europe, North-Africa and
South-Western Asia. So called from the red dye, furnished by the
Coccus ilicis from this oak. It also supplies tanners' bark con-
taining about 8 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). The huge and ancient
Abraham's Oak belongs to this species. The tree likes rich wood-
lands.
Quercus COCCinea, Wangenheim.
The Black Oak of North- America. Height to about 100 feet;
stem-diameter to 5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The tree thrives best
in rich woodlands and moist soil. The timber is almost as durable as
that of the white oak, and in use for flooring and other carpenters'
work. Rate of growth about the same as that of the red oak. The
yellow dye, known as quercitron, comes from this tree ; it is much
more powerful than that of woad (Bancroft). With alumina the
tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with
oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. velutina (Lamarck) or Q. tinc-
toria (Bartram) has been called a variety of this. According to
Sargent, it produces timber of close grain and great durability,
utilized for carriage-building, cooperage and various constructions ;
the bitter inner bark yields a yellow dye. The bark of the variety
called scarlet oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the
. black oak (Meehan). Bark contains about 8 per cent, of tannic
in Extra^ Tropical Countries. 313
acid. Dr. Engelmann found the black oaks twice as rapid in growth
as the white oaks of the United States. Bartram's oak (Q. hete-
rophylla) is, according to him, a hybrid between the willow-oak and
scarlet oak. Hybrid oaks produce acorns capable of germination.
Quercus cornea, Loureiro.
China. An evergreen tree, at length 40 feet high. Acorns used
for food.
Quercus corrugata, Hooker.
Mexico. Attains a height of about 80 feet. The acorns are as
large as those of Q. Skinneri.
Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg.
Japan. A magnificent evergreen oak, grand in its proportions,
bears acorns in bunches or strings, of very sweet taste when baked
like chestnuts, but only of small size (F. C. Christy). These acorns,
boiled or roasted, are regularly sold in Japan for food (Rein).
Quercus densinora, Hooker and Arnott.
Californian Chestnut-Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Very hardy, having
withstood the severest winters at Edinburgh with a temperature of
0° F. (Gorlie). Bark very valuable for tanning; wood however
subject to rapid decay (Prof. Bolander).
Quercus dentata, Thunberg.*
Manchuria, Northern China, Japan. This is one of the species, on
which the Oak-silkworm (the Yama Mayon) lives. Franchet and
Savatier enumerate 22 distinct species of oaks as indigenous to
Japan.
Quercus Douglasii, Hooker and Arnott.
The Blue Oak, California. Stem reaching 7 feet in circumference
(Brewer). Resembles the white oak in the quality of its timber,
but this particularly used in wheelwrights' work.
Quercus dilatata, Lindley.
From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500 to
10,000 feet. Evergreen. Height becoming 100 feet ; crown very
shady; branches lopped for sheep-fodder. The hard, heavy, elastic
and durable wood much used for building purposes and implements
(Major Madden), easily worked, and but little apt to warp and rend
(Dr. Brandis).
Quercus falcata, Michaux.
South-Eastern States of North- America. Known as Spanish Oak.
A tree, attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem 5 feet iu diameter.
Foliage diciduous. It lives in dry sandy ground, and can also be
utilized for sea-coasts. Produces an excellent tanners' bark, and also
galls for superior ink. The wood is finer grained and more durable
X 2
314: Select Plants for Industrial Culture
than that of Q. rubra, and used for staves, railway-carriages and in
ship-building (C. Mohr). Prof. C. Koch points out, that Q. cuneata
(Wangenheim) is the oldest name for this species.
Quercus Garryana, Douglas.
North- Western America, along the coast between the 38th and
50th degrees. A tree, to 100 feet high or more, with a stem often 6
feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasii and Q. lobata, passes as
California White Oak. The timber is remarkably pale for an oaky
hard and fine-grained, of great strength and durability, well suited for
almost every kind of construction, for which the white or the
European oak is employed. The acorns, being sweet and agreeable,
form an excellent mash for hogs.
Quercus glabra, Thimberg.
Japan. Evergreen. The acorns are consumed for food by the
Japanese.
Quercus glauca, Thimberg.
The Kashi of Japan. A truly magnificent evergreen tree, to 80
feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen there for select
tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy).
Quercus Ilex, Linne\
The Holly-Oak of Soutli-Europe ; extending also to Algeria and
to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 feet. Height
of tree rather less than that of the English oak, but occasionally it is
very lofty. Wood in use for ship-building and wheelwrights' work,
bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are obtained the sweet
and nourishing Ballota- and Chestnut-acorns, as much as 20 bushels
occasionally from one tree in a season.
Quercus incana, Roxburgh.
Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A beautiful
evergreen tree of great dimensions. Young branchlets in spring, as
noted by Dr. Brandis, from whitish to lilac-colored. Mr. Simmonds
reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing large cocoons,
lives on this oak. In its native localities Q. lanuginosa (D. Don) is
associated with it. Q. lamellosa (Smith) of the same region attains a
height of about 120 feet, with a straight trunk to 60 feet with a
girth of 15 feet (Brandis).
Quercus infectoria, Olivier.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Persia. A
tree deciduous in its foliage. The galls of commerce are chiefly
obtained from this species. A variety or closely allied species
Q. Lusitanica (Webb) or Q. Mirbeckii (Durieu) reaches a height
of 120 feet, with a stem-girth of 20 feet. Some states of this
are almost evergreen, and then particularly eligible as promenade-
trees.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 315
Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh (not Chamisso nor Bentham).
A tall evergreen timber-tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for
its durability; its medullary rays exceedingly fine (Brandis).
Quercus lobata, Ne'e.
California. The Sacramento White Oak. A tree finally about
150 feet high, with a stem six feet in diameter, with wide-spreading
, branches, which often bend to the ground. Hardy in Middle Europe
(C. Koch). The wood is brittle when green, but hard and tough
when seasoned; its value has been much underrated (Gibbons). The
acorns of this oak used to form a large proportion of the winter-food
of the aboriginal inhabitants of North -California.
Quercus lyrata, Walter.
The Overcup-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North-America,
extending from South-Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. A tree of
majestic size, with a stem to four feet in diameter. Lately recom-
mended as valuable for timber-cultivation, especially in wet ground.
Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.
The Burr-Oak of Eastern North-America. Tree to about 70 feet
high; stem-diameter sometimes 8 feet. . Hardy at Christiania. The
timber regarded by some almost as good as that, of the white oak.
The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin. Circumferential stem-
measurement after 22 years' growth 3J feet in Nebraska (Furnas).
Quercus macrolepsis, Kotschy.*
Greece. This evergreen oak also yields Valonia, being closely
allied to Q. aegilops. A. de Candolle unites it with Q. Grseca of
Kotschy.
Quercus magnolifolia. Ne'e.
Mexico, in cooler mountain-regions. From NeVs note it would
appear, that he saw on this oak the numerous caterpillars, which con-
struct ovate cocoons eight inches long, consisting of a kind of grey
silk, which was there locally manufactured into stockings and
handkerchiefs.
iQuercus Mongolica, Fischer.*
Manchuria and Northern China. It is on this tree and on Q.
serrata and Q. dentata, that the silk-insect peculiar to oak-trees
mainly, if not solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance.
Quercus Muehlenbergii, Engelmann.
Middle and Eastern States of North-America. A middle-sized
tree; its wood compact, strong, durable for posts and railway-ties
(Sargent).
•Quercus palustris, Du Roi.
, The Pin-Oak or Marsh-Oak of South-Eastern North- America.
Hardy at Christiania. Height at length 80 feet; of quick growth.
316 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
The wood is fine-grained, strong and tough; it is ornamental for
furniture on account of the strong development of medullary rays.
Quercus Phellos, Linn£.
The Willow-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North-America.
In low damp forest-land attaining a stem-girth of 12 feet. The wood
is hard, compact and very elastic, suitable for railway-carriages and
many other structures (Dr. C. Mohr). The acorns available for food.
A variety or closely allied species is the Shingle-Oak, Q. imbricaria,
Michaux. The comparative value of the very numerous Cis- and
Trans- Atlantic oaks, but little as yet understood in the eastern world
either for avenue-purposes or timber-plantations, should be tested with
practical care. Even recently oaks have been discovered on the
south-eastern mountains of New Guinea at not very high elevations.
Quercus Prinus, Linn£.
The Swamp-Oak or Chestnut-Oak. South-Eastern States of North-
America. A tree, becoming 90 feet high: aged stem as much as 15
feet in girth (Meehan). The tree is hardy in Norway to lat. 59° 55'.
Foliage deciduous. Wood strong and elastic, but more porous and of
a coarser grain than that of the white oak; according to Porcher it
is easy to split and not hard, used for building purposes, also
cooperage. A red dye is produced from the bark; the latter is one of
the most important among oak-bark for tanning, furnishing a very
solid and durable leather.
Quercus Robur,
The British Oak. Extending through the greatest part of Europe,
also to Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous
size. It endures the frosts of Norway as far north as 65° 54'; while
in lat. 59° 40' a tree measured was 125 feet high and 25 feet in cir-
cumference of stem (Schuebeler). Over 700 sound annual rings have
been counted, and it has even been contended, that oaks have lived
through 1,500 years. At Ditton's Park, owned by the Duke of
Buccleugh, is an ancient oak, assumed to be 600 years old, with a
stem-circumference of 30 feet at some distance (a few feet) from the
ground (Dr. Masters and Th. Moore). Oaks have been known to gain a
stem 12 feet in diameter at the base, 10 feet in the middle and 5 feet
at the main branches. Two varieties are distinguished; 1. Q. sessili-
flora (Salisbury), the Durmast-Oak, with a darker, heavier timber,
more elastic, less fissile, easier to bend under steam. This tree is also
the quicker of the two in growth, and lives in poorer soil. Its bark
is richer in medicinal dyeing and tanning principles. Extract of
oak-bark for tanners' use fetches about £18 per ton in the London
market; the best oak-bark yields 16 to 20 per cent, tannin. 2. Q.
pedunculata (Ehrhart). This variety supplies most of the oak-timber
in Britain for ship-building, and is the best for cabinet-makers' and
joiners' work. In Britain it is sometimes attacked by Scolytus
multistriatus. Mr. W. Winter noticed, that the British oak with-
stood an occasional shade-temperature of 118 degrees F. in Riverinay
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 317
New South Wales. The long continued adherence of dead leaves in
the cool and most verdant season renders this oak not so well adapted
for pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of the temperate zone as
many others, particularly evergreen oaks. The English oak is how-
ever of quicker growth than many other species. At Port Phillip it
attains to a height of 40-50 feet in 20 years. The galls, produced by
Cynips calicis, are sought for particular tanning, and called in Ger-
many Knoppern. The best oak-bark for tanning is obtained from
trees 12-36 years old (Prof. Wiesner).
Quercus rubra, Linne.
The Red-Oak of Eastern North- America. Height reaching about
100 feet; diameter of stem 4 feet. A tree, content with poor soil.
The wood, though coarse, is of rigidity, and has not the fault of
warping ; it is of fair value for staves (Simmonds), and even
building purposes, but variable in quality according to soil and clime
(Sargent). The bark is rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage
beautifully red. The acorns, which are produced in great abundance,
are relished by hogs. The tree is hardy still at Christiania. Cir-
cumferential stem-measurement at 2 feet from the ground after 22
years about 38 inches (Furnas).
Quercus semecarpifolia. Smith.
In the Himalayas and adjoining ranges up to about 10,000 feet.
The largest of the oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a
stem often 18 feet in girth. Leafless annually for a short time, not
quick of growth. It furnishes a hard and heavy timber of fair
quality.
Quercus serrata, Thunberg.*
One of the twenty-three known Japanese Oaks; extending to
China and Nepal. Hardy in Middle Europe. A good avenue-tree,
though deciduous. It yields the best food for the Oak-silkworm
(Bombyx Yamamai). It is recommended to pack acorns intended for
far distances in wooden cases between dry moss or sand, to secure
retention of vitality; moreover they must be quite fresh, when
packed.
Quercus sideroxyla, Humboldt.
Mountains of Mexico, up to about 8,000 feet elevation. An oak
of great size; timber compact, almost imperishable in water. Q.
lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. obtusata,
Q. crassipes, Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis, Humb. and Q. acutifolia^
Nee, are among the many other highly important timber-oaks of the
cooler regions of Mexico. No printed record seems extant, concerning
the technology of the numerous Mexican oaks, though doubtless
- their respective values are well known to local artisans. According
to the Abbe and Surgeon Liturgie, one of the Mexican oaks, near
San Juan, nourishes a Bombyx the cocoons of which are spun by the
natives into silk (Tschichatchef).
3 1 8 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.*
Mexico. On limestone-soil, in the temperate region at 7,000-8,000
feet elevation. " Cozahual." Acquiring a height of 150 feet; thick-
ness of stem to 12 feet. Wood yellowish, remarkably durable and
elastic, not excelled in value by that of any other oak. Bark rich in
tannin (Hugo Finck). Foliage deciduous. The acorns of this oak
measure nearly 6 inches in circumference, and are available for feeding
various domestic animals.
Quercus stellata, Wangenheim. (Q. obtusiloba, Michaux.)
The Post-Oak of North-Eastern America. Content with poor and
even sandy soil, but not a large tree. Can be reared on sea-shores.
On account of its very durable and dense wood it is much in requisi-
tion there for posts, and is particularly prized for ship-building, also
sought for railroad-ties.
Quercus Suber, Lmn£.*
The Cork-Oak of South-Europe and North- Africa. It is ever-
green and attains an age of fully two hundred years. Hardy in the
lowlands of England. After about twenty years it can be stripped
of its bark every six or seren years; but the best cork is obtained
from trees over forty years old. Height of the tree finally about 40
feet. Acorns of sweetish taste. Mr. W. Robinson found that young
cork-oaks, obtained from the writer, made a growth of 4 feet yearly
in the humid Western Port-district of Victoria. The bark of Q.
pseudo-suber (Santi) is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q.
occidentalis (Gay), which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces an
excellent cork-bark.
Quercus Sundaica, Blume.
One of the oaks from the mountains of Java, where several other
valuable timber-oaks exist. The existence of oaks on the north-
western mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated by Dr.
Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable evergreen
species will be obtainable thence for our arboreta and forests.
Quercus Tozae, Bosc.
South-Europe. One of the handsomest oaks, and one of the
quickest in growth. Will live in sandy soil and emits suckers. It
furnishes superior tanners' bark.
Quercus virens, Linn£.*
The Live-Oak of North- America, extending northward only to
Virginia, occurring also in Mexico. One of the hardiest of the
evergreen species. Likes a coast-climate and a soil rich in mould.
Becomes 60 feet high, with a stem sometimes to 9 feet in diameter.
Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building; it is heavy, com-
pact, fine-grained; it is moreover the strongest and most durable
yielded by any American oaks. Like Q. stellata, it lives also on sea-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 319
shores, helping to bind the sand, but it is then not of tall stature.
Q. Virginiana (Miller) is the oldest name for this oak, as pointed out
by C. Koch. Of many of the 300 oaks, occurring in the western
and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the properties remain
unrecorded and perhaps unexamined; but it would be important to
introduce as many kinds as possible for local test-growth.
Quercus Wislizenii, A. de Candolle.
Mexico, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, also reaching California.
A magnificent tree with dense foliage, the stem attaining finally a
circumference of 18 feet (Prof. Sargent).
Quercus Xalcepensis, Humboldt and Bonpland.
Mexico, ascending to 5,000 feet, preferring for localities poor soil,
but of ferruginous clay, where little else will grow. Height to 80
feet; it is a quick grower; its timber will endure only under roof;
the tree gives a heavy crop of acorns (Hugo Finck).
Quillaja saponaria, Molina.
Chili. A colossal tree, fit not only for loamy but also sandy and
peaty soil. The bark is rich in saponin, and therefore valuable for
dressing wool and silk, also for various cleansing processes.
Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg.
South-Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice, and
' is administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata (E. Meyer), also from
South- Africa, furnishes likewise a medicinal root.
Raphanus sativus, Linn<5.
The Radish. Temperate Asia, southward to the Himalayas, up
to 16,000 feet, eastward to Japan. In Norway it can be grown north-
ward to lat. 70° 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). R. caudatus, L., the radish
with long edible pods, is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere
variety, and he thinks, that all are sprung from the ordinary R.
Raphanistrum, L., of Europe. All radishes succeed best in a cal-
careous soil, or their culture must be aided by manure rich in lime.
The root of the black radish is comparatively rich in starch. The
seeds, according to Vilmorin, will keep about five years.
Remirea maritima, Aublet.
Intra-tropical coast-regions around the globe. A perennial creeping
sedge for binding sand.
Reseda Luteola, Linn£.
The Weld. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia, North-
Africa. An herb of one or two years' duration. Likes calcareous
soil. A yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole plant. The plant
must be cut before the fruit commences to develop, otherwise the
pigment will much diminish.
320 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Reseda odorata,
The true Mignonette. North-Africa and Syria. A favorite
garden-herb of one or very few years duration. The delicate scent
can best be concentrated and removed by enfleurage. To be counted
also among the honey-plants. Mess. Dippe in Quedlinburg devote
regularly about 50 acres to rearing of mignonettes for seeds.
Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding moving
sand on sea-shores. Resists the severest gales as well as the spray
of the sea.
Rhagodia nutans, R. Brown.
Southern, Eastern and Central Australia. This, as well as the
allied R. hastata, is a good fodder-herb for saltbush-runs. Some
other species, mostly shrubby, are equally valuable.
Rhamnus Alaternus, Lhm£.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A hedge-shrub, becoming
arborescent, thus gaining a height of 20 feet. It strikes readily
from cuttings. G. Don admits it as a splendid honey-plant.
Rhamnus alnifolius, L'H^ritier. (R. Purshianus, D.C.)
From Oregon to California and British Columbia. Allied to R.
Carolinianus (Walter). Reaches a height of about 20 feet. Leaves
deciduous. This species furnishes as "Cascara Sagrada" its bark
famed for cathartic properties ; the fruits are also powerfully aperient,
Rhamnus catharticus, C. Bauhin.
The Buckthorn. Middle and Southern Europe, North- Africa,
Middle Asia. It can be utilized as a hedge-plant. The berries are
of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific name. The foliage
and bark can be employed for the preparation of a yellow and green
dye; the juice of the fruit mixed with alum constitutes the " sap-
green " of painters. The plant is hardy in Norway to lat. 60° 48'.
R. Dahuricus (Pallas) is a closely cognate species.
Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley.
China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared.
R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose. This
kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as Lokao.
Rhamnus Frangula, Linn£.
Europe, North- Africa, Northern and Western Asia. Endures the
climate of Norway to lat. 64° 30' (Schuebeler). A tall shrub, with
deciduous leaves. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees (G.
Don). The wood one of the very best woods for gunpowder. Recom-
mended by Sir Joseph Hooker to be grown on the coppice-system for
this purpose. The bark is valuable as a cathartic; yields also a
yellow dye. R. purpureus (Edgeworth) is an allied Himalayan,
species.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 321
Rhamnus Grsecus, Renter.
Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the allied R.
prunifolius (Sibthorp) are derived the green dye-berries collected in
Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs grow on stony
mountains up to 2,500 feet.
Rhamnus infectorius, Linne".
On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it. Hardy
still at Christiania. The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in
commerce as Graines d' Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a
valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar dye-
material; for instance, R. saxatilis, L., R. amygdalinus, Desf., R*
oleoides, L., R. tinctorious, W. & K., all from the Mediterranean
regions and near them.
Rhapidophyllum Hystrix, Wendland and Drude. (Chamcerops Hystrix,
Fraser. )
The Blue Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. A hardy dwarf Fan-
palm.
Rhapis nabelliformis, Linne* fil.
China and Japan. This exceedingly slender palm attains a
height of only a few feet. The stems can be used for various small
implements. It is one of the best plants for table-decorations. It
bears the climate of the South of France to 43° 32' N. lat»
(Naudin).
Rhaponticum acaule, De Candolle.
On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is edible.
Rheum australe, D. Don.* (#. Emodi, Wallich; P. Webbianum, Royle.)
Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at least a
portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained, its quality depending
much on the climatic region and the geological formation, in which the
plant grows. Should we wish to cultivate any species here for
superior medicinal roots, localities in our higher and drier alpine tracts
should clearly be chosen for the purpose. Hayrie regards the presence
of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as indicating a good
medicinal rhubarb-plant. As much as 5 Ibs. of the dried drug are
obtainable from a single plant several years old. An important
orange-red crystalline substance, ernodin, allied to chrysophanic acid,
occurs in genuine rhubarb. Medicinal rhubarb-root is now also
grown in England.
Rheum officinale, Baillon.*
Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table-land.
Height of stem sometimes to 10 feet; circumference of foliage reaching
30 feet; blade of leaf 2 feet long and broad (Balfour). It furnishes
most of the true Turkey-Rhubarb, not merely from the root but also
from the woody stem. Suited for mountainous regions. Recommended
also as a scenic plant by Regel. Hardy at Christiania.
S22 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Rheum palmatum, Linn<§.*
From insular to alpine North-Eastern Asia. Attains a height of
9 feet. A variety from the Tangut-country of Mongolia or North-
Thibet, found by Col. Przewvalski, yields an excellent medicinal root,
known as the Kiakhta- or Khansu-Rhubarb (Maximowicz) — indeed
the best Russian Rhubarb. The plant is valuable also for decorative
effect. For medicinal culture alpine valleys with soil rich in lime
are needed (Sir Rob. Christison). For indications of the literature
on medicinal rhubarbs see among lexicographic works particularly
B. D. Jackson's "Vegetable Technology," London Index- Society,
1882.
Rheum Rhaponticum, Linn<$.
From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with R.
Tartaricum, L. fil., R. undulatum, L. and a few others, all Asiatic
(one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous leaf-stalks and
unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes. Rhubarb leaves can
also be used in the manner of spinage. Propagation generally by
division of root. The soil for rhubarb-plants, intended to yield
kitchen-vegetable, must be deep and rich.
Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda.
Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of Middle
Europe, with R. rubescens, Tulasne.
Rhododendron maximum, Linn4.
North-Eastern America. Attains a height of about 20 feet. Irre-
spective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden-copses, this
bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr. C. Forster asserts,
that the wood of this and the allied Kalmia latifolia, L., is surpassed
only by the best boxwood. This may give a clue to other sub-
stitutes for that scarce commodity, needed so extensively by the wood-
engraver.
Rhus aromatica, Aiton.
North- America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, northward
to Canada. A straggling bush. The aromatic foliage important for
medicinal purposes.
Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott. (Lithrcea venenosa, Miers.)
Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized tree,
the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axletrees and
select furniture. The plant seemed neither caustic nor otherwise
poisonous (Dr. Phillippi).
Rhus copallina, Linn<*.
Eastern North- America, extending to Canada. A comparatively
dwarf species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for varnishes
is also obtained from this shrub.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 323
Bhus coriaria, Dodoens.
The Tanner's Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea
extending to temperate Western Asia. The foliage of this shrub or
small tree, simply dried and reduced to powder, forms the sumach of
commerce. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid, yielding as much as
30 per cent., and is extensively used for the production of a superior
Corduan or Maroquin-leather and pale-colored leathers and dress-
goods. Sumach allows the leather to carry more grease (Bailment).
Price in Melbourne £24 to £36 per ton. It thrives best in loose
calcareous soils, and cannot endure stagnant water. The strongest
sumach is produced on dry ground. The cultivation presents no
difficulty. A gathering can be obtained from suckers in the first year.
The duration of sumach-fields under manure extends to fifteen years-
Sumach can also be used for ink and various, particularly black, dyes.
Under favorable circumstances as much as a ton of sumach is obtained
from an acre. Sumach from Melbourne-plants was shown already at
the Exhibition of 1863.
Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall.
Arkansas and Alabama. A tree, rising to 40 feet. The inner
bark and the wood valuable for yielding a yellow dye (C. Mohr).
Rhus COtinus, Linne.* (Ootinus coggyria, Scopoli.)
The Scotino. In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extend-
ing to Hungaria and to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush
furnishes a yellow pigment. The Scotino, so valuable as a material
for yellow and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, consists
merely of the ground foliage of this plant. It contains up to 24 per
cent, tannin. The plant endures the Norwegian winters northward
to lat. 67° 56' (Prof. Schuebeler).
Rhus glabra, Linne".
North- America, extending to 54° north latitude; in Norway hardy
to lat. 58° 8'. This sumach-shrub will grow on rocky and sterile
soil. It produces a kind of gall, and can also be used as a substitute
for the ordinary sumach. This species can be easily multiplied from
suckers. It will live on poor soil, and is rich in the quality and long
lasting yield of honey from its flowers (Quiuby). American sumachs
contain generally from 15 to 20 per cent., or occasionally up to 26
per cent, tannin. [On value of American Sumachs see Special Report
No. 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1880.] Employed also for
therapeutic purposes.
Rhus lucida, Linne.
South-Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of peculiar adapt-
ability for forming hedges; it is evergreen, close growing, and stands
clipping well. About half a hundred South- African species are
known, of which probably some could be utilized like ordinary
sumach; but hitherto we have remained unacquainted with the
nature and degree of any of their tanning and coloring principles.
324 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Rhus rhodanthema, F. v. Mueller.
East-Australia, on river-banks. A tree finally to 70 feet high;
stem often 2 feet in diameter. Wood dark-yellow, soft, fine-grained,
beautifully marked, much esteemed for cabinet-work. Worth £5 to
£6 per 1,000 feet in Brisbane (W. Hill).
Rhus semialata, Murray.
China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a height
of 40 feet. This species produces a kind of nutgalls. It is apt to
spread beyond ready control in rich soil. The stem will finally reach
the thickness of a foot or more; the wood is tough and durable but
stringy, prettily marked with dark edging.
Rhus succedanea, Linne.
The Japan Wax-tree, extending to China and the Himalayas,
there up to 8,000 feet. The produce of this tree has found its way
into the English market. The crushed berries are steamed and
pressed, furnishing about 15 per cent, of wax, which consists mainly
of palmatin and palmitic acid. Rhus silvestris (Siebold & Zuccarini)
and R. vernicifera yield there a similar wax.
Rhus typhina, Linne\
The Staghorn-Sumach. Eastern North-America, extending to
Canada. Hardy in Norway to lat. 61° 17'. This species will become
a tree of about 30 feet height. Its wood is of orange tinge. Through
incisions into the bark a kind of copal is obtained. The leaves may
be used like ordinary sumach. This bush can be reared on inferior
land. The leaves of American sumachs must be collected early in
the season, if a clear white leather like that from Sicilian sumach is
to be obtained. This can be ascertained by the color of the precipi-
tate effected with gelatine. Some of the American and also other
sumachs are important to apiarists.
Rhus vernicifera, De Candolle.
Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size and
yields the Japan- varnish. In India it ascends to 7,000 feet; but
Stewart and Brandis are doubtful, whether the Japan species (R.
Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. The fruit yields
vegetable wax. R. Wallichii (J. Hooker) of the Himalayas is a
cognate species.
Ribes aureum, Pursh.
From Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon to Canada. Endures the cold
of Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). This favorite bush of garden-
shrubberies would probably along forest- streams produce its pleasant
berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Professor Meehan
mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with berries larger
than those of the black currant; they are quite a good table-fruit, and
of all shades from orange to black, and this variety remains constant
from seeds. Allied to this is R. tenuiflorum (Lindley) of California
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 325
and the adjoining States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of
agreeable flavor and either dark-purple or yellow color. R.
aureum, R. palmatum and some other strong American species have
come into use as stocks, on which to graft the European gooseberry
(C. Pohl).
Bibes Cynosbati, Linn&
The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry -bush of Canada and the Eastern
States of the American Union. . The berries are large. There is a
variety not so objectionably burlike-prickly. R. Cynosbati has been
hybridized with R. Grossularia, and the sequence has been a good
result (Saunders).
Eibes divaricatum, Douglas.
California and Oregon. One of the gooseberry -bushes of those
countries. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 69° 40'. Berries smooth,
black, about one-third of an inch in diameter, pleasant to the taste.
Culture might improve this and many of the other species. R.
Nuttalli (R. villosum, Nuttall, not of Gay nor of Wallich) is an allied
plant, also from California.
Bibes floridum, L'Heritier.
The Black Currant-bush of North-Eastern America. The berries
resemble in odor and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this
is R. Hudsonianum (Richardson) from the colder parts of North-
America.
Bibes Griffith!, J. Hooker and T. Thomson.
Himalaya, at heights from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to R.
rubrnm, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat austere taste.
R. laciniatum (H. & T.) is likewise a Himalayan species with red
berries, and so is R. glaciale (Wallich). Furthermore, R. villosum,
Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne), comes from the Indian highlands
and seems worthy of practical notice.
Bibes Grossularia, Linn<$.*
The ordinary Gooseberry-bush. Europe, North-Africa, extra-
tropical Asia, extending to the Chinese boundary (Regel), on the
Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000 feet; in Norway
enduring the cold to lat. 62° 44'. This plant, familiar to everyone, is
mentioned here merely to indicate the desirability of naturalizing it in
any sub-alpine regions, where it is not indigenous already.
Bibes hirtellum, Michaux.
North- America, particularly in the New England- States, extending
to Canada. It likes moist ground. Yields the commonest smooth
gooseberry there.
Bibes nigrum, Linn£.
The Black .Currant-bush. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia,
North- America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibetan mountains to
326 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
a height of about 12,000 feet; also particularly fit to be dispersed
through forests in elevated situations. Hardy in Norway to lat,
69° 30'.
Bibes niveum, Lindley.
One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black, of a
somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavor. Hardy to lat. 67° 56'
in Norway.
Eibes orientale, Desfontaines.
From Syria to Afghanistan, up to an elevation of about 11, 000 feet.
The leaves emit a pleasant perfume (C. Koch). The berries act as a
powerful purgative (Dr. Aitchison).
* ^ J
Eibes rotundifolium, Michaux.
Eastern North- America, as far as Canada. Hardy at Christiania.
Yields part of the smooth gooseberries of the United States. The
fruit is small, but of delicious taste. Unlike the ordinary gooseberry,
not subject to mildew. Careful cultivation has gradually advanced
the size of the fruit (Meehan).
Eibes rubrum, Luin^.
The ordinary Red Currant-bush. Europe, North -America,
Northern and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan mountains, ceasing
where R. Griffith! commences to appear. One of the best fruit-plants
for jellies and preserves, that can be chosen for colder mountain-
altitudes. It endures the climate of Norway to lat. 70° 30' (Prof.
Schuebeler). The root-bark contains phlorrhizin. Perhaps other
species than those recorded here, among them some from the Andes,
may yet deserve introduction, irrespective of showiness, for their
fruits.
Eichardia AMcana, Kunth. (R. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.)
The " Calla " of gardens. From the Nile to the Cape of Good
Hope. Important for scenic effects, particularly on the margins of
waters. Easily moved at all seasons. The fresh root contains about
2 per cent, of starch. ^
Eichardsonia scabra, Kunth.
From Mexico to Brazil. As an herb for pastures .and hay-crop
appreciated in localities with sandy soil (C. Mohr). It has spread
over the Southern States of North- America.
Eicinus cbmmunis, Linn£.*
The Castor-Oil Plant. Spontaneous in the tropical and sub-tropical
• zones of Asia and Africa, but hardly in South-Europe, originating
according to A. de Candolle in North-Eastern Africa. A shrubby,
very decorative plant, attaining the size of a small tree. At Chris-
tiania it grew to 12 feet in height and bore fruit, and it is reared as
a summer-plant even to lat. 68° 7' (Prof. Schuebeler). It was well
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 327
known to Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is also mentioned
in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastos,
Plinius and other ancient physicians, philosophers and naturalists.
The easy and rapid growth, the copious seeding, and the early return
of produce render this important plant of high value in the warm
temperate zone, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any soil,
and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being scorched by
hot winds. Recently recommended for staying bush-fires and for
keeping off noxious insects and blights from plantations. It may
thus become an important plant also for culture in desert-tracts, and
is evidently destined to be in countries with cheap labor one of the
most eligible plants to furnish oil for technical uses, particularly for
lubricating machinery, irrespective of the value of its oil for
medicinal purposes. The scalded leaves, applied externally, have
long been known as particularly active on the mammary glands as a
powerful galactagogue; the foliage is also in use as an emmenagogue;
the root-bark has purgative properties. The seeds contain about 50
per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil, hydraulic pressure should
be employed, and the seeds not be subjected to heat; the seed-coat
should also be removed prior to the extracting process being proceeded
with. A screw-press suffices however to obtain the oil for ordinary
supplies. By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified.
For obtaining oil to be used fer lubrication of machinery or other
technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared by
various methods under application of heat and access of water. For
lubrication it is one of the most extensively used of all oils. Castor-
oil is usually bleached simply by exposure to solar light, but this
procedure lessens to some extent the laxative properties of the oil.
It dissolves completely in waterless alcohol and in ether, and will
become dissolved also in spirit of high strength, to the extent of
three-fifths of the weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may
become valuable for various technical purposes, and afford some test
for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will deposit
margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the oil will distil
over, and a substance resembling india-rubber remains, which
saponizes with alkalies. Other educts are at the same time obtained,
which will probably become of industrial value. These facts are
briefly mentioned here merely to explain, that the value of this easily
produced oil is far more varied than is generally supposed; and this
remark applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds
from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present enumerative
treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar alkaloid — ricinin. The
solid chemical compound of castor-oil is the crystalline isocetic acid (a
glycerid). The oil contains also a non-crystalline acid, peculiar to it
(ricinoleic acid). For the production of a particular kind of silk the
Elcinus-plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx
Arrindi requires the leaves of this bush for food. Even a few of the
seeds, if swallowed, will produce poisonous effects. The root-bark
has also been drawn into use as a purgative (Bernays).
328 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Bobinia Pseudacacia, Linne.
The North-American Locust- Acacia, ranging from Alleghany to
Arkansas. Height reaching 90 feet. Hardy to lat. 63° 26' in
Norway. The hard and durable wood is in use for a variety of pur-
poses, and particularly eligible for treenails, axletrees and turnery;
strength greater than that of the British oak, weight lighter (D. J.
Browne). The natives used the wood for their bows. The tree is of
rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years. A tree,
raised in 1635, in the Paris Jardin des Plantes, is still alive. It may
be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter on farm-lands.
It is one of the best trees for renovating exhausted land and for
improving poor soil. Also a bee-plant. Recommended as one of the
easiest grown of all trees on bare sand, though standing in need of
twice as much mineral aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much
as poplars. It pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots,
which may attain a length of seventy feet. It will maintain its hold
in hollows of drifts, where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots
are poisonous. The allied R. viscosa (Ventenat) attains a height of
40 feet.
Roccella tinctoria, De Candolle.
Canary-Islands, Azores, also in Western and Southern Europe and
North-Africa. This lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille or orchil
for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of interest, whether it
could be translocated and naturalized on the cliffs of our shores also.
Other dye-lichens might perhaps still more easily be naturalized; for
instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia
sordida, Isidium corallinum and some others, which furnish the Cud-
bear or Persio.
Rosa canina,
Europe, "Northern and Middle Asia, North-Africa. This species
attains a very great age; the famed and sacred rose at the cathedral
of Hildesheim existed before that edifice was built, therefore before
the ninth century (Langethal). In some of the German monasteries
real roses of tree-size occur, which have also lived through several
centuries and are regarded with veneration.
Rosa centifolia, Linn£.
The Cabbage-Rose, Moss-Rose, Provence-Rose. Indigenous on
the Caucasus and seemingly also in other parts of the Orient. It will
endure the frosts of Norway as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler).
Much grown in South -Europe and Southern Asia for the distillation
of rose-water and oil or attar of roses. No pruning is resorted to,
only the dead branches are removed; the harvest of flowers is from
the middle of May till nearly the middle of June; the gathering
takes place before sunrise (Simmonds).' From 12,000 to 16,000 roses,
or from 250 Ibs. to 300 Ibs. of rose-petals, are required according to
some calculations for producing a single ounce of attar through ordi-
nary distillation. The flowers require to be cut just before expansion;
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
329
the calyx is separated and rejected; the remaining portions of the
flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated
rose-water so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when
on any cold place the oil separates from the overcharged water and
floats on the surface, whence it can be collected after refrigeration by
fine birds' feathers. Rose-oil consists of a hydro-carbon stearopten,
which is scentless, and an elaeopten, which is the fragrant principle.
But some other methods exist for producing the oil; for instance, it
may be got by distilling the rosebuds without water at the heat of a
salt water bath, or by merely passing steam through the still. The
odor may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distillation from the roses,
or be extracted by the " enfleurage " process. The latter is effected
by placing the flowers, collected while the weather is warm, into
shallow frames covered with a glass-plate, on the inner side of which
a pure fatty substance has been thinly spread. The scent of the
flowers is absorbed by the adipose or oleous substance, though the
blossoms do not come in direct contact with it; fresh flowers are sup-
plied daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix
by maceration with pure alcohol. Purified eucalyptus-oil can be
used for diluting rose-oil, when it is required for the preparation of
scented soap. The essential oil of orange-peel might similarly be
employed as a vehicle.
Rosa Damascena, Miller.
Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely used for
the production of essential oil of roses. The annual time of flower-
ing extends over several months.
Rosa Gallica, Linn£. (R. provincialis, Miller.)
The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and Southern Europe,
Orient. Hardy to lat. 70° in Norway. The intensely colored buds
of this species are particularly chosen for drying. These however
may be got also from other kinds of roses.
Rosa Indica, Linne". (R. Sinica, L.; R. Chinensis, Jacquin.)
China, thence brought to India. The " Hybrid Perpetuals " are
largely traceable to this plant. Flowering time of long duration
annually. Some roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this
species. R. fragrans (Redoute), the Tea-Rose, is a variety. The
Noisette Rose is a cross of this and R. moschata.
Rosa Isevigata, Michaux. (fi. Siniea, Murray, non Linne.)
The Cherokee-Rose. China and Japan-. Considered one of the
best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed in North-
America. It serves well also for bowers. Allied to the foregoing
species.— ^Rosa rugosa (Thunberg) of Japan, a large-fruited and
large-leaved rose, is exceedingly well adapted for garden-hedges also.
moschata, Miller.*
North-Africa and South-Asia, ascending the Indian mountains to
11,000 feet. Blooming all the year round in warm climes, but more
Y 2
330 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
profusely in the cool season. From the flowers of this extremely tall
climbing species also essential oil is obtained. The attar thus
derived from roses of not only different varieties, but even distinct
species, must necessarily be of various qualities. In the Balkan-
mountains, on basalt-slopes facing south, the most odorous roses are
produced. At Kesanlik rose-distillation is the main - industry.
Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches 3 feet deep and 5 feet
apart. Irrigation promotes the growth. The gathering commences
in the third and lasts till about the fifteenth year (Simmonds). The
pure oil as a European commodity is worth from £20 to £23 per
pound. This is also the rose, according to Schlagintweit, used for
attar-distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, valued at 30 shillings per
ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the amount of £80,000 annually
(Piesse).
Rosa sempervirens, Linne.
From South-Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. Hardy still
at Christiania. One of the best rose-bushes for covering walls,
fences and similar structures. The flowers of this species also can be
utilized for rose-oil.
Rosa setigera, Michaux.
North-Eastern America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush.
It deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth, —
10 to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers however are nearly inodorous.
Other original species of roses are worthy of our attention, Sir
Joseph Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern hemi-
sphere. But on the snow-clad uuascended mountains of New Guinea
and Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses may yet be
discovered, as they have been traced southward to Abyssinia already.
Rosa spinosissima, Linn£.
Europe, North-Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The Burnet-
Rose. Adapted for holding coast-sands; unapproachable to pasture-
animals, and not spreading into culture-land or pastures like the
sweetbrier, R. rubigiiiosa, L.
Rosmarinus officinalis, Linn£.
The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extend-
ing to Switzerland. This well-known bush is mentioned here as a
medicinal plant. One of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The
oil, distilled from its foliage, enters into certain compositions of per-
fumery; one cwt. of fresh herb yields about 24 ounces of oil (Piesse).
The flowers are much sought by bees. Vilmorin states that the
seeds will keep for about four years; but the propagation from
cuttings is easy also.
Rottboellia ophiuroides, Bentham.
Tropical East- Australia. A tall perennial grass, praised by Mr.
Walter Hill for fodder. Hardy in regions free of frost.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. -331
Royenia Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.
South- Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet-black, hard and
durable; in Capeland and Caffraria called ebony. E,. pubescens
(Willdenow), according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a wood adapted
for xylography; this may give a clue to the adaptability of many
other kinds of woods in the large order of Ebenacese as substitutes
for the Turkish boxwood.
Kubia COrdifolia, Linne. (R. Mungista, Roxburgh.)
From the Indian highlands through China and Siberia to Japan;
also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as Caffraria
and Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of madder.
Probably other species likewise yield dye-roots. The genus is
represented widely over the globe, but as far as known not in
Australia.
Rubia peregrina, Linne*.
Middle and Southern Europe, South- Western Asia. This perennial
species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve com-
parative test-culture.
Rubia tinctorum, Linne*.
The Madder. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, extending to
temperate Western Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. A perennial
herb of extremely easy culture. Soil, fit for barley, is also suitable
for madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and suffocates weeds,
but requires much manure, leaving the land enriched however.
Stagnant water in the soil must be avoided, if madder is to succeed.
The harvest is in the second or third year. It can be raised from
seeds, or planted from off-shoots. The roots merely dried and
pounded form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous: in the
herb: rubichloric and rubitannic acid; in the root: alizarin, purpurin,
rubiacin, rubian, ruberythric acid and three distinct resins; also
chlorogenin, xanthin and rubichloric acid. On the five first depend
the pigments produced from the root. Madder is one of the requisites
for alizarin-ink. Since the manufacture of artificial alizarin from
anthracene, a constituent of coal-tar, was commenced, the cultivation
of madder has declined. Still it remains a valuable root, handy for
domestic dye. The root is also important as an emmenagogue.
Rubus acuminatus, Smith.
Indian mountains, at elevations between 4,000 and 7,000 feet.
A scandent species with large fruits.
Rubus biflorus, Hamilton.
Indian mountains, at temperate altitudes between 7,000 and 10,000
feet. A rambling shrub, with sweet • red or orange-colored fruit.
Hardy in England. Another Himalayan species, R. macilentus
(Cambessedes), has bright yellow fruits.
332 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Rubus caesius, Linn£.
The British Dewberry. Europe, Western and Northern Asia.
Resists extreme frosts, protracted dryness and also heat of exceptional
seasons. In this respect the most accommodating of all blackberry-
bushes. In Russia the berries are boiled together with apples into a
preserve, which is of particularly pleasant taste. This Rubus
supplies fruit till late in the season. Easily naturalized on ground,
subject to occasional inundations, and sheltered by bushy vegetation
(Burmeister). Some regard R. caesius as one of the numerous forms
of R. fruticosus.
Rubus Canadensis, Linn£.*
The Dewberry of Eastern North-America. A shrub of trailing
habit. Fruit large, black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than
that of R. villosus (Aiton). All the species can readily be raised
from seeds; thus the naturalization of these plants in adapted locali-
ties is easy by mere dissemination. The astringent root is a popular
remedy in dysentery and diarrhoea.
Rubus Chamsemorus, Linn£.
The Cloudberry. North-Europe, North-Asia, North-America,
particularly in the frigid zone. In Norway it will grow northward to
lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A perennial but herbaceous plant; a pigmy
amongst its congeners; nevertheless it is recommended for introduc-
tion to spongy, mossy, alpine moors, on account of its grateful amber-
colored or red fruit. R. Arcticus (Linne), also with edible fruit, is
usually its companion in the high north. A similar little herb, living
for a great part of the year in snow — namely R. Gunnianus, Hooker,
— occurs on the alpine heights of Tasmania, whence it might be
easily transferred to snowy mountains of other countries. The fruit
of R. Gunnianus is red and juicy, but not always well developed. R.
calycinus (Wallich), occurring on the Indian mountains in regions
between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, is also a dwarf herbaceous species,
having a creeping stem, and scarlet fruits, usually however with,
but few fruitlets.
Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh.
The Sand-Blackberry. Eastern North- America. A dwarf shrub.
The fruit is of agreeable taste.
Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.*
About the sources of the Missouri. An erect, exceedingly hand-
some shrub. Fruit raspberry-like, large and grateful.
Rubus ellipticus, Smith.* (R.flavus, Hamilton.)
On the mountains of India, from 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation,
also in Ceylon and Yunan. A large rather erect bush with yellow
fruits, which are reckoned in flavor fully equal to the ordinary rasp-
berry (C. B. Clarke).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 333
Rubus fruticosus, Linn£.*
The ordinary Bramble or Blackberry-bush. All Europe, North-
and South- Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Hardy in Norway to
lat. 60° 24'. The shrub bears well in a temperate clime. In some
countries it is a favorite plant for hedges. It likes above all calca-
reous soil, though it is content with almost any, and deserves to be
naturalized on the rivulets of any ranges. R. corylifolius (Smith),
R. suberectus (Andrews) and R. leucostachys (Smith) are varieties
like many other named kinds of European blackberries, or perhaps
belong to the closely allied R. caesius; or in some instances hybrid-
forms may have arisen from the two, although the generality of these
various blackberry-bushes bear their fruit freely enough.
Rubus geoides, Smith.
Falkland-Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia and Chiloe. An herbaceous
kind of raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits, resembling the
Cloudberry, and possessing a very agreeable taste. Best adapted for
mountainous regions.
Rubus Havaiensis, A. Gray.
Sandwich-Islands. The fruit of this bramble-shrub is raspberry-
like.
Rubus Idaeus, Linn<*.*
The ordinary Raspberry-bush. Europe and Northern Asia, east-
ward to Japan. In Norway hardy to lat. 70° 22'. It is mentioned
here to point out the desirability of naturalizing the plant on moun-
tains and on river-banks. The fruits contain a stearopten. The
leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for tea.
Rubus imperialis, Chamisso.
Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits.
Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith.
India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of about 10,000 feet,
in Ceylon of 7,000 feet, in Java of 6,000 feet. The fruit is very
palatable. R. opulifolius (Bertoloni) is closely allied. R. lanatiis
(Wallich) affords also edible but rather insipid fruits in Upper
India (Atkinson).
Rubus Moluccanus, Linn<$. (K. rugosus, Smith.)
India, continental as well as insular, there ascending to 7,000
feet, advancing southward through New Guinea and East- Australia
to Gippsland, northward to China and eastward to the Philippine-
Islands and Fiji. A very tall and variable species. Fruit red. A
variety, R. reticulatus (Wallich), ascends the Indian mountains to
10,000 feet (Sir J. Hooker), and is remarkable for its large fruit.
The plant proved hardy at Christiania. It ripens in warm climes its
fruits all the year round. R. tiliaceus (Smith) is an allied congener
from the same region.
334 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Rubus nutans, Wallich.
Himalayan mountains, ascending to about 10,000 feet; growing on
the ground like strawberry-plants, yielding fruits of very pleasant
subacid taste (Atkinson), but not of large size (J. Hooker). A
species easily spreading and probably improvable by culture.
Rubus occidentalis, Lmn4.*
The " Black Cap "-Raspberry or " Thimbleberry "-bush. North-
America. A species with woody stems and nice fruits, the latter
with a glaucous bloom, well flavored and large; it ripens early. To
this bears near affinity R. leucodermis (Douglas) from California,
Utah and Arizona; its fruit is yellowish-red, rather large and of
agreeable flavor (A. Gray).
Rubus odoratus, Cornuti.*
North- America. A kind of raspberry-bush. Handsome on ac-
count of its large purple flowers. Berries edible. Hardy in Norway
to lat. 67° 56'. Culture would doubtless enhance the value of the
fruits of many of these Rubi. Hybridising might be tried. R.
Nutkanus (Mocino) is the Salmon-Raspberry of Western North-
America and closely allied to R. odoratus.
Rubus parvifolius, Linn<$.
East-Asia, Eastern and Southern Australia. It produces much
finer fruits in the Alps of Australia than in the lowlands. It extends
as a native to Japan, where according to Maximowicz 22 species of
Rubus exist, many of them endemic, and probably some eligible for
special fruit-culture.
Rubus phcenicolasius, Maximowicz.
Japan. A Raspberry-Bramble with fair-sized fruits.
Rubus rosifolius, Smith.
Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, ascending the
Himalayas to about 10,000 feet, also occurring throughout the literal
forests of East- Australia. In woody regions this shrub bears an
abundance of fruits of large size, and these early and long in the
season, though not so excellent as those of many other species.
Rubus strigosus, Michaux.*
Eastern North-America, extending to Canada. Closely allied to the
European raspberry. Its fruits large, also of excellent taste.
Rubus tiliaceus, Smith.
Indian mountains, at altitudes "between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A
rambling species. Fruit large, purplish-black, but rather insipid.
Rubus trivialis, Michaux.*
South-Eastern States of North- America. Another shrubby species
with good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant will
thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other congeners, this one has the
bark rich in tannic acid.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 335
Rubus ursinus, Chamisso and Schlechtendahl. (R. macropetalus, Douglas.)
California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black, oval-
cylindric, particularly sweet. Readily rendered spontaneous. It
would lead too far to enumerate other utilitarian kinds of Rubus,
although altogether about one hundred genuine species do occur,
which render the genus one of very wide dispersion over the
globe.
Rubus villosus, Aiton.
Eastern North-America, reaching Canada, there the ordinary
Blackberry-bush. Growth tall. Fruit large and pleasant (Asa Gray).
The Rochelle- and Lawton- varieties are of this species (C. Koch).
The root-bark is praised for medicinal purposes.
Rumex Acetosa, Linn£.
The Kitchen- Sorrel. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia to Japan,
also in the frigid zone of North-America. Endures the frosts of
Norway northward to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb.
The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish one (R. Hispanicus,
Koch), also the alpine one (R. montanus, Desfontaines) serve as
pleasant acidulous vegetables, but must be used in moderation, as
their acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis (Wood-Sorrel), depends
on binoxalate of potash. The South-African R. luxurians, L., serves
likewise as culinary sorrel. Aquatic species of Rumex help to solidify
embankments subject to floods.
Rumex hymenosepalus, Torrey.
Texas, New Mexico. This " Dock," vernacularly known as
" Canaigre," has come into use in tanneries, the roots acting by their
powerful tan-principle doubly as quick as oak-bark. This may prove
a hint for testing other large species of the extensive genus Rumex
in this respect. The root of R. hymenosepalus yields in a dry state
23^ per cent, rheo-tannic acid.
Rumex Patientia, Linn<5.
Middle and Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. Biennial. It
is the R. sativus of Plinius according to Fraas. Bears the cold of
Norwegian winters to lat. 70°. The young leaves furnish a palatable
sorrel, like spinach. In cold climes it pushes forth its leaves, before
the frost is hardly gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vege-
tables of the season.
Rumex scutatus, Linn4.
The French Sorrel. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing as a culinary
plant. They are all of use against scurvy, and most easily reared.
Dr. Rosenthal lauds even the common R. crispus (Linne) of Europe
and Asia as a spinage-plant; further for culinary purposes, R. pulcher
(Linne) and R. bucephalophorus (Linne) from the countries at or near
the Mediterranean Sea.
336 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Rumex vesicarius, Linne".
Southern Europe, Middle Asia, Northern Africa. An annual herb
of the same utility as other sorrels.
Ruscus aculeatus, Linne.
Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South-Western
Asia. This odd plant serves for forming garden-hedges. The young
shoots of this and a few allied plants are edible.
Russula vesca, Fries.
Europe. One of the best of mushrooms for the kitchen within the
genus Russula, which has representatives in most parts of the globe.
Dr. Cooke mentions further as culinary R. lepida and R. virescens
(Fries.). Professor Morren notes R. integra (Fries) as used among
the Belgian champignons. Under any circumstances, mushrooms
should only be used when fresh collected or quickly dried.
Ruta graveolens, Linne*.
The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. Hardy in
Norway to lat. 63° 26'. The foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub,
simply dried, constitutes the rue-herb of medicine. The allied R.
sylvestris (Miller) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants
and others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a glycosid,
the rutiii. Fresh they should be handled most cautiously, best with
gloves.
Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent.
Dwarf Palmetto. South-Carolina, Georgia and Florida. A stem-
less Fan-palm, with the following congeners, Rhaphidophyllum
Hystrix and Washingtonia filifera, attaining the most northerly
positions of any American palms. According to Count de Saporta
it resists a temperature as low as 17° F. Professor Ch. Naudin found
it to endure the frosts in Southern France to 43° 20' north latitude.
This palm does well in marshy places.
Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges.*
Extends from Florida to North-Carolina. The stem attains a
height of 40 feet. This hardy palm delights on sandy coast-
tracts. Stems almost imperishable under water, not attacked by the
teredo,
Sabal serrulata, JRoemer and Schultes. (Serenaea serrulata, J. Hooker.)
The Saw-Palmetto. South-Carolina, Georgia and Florida, particu-
larly well adapted for sea-coasts. The stem grows to eight feet in
height, but according to Mr. A. J. Cook may slimly creep along the
ground for 20 feet, sending roots beneath for nourishment. This is a
grand honey-plant. Mr. G. Damko'hler mentions this Sabal as a tan-
plant. The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats, mats, baskets
and other purposes, for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous-
spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 337
Sabal umbraculifera, Grisebach.
West-Indies. Attains a height of 80 feet, or occasionally even over
100 feet. Though naturally a tropical Savannah-palm, it has proved
even hardier than the orange. A near relative is S. Blackburniana
(Glazebrook), a native of Bermuda, where, according to Sir John
Lefroy, it gains a stem-height of 50 feet, and where the leaves are
extensively used for plat; the sweet pulp of the fruit is edible. At
Hyeres this palm withstood a temperature of 22° F. (Bonnet).
Another equally tall Antillan palm is S. glaucescens, Loddiges.
Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.
North-Eastern America. This pretty biennial herb is lauded as
a substitute for gentian by American physicians, and might with its
congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though its naturalization
would not be desirable, as pastoral animals avoid the bitter gentian-
aceous plants.
Saccharum officinarum, Linn4.*
The Sugar-Cane. India, Cochin-China, South-Sea Islands, spon-
taneous; probably derived from one of the native South- Asiatic
species of Saccharum, according to Loureiro indigenous in Cochiu-
China, an observation confirmed by Dr. Bretschneider. Sugar-cane
having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on the Mediter-
ranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial, at what distance from
the equator and at what elevations in tropical parts of the globe
sugar from cane can be produced to advantage. In the United
States the profitable culture of cane ceases at 32° north latitude; ia
Japan it is carried on with advantage to 36° north latitude and even-
further northward (General Capron); the average-yield of raw sugar
even there is 3,300 Ibs. per acre; in China this crop extends only to
30° north latitude. In South- Asia the culture of the sugar-cane dates
from the remotest antiquity; from China we have a particular kind
(S. Sinense, Roxburgh), which is hardier and bears the drought better
than the ordinary cane; this kind needs renewal only every third
year, and ripens in seven months, if planted early in spring; but if
planted in autumn and left standing for fully a year the return of
sugar is larger. Moderate proximity to the sea is favorable for the
growth of canes. Prolific yields have been secured in East- Australia
south to 29°. A very saccharine but hard cane is wild in New Guinea
(Maclay). The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually ef-
fected from top-cuttings; but this cannot be carried on from the same
original stock for an indefinite period without deterioration; and as
seeds fit to germinate do not ripen on cultivated canes, new plants
must from time to time be brought from a distance. Thus, New
Caledonia and Fiji have latterly supplied their almost wild-growing
splendid varieties for replanting many sugar-fields in Mauritius and
some other places. The Bourbon-variety is praised as one of the
richest for sugar; the Batavian variety, S. violaceum (Tussac), is
content with less fertile soil. Many other varieties are known. The
.338 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
sugar-cane is one of the best of all plants of economic value, to keep
cleared ground in tropical forests free from weeds or the invasion of
other plants. Excessive rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes
at the expense of the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is neces-
sary to attain good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The lower
leaves of the stem must successively be removed, also superabundant
;Suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to provide ventilation
iand light. Out of the remnants of sugar-cane either molasses or rum
or taffia can be prepared. The average-yield of sugar varies from
1 ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre; but exceptionally as much as
6 tons per acre have even been obtained in the hardly tropical
Hawaian Islands. The world's production of cane-sugar in 1875
amounted to 2,140,000 tons (Boucheraux). Among some other works
for fuller information the valuable volume of Mr. A. McKay, " The
Sugar-Cane in Australia," should be consulted, particularly in the far
southern colonies. The stately S. spontaneum (Linne), which extends
from India to Egypt and New Guinea, is available for scenic culture.
It attains a height of 15 feet, and ascends in Java, according to Dr.
Junghuhn's observations, to a height of 17,000 feet. Other tall kinds
of Saccharum occur in South-Asia. For the conditions and prospects
of the cane-sugar industry in the Southern United States see the
special report of the Hon. General Le Due, Washington, 1877; also
the " Sugar Industries of the United States," by H. W. Wiley, 1885.
Sagittaria lancifolia, Linn4.
From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic
plant can doubtless be utilized like the following species. It attains
a height of five feet.
Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (S. latifotia, Willdenow.)
North- America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagittifolia.
A few other conspicuous species are worthy of introduction. The
Tule or Wapatoo-root of California is derived from a species of
Sagittaria.
.Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn£.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the
most showy of all hardy water-plants; still not alone on that account
deserving naturalization, but also because its root is edible. If once
established, this plant maintains its ground well, and might occupy
submerged spots not otherwise utilized.
Salix alba, Linn£.*
The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally of North-
Africa, Northern and Western Asia; according to Prof. Andersson
of exclusively Asiatic origin. It bears the frosts of Norway to lat.
63° 52'. It is positively known, that the Silky Willow will live to
an age of 150 years, and probably much longer. Available for wet
places not otherwise in cultivation. Height reaching to 80 feet, cir-
cumference of stem sometimes to 20 feet; of rapid growth. Foliage
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 339-
silvery-pubescent. Wood smooth, soft and tough, bearing pounding
and knocking better than that of any other British tree; eligible where
lightness, pliancy and elasticity are required; hence in request for
wheel-floats and shrouding of water-wheels, as it is not subject to
splinter; for the sides and bottoms of carts and barrows, for break-
blocks of trucks; also used for turnery, trays, fenders, shoe-lasts,
light handles (Simmonds). Its weight is from 26 to 33 Ibs. per
cubic foot. Timber, according to Rbbb, the lightest and softest of all
prominently utilitarian woods; available for bungs; it. is planed into
chips for hat-boxes, baskets and woven bonnets; also worked np for
cricket-bats, boxes and many utensils. The bark is particularly
valued as a tan for certain kinds of glove-leather, to which it imparts
an agreeable odor. Mr. Scaling records, that in rich ground on the
banks of streams this willow will grow to a height of 24 feet in 5
years, with 2 feet basal girth of the stem; in 8 years he found it to
grow 35 feet, with 33 inches girth at 1 foot from the ground. London
noticed the height to be 53 feet in 20 years, and the girth 7^ feet.
In winterless countries the growth is still more rapid. To produce
straight stems for timber, the cuttings must be planted very close,
some of the trees to be removed from time to time. After 30 or 40
years the trees will deteriorate. Scaling estimates the value of an
acre of willow-timber to be about £300. The Golden Osier, Salix
vitellina, L., is a variety. The shoots are used for hoops and wicker-
work. With other large willows and poplars one of the best
scavengers for back -yards, where drainage cannot readily be applied;
highly valuable also for forming lines along narrow watercourses or
valleys in forests, to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gun-
powder. The wood in demand for matches. All willows, as
early flowering, are of particular importance to apiarists (Cook,
Quinby). The extreme rapidity of growth of most willowtrees and
poplars, particularly in mild climes, renders it quite feasible, to rear
them purposely for providing wood as an adjunct to paper-material,
particularly on ground not eligible as agrarian.
Salix Babylonica, Tournefort.
The Weeping Willow. Indigenous in North-China, sparingly wild,,
according to Stewart, in the Himalayas; probably likewise in Persia-
and Kurdistan. One of the most grateful of all trees for the facility
of its culture and its fitness for embellishment; also as one of the
quickest growing and most easily reared of all shade-trees. Fifty
feet upward growth has been witnessed in five years. The tree is
important for consolidating river-banks, and everywhere available for
cemeteries. In frostless climes annually only for a few weeks without
leaves. In Norway it will grow northward to lat. 58° 8'. A powerful,
scavenger of back-yards, but apt to undermine masonry and to get
into cisterns. Dr. C. Koch prefers Moench's name S. pendula, as the
Weeping Willow is not a native of Babylon, and he distinguishes
another Weeping Willow from Japan as S. elegantissima, which is
still hardier than S. Babylonica; allied also is S. Japonica.
340 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (8. Gariepina, Burchell.)
South- Africa. This willow might be introduced on account of its
resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. Prof. Harvey says of
it, that it is one of the greatest ornaments of the banks of the Gariep-
River.
Salix caprea,
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or Hedge-
Willow. In Norway it extends to lat. 70° 37'; in 65° 28' Prof.
Schuebeler found it to attain a height of nearly 70 feet. The Kil-
marnock Weeping Willow is a .form of this species. Wood used for
handles and other implements, the shoots for hoops; it is also largely
employed for gunpowder-coal. Bark available for tanning, particu-
larly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. It is
one of the earliest flowering of willows, hence with S. daphnoides, as
the harbinger of spring, particularly gladdening to bees, although all
willows are honey-plants.
Salix cordata, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North- America, extending to Canada. Fit
also to bind sand. One of the dwarf Californian willows has been
found on the coast-sands to send out root-like stems to 120 feet in
length.
.Salix daphnoides, Villars.
Northern and Middle Europe and Northern Asia, eastward as far
as the Amoor, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas, growing in
Norway northward to lat. 62° 20'. A tree, rising to about 60 feet in
height, rapid of growth, attaining' 12 feet in four years. It is much
chosen to fix the ground at railway-embankments, on sandy ridges
and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and strong roots
render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets, wicker-
work and twig-bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The variety pruinosa
is considered by Dr. Sonder to be as valuable as the Bedford- Willow.
The foliage furnishes cattle-fodder. The tree is comparatively rich
in salicin, like S. pentandra (Linne) and the following.
.Salix fragilis, Linn<5.
The Crack- Willow or Withy. Indigenous in South- Western Asia;
widely spontaneous also in Europe. Hardy in Norway to lat. 64° 5'.
Height to 90 feet; stem reaching 20 feet in girth. According to Scaling
next to S. alba the best of the European timber-willows, but the
wood not quite so tough and the tree requiring more space for growth.
Both species are recommended for shelter-plantations, on account of
their rapidity of growth, uninflammability and easy propagation; the
latter quality they share with most willows. A variety or hybrid of
this species is the Bedford- Willow, also called Leicester-Willow,
Salix Russelliana (Smith), which yields a light, elastic, tough timber,
more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin (a substitute for
quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheumatic remedy) than most
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 341
of its congeners. According to Sir H. Davy the inner layers of
the bark contain fully 16 per cent, tannin, the whole bark only about
7 per cent.
Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow.
Through a great part of South- America, southward as far as Pata-
gonia, there furnishing building timber for inside-structures. This
willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and more,
and is in moist ground of quick and ready growth. The wood is
locally much in use for yokes and other implements. Many kinds of
willows can be grown for consolidating shifting sand-ridges.
Salix Japonica, Thunberg.
Japan. Here mentioned, to draw attention to its distinctness from
S. Babylonica, to which Prof. Andersson referred it as a variety.
Salix longlfolia, Muehlenberg.
North-America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Acquires
finally a height of about 20 feet; likes to creep on sand and gravel
along river-banks. It is one of the species forming- long flexible
wythes. S. petiolaris (Smith) and S. tristis (Aiton) are among the
North-American species best fitted for binding sand.
Salix lucida, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North-America, reaching Canada. Likes
river-banks for its habitation.
Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.)
The Black Willow of North- America. It attains a height of 30
feet. One of the willows used for basket-work, although it is sur-
passed in excellence by some other species, and is more important as
a timber-willow. Mr. W. Scaling of Basford includes it among
the sorts, which he recommends in his valuable publication, " The
Willow/' London 1871.
Salix purpurea, Linne".*
Of wide range in Europe, Northern and Western Asia, extending
also to North-Africa, according to Sir. J. Hooker. The Bitter
Willow; one of the Osiers. Hardy in Norway northward to lat. 67°
56'. In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilized, it will yield
annually, four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified for the finest
work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable screens as much as 25
feet high can be reared from it in five years. In localities exposed '
to storms, willow-copses fully 40 feet high can be raised from this
species. It forms also a variety with pendent branches. It is most
valuable also for the reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich
in salicin, which collaterally can be obtained from the peelings of the
twigs, when the latter are prepared for basket-material. From Mr.
Scaling's treatise on the Willow, resting on unrivalled experience, it
will be observed, that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter
342 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Willow (also called the Rose- Willow or the Whipcord- Willow) for
game-proof hedges, the species scarcely ever being touched by cattle,
rabbits and other herbivorous animals. Not only for this reason, but
also for its very rapid growth and remunerative yield of the very best of
basket-material, he recommends it for field-hedges. Cuttings are planted
only half a foot apart and must be entirely pushed into the ground.
The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s. to 5s. for the
chain. To obtain additional strength, the shoots can be interwoven.
In rich bottoms the shoots will grow from 7 to 1 3 feet in a year. The
supply of basket-material from this willow has fallen very far short of
the demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light soil or
warp-land, but not on clay. It likes sandy loam, and will even do
fairly well on gravelly soil, but it is not so easily reared as S. triandra.
Mr. Scaling's renewed advocacy for the formation of willow-planta-
tions comes with so much force, that his advice is here given, though
condensed in a few words. Osier-plantations come into full bearing
in the third year; they bear for about ten years and then slowly
decline. The raw produce from an acre in a year averages 6 to 1\
tons, ranging from £2 10s. to £3 10s. for the ton (unpeeled).
Although 7,000 acres are devoted in Britain to the culture of basket-
willows (exclusive of spinneys and plantations for the farmer's own
use), yet in 1866 there had to be imported from the Continent 4,400
tons of willow-branches, at an expense of £44,000, while besides the
value of the made baskets imported that year was equal to that sum.
In recent years the importation into the United States of willow-
material for baskets, chairs and other utensils has, according to
Simmonds, been estimated as approaching $1,000,000. Land, com-
paratively unfit for root- or grain-crops, can be used very remunera-
tively for osier-plantations. The soft-wooded willows like to grow
in damper ground than the hard-wooded species. The best peeled
willow-branches fetch as much ac £25 for the ton. Peeling is easiest
effected by steam, by which means the material is also increased in
durability. No basket-willow will thrive in stagnant water. Osier-
plantations in humid places should therefore be drained. The cuttings
are best taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be
planted as close as one foot by one foot and a half. No part of the
cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only straight shoots may
be obtained; manuring and ploughing between the rows is thus also
facilitated, after the crop has been gathered, and this, according to
the approved Belgian method, must be done by cutting the shoots
close to the ground after the fall of the leaves. The accidental
introduction from abroad of destructive saw-flies (particularly Ne-
matus ventralis), which prey also on currant- and gooseberry-bushes,
should be guarded against.
Salix rubra, Hudson *
Throughout Europe, also in West-Asia and North- Africa; much
chosen for osier-beds. When cut down, it will make shoots eight
feet long in a season. Dr. Porcher regards it as one of the most
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
343
valuable species for work, in which unpeeled rods are used. It is
also admirably adapted for hedges. The bark is one of the best for
salicin. Considered by some as a hybrid between S. purpurea and
Su viminalis.
Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh.
Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree
reaching 40 feet. This thick-stemmed willow is worthy of a
place on banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into
baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for cattle-
fodder.
Salix triandra, Linn£.* (8. amygdalina, Linne.)
The Almond-Willow. Through nearly all Europe and extra-tropical
Asia. Height of tree at length 30 feet. It sheds its bark annually
after the third year. Likes rich loamy soil ; requires less space 'than
S. viminalis, more than S. purpurea. It is a prominent representative
of the hard- wooded basket-willows, and comprises some of the finest
varieties in use by the manufacturers. Shoots are obtainable 9 feet
long; they answer for hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and
durable. The bark contains a good deal of salicin. For basket-pur-
poses 20,000 to 30,000 cuttings can be planted on an acre, and 2,000
to 3,000 can be planted in a day by an expert; the second year's crop
is already of considerable value; at five years it comes to its prime,
the plantation holding good for 15 to 25 years. The rods for baskets
should be cut as soon as the leaves have dropped. The annual value of
a crop of basket-willows is in England from £25 to £35 per acre (Scal-
ing). The cultivation of basket-willows along railroads has proved
in cold countries one of the best protectives against snow-drifts. S.
lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between S. triandra and S. viminalis,
according to Prof. Andersson.
Salix viminalis, Linn£.
The common Osier of Europe, North- and West-Asia. Height to
30 feet. The best of basket-willows for banks, subject to occasional
inundations. It is a vigorous grower, very hardy (to lat. 67° 56' in
Norway), likes to be fed by deposits of floods or by irrigation, and
disposes readily of sewage (Scaling). One of the best for wicker-
work and hoops; when cut, it shoots up to a length of 12 feet; dis-
tinguished by the basket-makers as the soft-wooded willow; it is best
for rods requiring two years' age, but inferior to several other species
for basket-manufacture. Prof. Wiesner mentions this species among
those drawn into use for tanning purposes. S. Smithiana (Willdenow)
is a hybrid of S. vimiualis and S. caprea, and has proved one of the
best willows for copses and hedges. Its growth is very quick and its
foliage remarkably umbrageous. It would lead too far, to enumerate
even all the more important willows on this occasion. Professor
Andersson, of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous
hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these willows could be grown
to rural or technologic advantage.
344 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Salpichroma rhomboides, Miers,
Extra-tropical South-America, as far south as Magelhaen's Straits.
A half-shrub, .with good-sized berries of vinous taste (Lorentz).
Salvia Matico, Grisebach.
Sub-alpine Argentina. An important medicinal herb.
Salvia officinalis, Linne\
The Garden-Sage. South-Europe, ranging to Switzerland. En-
dures the climate of Norway to lat. 70°. A somewhat shrubby plant
of medicinal value, pervaded by essential oil. Prefers calcareous
soil. Counted also with honey-plants; enters into some condiments.
S. Sclarea (Linne), which ranges from South-Europe to Persia, is
similarly drawn into use, and was grown by Imperial order already in
the gardens of Charles the Great (E. Meyer). Among nearly half a
thousand species of this genus some are gorgeously ornamental.
SambUGUS Australis, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Southern Brazil and La Plata-States. Resembles the ordinary
elder, and is locally used for tall hedges (Dr. Lorentz).
Sambucus Canadensis, Linne.
North-Eastern America. The berries of this half-woody elder are
used, like those of Phytolacca decandra, for coloring vinous liquids.
Dr. Gibbons observes, that this species is recognised in the United
States Pharmacopoeia, and that S. Mexicana (Presl.) and S. racemosa
(Linne) possess similar medicinal properties. The flowers are gently
excitant and sudorific, the berries diaphoretic and aperient; a kind of
wine is frequently manufactured from them; the inner bark in large
doses acts as a hyrdagogue cathartic and as an emetic. S. xanthocarpa
(F. v. Mueller) is a large elder-tree of extra- tropical East- Australia.
Sambucus nigra, Linne".
The ordinary Elder. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
Endures the frosts of Norway northward to lat 66° 5' (Schuebeler).
Known to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet. The flowers
are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be obtained from them.
The wood can be utilized for shoe-pegs and other purposes of artisans.
The berries are used for coloring portwine and for other dyeing pur-
poses. The roots of the elder possess highly valuable therapeutic
properties, according to Dr. Al. Buettner.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne".
North-Eastern America. " Blood-root." A perennial herb. Hardy
to lat. 63° 26' in Norway. The root important as a therapeutic agent.
It contains also dye-principles. An excellent bee-plant (Cook).
Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poterium Sanyuisorba, Linne*.)
The Salad-Burnet. Europe, North- Africa, Northern and Western
Asia. A perennial herb, easily disseminated and naturalized, par-
ticularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and particu-
larly as a sheep-fodder.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 345
Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow.
India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed in
this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in temperate climes, free
from frost. Four pounds of leaves give nearly one pound of fibre,
which unites softness and silky lustre with extraordinary strength
and tenacity, serving in its native country particularly for bow-strings.
The plant might be left to itself for continued growth in rocky
unutilized places. Several species, South- Asiatic as well as African,
exist.
Santalum album, C. Bauhin.
India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small
or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In the
drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the wood is
generated. S. Freycinetianum (Gaudichaud) produces santal-wood
on the mountains of Hawaia up to 3,000 feet. Several other species
occur in Polynesia. The precious santal-oil is obtained by slow
. distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being about two
and a half per cent. It is worth about £3 per pound, and important
, not only for cosmetic but also for medicinal purposes. Santalum
Austro-Caledonicum (Vieillard), from New Caledonia, furnishes there
santal-wood, excellent for strength and agreeableness of odor (Sim-
monds).
Santalum cygnorum, Miquel.
South-Western Australia, where this small tree furnishes scented
santal-wood. The wood on distillation yields nearly 2 per cent, oil
(Seppelt).
Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de Candolle.)
The Quandong. Desert-country of extra-tropical Australia. The
fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As both the
succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is advisable to raise the
plant in desert-tracts. Dromedaries, according to Mr. E. Giles, feed
on the foliage.
Santalum Yasi, Seemann.
The Santal-tree of the Fiji-Islands, where it grows on dry and
rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy, and deserves, with a few
other species from the South-Sea Islands yielding scented wood, test-
culture in warm temperate regions.
Santolina Cyparissias, Linne".
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and hand-
some bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied species.
Saponaria officinalis, Linn<$.
The Soapwort or Fuller's Herb. Europe, Northern and Western
Asia. Hardy jn Norway to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A perennial
herb of some technologic interest, as the root can be employed with
advantage in some final processes of washing silk and wool, to which
Z 2
346 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
it imparts a peculiar gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring
in the least any subsequent application of the most sensitive colors.
The same purpose serves Saponaria Struthium (Loeffling) of Spain.
Sassafras officinale, Hayne.
The deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to Florida,
occurring in dry open woods. Height sometimes to 80 feet; the stem
has been known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3 feet from
the ground. It furnishes the medicinal sassafras bark and wood, and
from this again an essential oil is obtainable. The deciduous and
often jagged leaves are remarkable among those of Lauraceae; they
are used as a condiment in cookery. The root-bark contains 58 per
cent, tannin (Reinsch). The wood ranks also as a material for a
lasting dye; for turnery it is easily worked, and proved of great
resistance to the influence of water (Dr. C. Mohr).
Satureja hortensis, C. Bauhin.
The Summer-Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic oil can be
distilled; it is used also as a condiment. The culture of this and
allied plants is easy in the extreme.. This is one of about 100 kinds
of plants, which Charles the Great already ordered to be grown on
his domains or gardens (E. Meyer).
Satureja montana, Linn£.
The Winter- Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the Medi-
terranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, frequently used
as a culinary condiment along with or in place of the foregoing
species, although it is scarcely equal to it in fragrance.
Satureja Thymbra, Linne.
Countries on or near the Mediterranean Sea. . A small evergreen
bush, with the flavor almost of thyme. The likewise odorous S. Graeca,
and S. Juliana (Linne) have been transferred by Bentham to the
closely cognate genus Micromeria ; they have been in use since
•Dioscorides' time, though not representing, as long supposed, the
Hyssop of that ancient physician, which according to Sprengel and
Fraas was Origannm Smyrnaeum or some allied species.
Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.)
Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of
medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of the
ancients.
Saxono-G-otheea conspicua, Lindley.
The Mahin of Southern Chili and Patagonia. A middle-sized tree,
with fine-grained yellowish timber.
Scandix grandinora, Linne".
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb, much
liked there as a salad of pleasant aromatic taste.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 347
Schima Wallichii, Choisy.
India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of about 100
feet. Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke).
Schinus Molle,
From Mexico to Chili, ascending the Andes to about 12,750 feet.
A tree, thriving on dry and sandy soil, odorous in all its parts ; the
foliage in bouquets a good substitute for ferns and not quickly
shrivelling ; the jerking motion of leaf-fragments thrown into water
very remarkable; the somewhat spicy small fruits serving as condi-
ment. Rate of growth of tree at Port Phillip about 1 foot a year.
S. terebinthifolia (Raddi) from Brazil proved a good promenade-tree
in Victoria.
;Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees.
Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo.
A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, in the South-Sea
and Philippine-Islands, also in Madagascar. The Bamboos being
thus brought once more before us, it may be deemed advisable, to
place together in one brief list all kinds, which are recorded either as
very tall or as particularly hardy. Accordingly, from Major- General
Muiiro's admirable monography (Transactions of the Linnean Society,
1868) the succeeding enumeration is compiled, and from that masterly
essay, resting on very many years' close study of the richest collec-
tions, a few prefatory remarks are likewise offered, to vindicate the
wish of the writer of seeing these noble and graceful forms of vege-
tation largely transferred to every part of Australia, and indeed to
many other portions of the globe, where they would impress a grand
.tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in the far southern latitudes
of Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand, some Bamboos from the
Indian lowlands have proved able to resist our occasional night-
frosts of the low country ; but in colder places the many sub-alpine
species could be reared. Be it remembered, that Chusquea aristata
advances to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed
to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria racemosa and A.
spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at a zone between 10,000
.and 11,000 feet, where they are annually beaten down by snow.
Forms of Bambusacese still occur, according to Grisebach, in the
Kurilian archipelagus up to 46° N., and in Japan even to ol°. We
may further recognise the great importance of these plants, when we
reflect on their manifest industrial uses, when we consider their
grandeur for picturesque scenery, when we observe their resistance
to storms or heat, or when we watch the marvellous rapidity with
which many develop. Their seeds, though generally produced only
at long intervals, are valued in many instances higher than rice.
The ordinary great Bamboo of India is known to grow 40 feet in
forty days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. Delche-
valerie noticed the growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have
.been 1-0 inches in one night. Their power of growth is such, as to
348 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
upset stone-walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter-plants
for grazing animals these giant-reeds are most eligible. The
Bourbon-Bamboo forms an impenetrable sub-alpine belt of extra-
ordinary magnificence in that island. One of the Tenasserim-Bam-
busas rises to about 150 feet, with the mast-like cane sometimes
measuring fully one foot in diameter. The great West-Indian
Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as high and quite as columnar in
its form, while the Dendrocalamus at Pulo-Geum is equally colossal.
The Platonia-Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains of Panama
sends forth leaves occasionally 15 feet in length and 1 foot in width.
Arundinaria inacrosperma, as far north as Philadelphia, still rises to a
height of nearly 40 feet in favorable spots, and one of the Japan-
Bamboos, according to Mr. Christy, gains the height of 60 feet even in
those extra-tropical latitudes. Through perforating with artistic
care the huge canes of various Bamboos, musical sounds can be
melodiously produced, when the air wafts through the groves,
and this singular fact may possibly be turned to practice for
checking the devastations from birds on many a cultured spot.
Altogether twenty genera, with one hundred and seventy well-
marked species, are circumscribed by General Munro's con-
summate care ; but how may these treasures yet be enriched,
when once the alpine mountains of New Guinea through Bamboo
jungles have been scaled, or when the highlands on the sources of the
Nile, which Ptolemseus and Julius Caesar already longed to ascend,,
have become the territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak
of many other tropical regions as yet left unexplored ! Europe pos-
sesses no Bamboo; Australia, as far as hitherto ascertained, only three.
Almost all Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to
the fact, that none are indigenous to both hemispheres, a remark which
applies to Palms as well, with the sole exception of Cocos nucife'ra, the
nuts of which indeed may have drifted from the western to the eastern
world. All true Bambusas are Oriental. Observations on the growth
of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier FenzL
The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest
imaginable, either from seeds or the living roots. The consuls at
distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and navigating gentle-
men abroad, and particularly also many travellers could all easily aid
in transferring the various Bamboos from one country to another —
from hemisphere to hemisphere. Most plants of this kind, once well
established in strength under glass, can be trusted out in mild tem-
perate climes to permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at
the commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are hardier
than most intra-tropical plants, and the majority of them are not the
denizens of the hottest lowlands, but delight in the cooler air of
mountain-regions. Strong manuring brings some tardy flowering
Bamboos early into bloom. In selecting the following array from
General Munro's monograph, it must be noted, that it comprises only
' a limited number, and that among those, which are already to some
extent known, several as yet cannot be defined with precision in their-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 349
generic and specific relation; evidently some occur, which in ele-
gance, grace and utility surpass even many of those now specially
mentioned : —
Arthrostylidium excelsum, Grisebach. West-Indies. Height reaching
at length 80 feet, stem-diameter 1 foot.
Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Munro. Venezuela; ascends to 6,000
feet.
Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico; ascends to 7,500
feet. Height 30 feet.
Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro. Guiana; ascends to 6>000
feet. Height 60 feet.
Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height 20 feet.
Arundinaria collosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height 12 feet.
Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8,000 feet.
A tall species.
Arundinaria ffookeriana, Munro. Sikkim; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Height 15 feet.
Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini. Japan. Height
becoming 12 feet.
Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height 12 feet.
Arundinaria spathiflora, Trinius. The true " Ringal." Himalaya.
Height 30 feet. Often confounded with A. falcata.
Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 4,500 feet.
Height 15 feet.
Arundinaria tessellata, Munro. South- Africa; ascends to 6,500
feet. Height 20 feet.
Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool
regions. Tall, climbing.
Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh. Bengal to Assam. Height 70
feet.
Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height 20 feet.
Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Height reaching 120 feet, stem-circumference finally 2 feet.
Bambusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 5,000 feet.
Tall, scandent.
Bambusa nutans, Wallich. Himalaya; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3, 500 feet.
Height 50 feet.
Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burmah, in the Teak-region. Height
80 feet.
Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height 40 feet.
Bambusa Tulda, Roxburgh. Bengal to Burmah. Height 70 feet.
350 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa.
Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height 50 feet.
Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon.
Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 30 feet.
Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000
feet. Rather tall.
Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro. Burmah. Height 50 feet.
Cephalostachyum schizostachyoides, Kurz. Burmah. Height 30
feet.
Chusquea abietifolia, Grisebach. West-Indies. Tall, scandent.
Chusquea capituliflora, Trinius. South-Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Culcou, E. Desvaux. Chili. Height 20 feet. Straight.
Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height
10 feet.
Chusquea Fendleri, Munro. Central America; ascends to 12,000
feet.
Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South-Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Lorentziana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Argentina. Height
30 feet; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils and
structures.
Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chilian Andes. Height 10 feet.
Chusquea Muelleri, Munro. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Climbing.
Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall.
Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climbing,
tall.
Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height 80 feet.
Scandent.
Chusquea tenuiftora, Philippi. Chili. Height 12 feet.
Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height 20 feet.
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall.
Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height 60 feet.
Dendrocalamus Ifookeri, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height 50 feet.
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Tall.
Dinochloa Tjankorreh, Buese. Java, Philippines; ascends to
4,000 feet. Climbing.
Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height 30 feet.
Guadua capitata, Munro. South-Brazil. Height 20 feet.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 351
•Guadua macrostachya, Ruprecht. Guiana to Brazil. Height 30
feet.
Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South-Brazil; ascends to 2,000 feet.
Height 30 feet.
Guadua virgata, Ruprecht, South-Brazil. Height 25 feet.
Merostachys Clausseni, Munro. South-Brazil. Height 80 feet.
Merostachys Kunthii, Ruprecht. South-Brazil. Height 30 feet.
Merostachys ternata, Nees. South-Brazil. Height 20 feet.
JVastus Borbonicus, Gmelin. Bourbon; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Height 50 feet.
•Oxy tenant her a Abyssinica,M.{inTQ. Abyssinia to Angola; ascends
to 4,000 feet. Height 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tali,
scandent.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, Siebold and Zuccarini. Himalaya,
China and Japan. Height 12 feet.
Phyllostachys ntgra, Munro. China, Japan. Height 25 feet.
Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region.
Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
6,000 feet. Very tall.
Teinostachyum Griffithi, Munro. Tall and slender. Referred by
Kurz to Cephalostachyum.
Besides these, various others are specially enumerated in the
alphabetic sequence of this work. See index also.
Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz.
Sunda-Islands and Moluccas. Stems at length 40 feet high, very
hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar habit.
One variety has splendidly yellow stems.
Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz.
Java; at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other
Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height 25 feet;
stems ^tout. It requires renewal after flowering, like many allied
plants.
Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz.
Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bamboo-
vegetables for cookery; the young shoots, when bursting out of the
ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions as culinary
"Rebong"-Bamboos: Gigantochloa aspera, G. robusta, G. maxima,
G. atter. For ornamental culture the same meritorious writer singles
-out : Schizostachyum brachycladum, the varieties of Bambusa
352 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
vulgaris, with gaudy and glossy coloring of the stems, in contrast
with the black-stemmed species of Phyllostachys from China and
Japan.
Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel,
Sunda-Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 80 feet high, remarkably
slender.
Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel.
Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height to 35 feet; stems
slender.
Schkuhria abrotanoid.es, Roth.
From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an
insecticidal powder.
Schoenocaulon qfficinale, A. Gray. (Asa-Gray a offidnalis, Lindley; Saba-
ditta officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.)
Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless stem,
thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It furnishes the
sabadilla-seeds, and yields two alkaloids, veratrin and sabadillin;
further a resinous substance, helonin; also sabadillic and veratric acid.
The generic names adopted for this plant by Gray and by
Dierbach are coetaneous.
Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold.
The curious " Kooya-maki" or Umbrella-Fir of Japan. Becoming
140 feet high; pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts. Wood
white and compact.
S cilia esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.)
The Quamash. In the western extra- tropical parts of North-
America, on moist prairies. The onion -like bulbs in a roasted state
form a considerable portion of the vegetable food, on which the
aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe extensively live. This
is a pretty plant, and might be naturalized on moist meadows.
Scilla Fraseri, A. Gray.
The Quamash of the Eastern States of North-America. Most
prolific in the production of its bulbs, which taste somewhat like
potatoes.
Scirpus nodosus, Rottboell.
South-Africa, extra-tropic South-America, New Zealand and extra-
tropic Australia. A tufty sedge with widely creeping rhizomes,
well fitted to bind driftsand on coasts even in saline wet places
(Ch. French).
Scolymus Hispanicus, Linne".
Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea. The young roots and
tender shoots of this biennial herb serve as culinary vegetable; much.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
353
like salsify; the aged root acts as a diuretic. S. maculatus (Linne)
is a cognate annual species.
Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp.
Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr. Heldreich,
used there for a favorite salad and spinach.
Scorzonera deliciosa, Gussone.* •
Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not superior,
in its culinary use to the allied salsify.
Scorzonera Hispanica, Lhm<*.* .
Middle and Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. In Norway .hardy
to lat. 63° 26'. The root of this yellow-flowered perennial herb fur-
nishes not only a wholesome and palatable food, but also serves as a
therapeutic remedy much like dandelion. Long boiling destroys its
medicinal value (B. Clark). Some other kinds of Scorzonera may
perhaps be drawn i,uto similar use, there being many Asiatic species;
they should be cultivated as annuals. The leaves of some may be
used as salad.
Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas.
On the Volga and in Turkestan, in sandy desert country * This
species also yields an edible root, and so perhaps the Chinese S.
albicaulis (Bunge), the Persian S. Scowitzii (Candolle), the North -
African S. undulata (Vahl), the Greek S. ramosa (Sibthorp), the
Russian S. Astrachanica, the Turkish S. semicana (Candolle), the
Iberian S. lanata (Bieberstein). At all events, careful culture may
render some of them valuable esculents.
Scutia Indica, Brogniart.
Southern Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn's recommendation, might
be utilized as a thorny hedge-shrub.
Sebsea ovata, R Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little annual
herb can be utilized for its bitter tonic principle (Gentian-bitter). S.
albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species from somewhat saline
ground. These plants get disseminated most readily, but are unac-
ceptable to stock. S. crassulifolia (Chamisso) and Chironia baccifera
(Linne) serve for the same therapeutic purposes in South-Africa
(McOwan).
Secale cereale, Linn£.
The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in Afghanistan, and, as
recently noted by Dr. A. von Regel, also in Turkestan. Mentioned
as one of the hardiest of all grain-plants for sub-arctic and sub-alpine
regions. In Norway it can be grown as far north as lat. 69° 30'
(Schuebeler). There are annual and biennial varieties, while
a few allied species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or
cereal culture, are perennial. The rye, though not so nutritious
'354 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
as wheat, furnishes a most wholesome well-flavored bread,
which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in Middle
and Northern Europe and Asia. This cereal moreover can be reared
in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat will no longer thrive. In
produce of grain, rye is not inferior to wheat in colder countries,
while the yield of straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive.
It is not readily subject to disease, and can be grown on some kinds
of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The sowing must not be effected
•at a period of much wetness. Wide sand-tracts would be uninhabi-
table, if it were not for the ease of providing human sustenance from
this grateful corn. It dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the
best grain. It is a very remarkable fact, that for ages in some tracts
of Europe rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to year
without interruption. In this respect rye stands favorably alone
among alimentary plants. It also furnishes in cold countries the
earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr. Sonder observed
in cultivated turf-heaths with much humus, that the spikelets pro-
duce three or even four fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield
as many as eighty beautiful seeds. Langethal recommends for argil-
laceous soils a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united
crops furnishing grain .for excellent bread. When the rye grains
get attacked by Cordyceps purpurea (Fries) or similar species of
fungs, it becomes dangerously unwholesome; but then also a very
important medicinal substance — namely Ergot — is obtained. The
biennial Wallachian variety of rye can be mown or depastured prior
to the season of its forming grain. In alpine regions Wallachian rye
is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of the pine-seedlings in the first
year. Rye-grain is also extensively used for the distillation of gin.
Rye-straw serves as paper-material.
Sechmm edule, Swartz.
Central America. The Chocho or Chayota. The large starchy
root of this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while
the good-sized fruits are also edible. The fruit often germinates
before it drops. The plant bears even in the first year, and may
ripen one hundred fruits in a year. It comes to perfection in the
warmer parts of the temperate zone.
Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Mueller. (Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch. and Schl.)
South-Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A. nion-
tana (Ecklon and Zeyher), a closely allied plant, yields likewise an
edible root; and so it is with a few other species of the section
Anesorrhiza.
Selago leptostachya, E. Meyer.
South-Africa. There an excellent bush for sheep-pastures in the
Karro-grounds, reproduced spontaneously with great readiness from
dropping seeds, and maintaining itself also by the running stems. It
is the " W^aterfinder" of the Orange-river regions, indicating generally
humidity beneath the ground (McOwan).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 355
Selinum Monnieri, Linn<$.
Eastern- Asia, preferring moist places. An annual herb, praised by
the Chinese as valuable for medicinal purposes.
Sequoia sempervirens, Eiidlicher.* (Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert.)
Red Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North- Western America, chiefly
California. One of the most colossal trees of the globe, exceptionally
becoming 360 feet high, occasionally with a stem-diameter of 55 feet-
Likes humidity of soil, particularly in its early youth (Prof. Meehan)-
The wood is reddish, soft, easily split, very durable, but light and
brittle. The timber of mission-buildings one hundred years old are
still quite sound. The growth of this tree is about 32 feet in sixteen
years. The tree is often found on metamorphic sandstone. It
luxuriates in the cool dampness of sea-fogs. Shinn describes these
Sequoias as rugged shafts, rising like huge monolithic columns,
crowned with downward curving branches of shining green. Dr,
Gibbons writes, that this tree forms forests along the coast-range for
a distance of about 200 miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The wood is
suitable for external as well as internal finish. It constitutes almost
the sole material for weather-boarding along the Californian coast;,
and for fence-posts, foundations of buildings and railway- sleepers it
is almost the only material used there. Is also susceptible of a
splendid polish for furniture; is largely sawn into boards and shingles,
furnishing in California the cheapest lumber. Stem bare for 100 feet
or more; when cut, sending suckers from the root for renovation.
Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest stems some of 33 feet diameter at
3 feet from the ground. The foliage of this Sequoia is much like
that of a Fir or Abies, while the foliage of the following species is
more resembling that of a Spruce or Picea.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* ( Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley; Sequoia
gigantea, Decaisne not Endlicher.)
Mammoth-tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea. This,
the biggest of all trees, attains a stem-length of 320 feet and a cir-
cumference of 112 feet, the age of the oldest trees being estimated at
1,100 years. The total height of a tree has been recorded as occa-
sionally 450 feet, but such heights have never been confirmed by
actual clinometric measurements of trees existing now. A stem
broken at about 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is
soft and white when felled; afterwards it turns red; it is very dur-
able. Traditional accounts seem to have overrated the height of the
Mammoth-tree. In the Calveras-grove two of the largest trees,
which may have been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two
highest now existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high,
with a circumference of 45 feet and 40 feet at 6 feet from the
ground. At the Mariposa-grove the highest really measured trees
are 272, 270 and 260 feet high; but one of these has the enormous
circumference of 67 feet at 6 feet from the ground, while another, the
height of which is not recorded, is 93 feet in girth at the ground, and
-356 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
64 feet at 11 feet from it; the branches of this individual tree are as
thick as the stems of large elms. The elevation of Calveras is about
• 4,760 feet above sea-level. A stump 33 feet in diameter is known at
Yosemite. According to Dr. Gibbons this giant of the forest has a far
wider range, than was formerly supposed, Mr. John Muir having shown,
that it stretches over nearly 200 miles at an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000
feet. From the Calveras to the King-River it occurs in small and
isolated groves, but from the latter point south to Deer-Creek, a
distance of about 70 miles, there are almost unbroken forests of this
noble tree. Growth of the tree about 2 feet avear under ordinary
culture, much more in damp forest-glens, professor Schuebeler
found it to endure the climate of Norway northward to lat. 61° 15'.
Both Sequoias produce shoots from the root after the stem is cut
away. The genus Sequoia can be reduced to Athrotaxis, as shown
by Bentham and J. Hooker.
Sesanrtirn Indicum,
The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastward to Japan, origi-
nating according to A. de Candolle in the Sunda-Islands. This
annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude in Japan. The
oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the best for table-use
and free from any unpleasant taste; it congeals far less readily than
olive-oil. There are varieties of this plant with white, red and black
seeds; the latter is the earliest and richest, but gives a darker oil.
Yield 45 to 50 per cent. oil. Nearly a million acres are under culti-
vation with this plant in the Madras-Presidency. The export of the
oil from Bangkok in 1870 was valued, according' to Simmonds, at
£183,000; the market value is from 25s. to 35s. per cwt. The plant
still succeeds at Malta and at Gaza, and is much grown in Turkey.
Parched and pounded, the seeds make a rich soup. In Greece the
seeds are often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advantages of the
culture of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. The
soot of the oil is used for China-ink.
Sesbania aculeata, Persoon.
The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and
Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for desert-
regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets and cordage, valued at
from £30 to £40 per ton. Several congeneric plants can be equally
well utilized.
Sesbania JEgyptiaca, Persoon.
Africa, Southern Asia, Northern and Central Australia, ranging to
33° north in Afghanistan and to 33° south on the Darling-River,
ascending to 4,000 feet in the Himalayas. The foliage of this tall
perennial herb and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa (F. v. M.)
serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of. According to
Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as the seeds, are nutritious,
wholesome and of pleasant taste.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 357
Sesbania cannabina, Persoon.
South- Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet localities,
requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise than the Jute-plant.
The crop for fibre ripens in about five months. Regarded by Baker
as a variety of S. aculeata, in which case S. cannabina would claim
the right of priority for its specific name.
Sesbania grandiflora, Persoon.
North-Western Australia to the verge of the tropics, Indian Archi-
pelagus. Called in Australia the Corkwood-tree; valuable for various
utilitarian purposes. The red-flowered variety is grandly ornamental.
Dr. Roxburgh recommends the leaves and young pods as an exquisite
spinage. The plant is shy of frost.
•Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.*
Many parts of Europe, but not in the far northern regions, though
in Scotland ascending to 2,500 feet. Of this perennial grass Langethal
observes, that it is for dry and loose limestone what Elymus arenarius
is for loose sand. It stands depasturing by sheep well, and is one of
the earliest grasses of the season.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linne".
All round the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tropical
countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port Jackson. A
perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt on the edges of sea-
coasts.
Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall.
The Buffalo-Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson's Bay. This
bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries.
Shorea robusta, Gaertner.
The Sal-tree. India, up to about 3,000 feet. It attains as a
maximum a height of 150 feet and a stem -girth of 25 feet. Foliage
evergreen; leaves annual. One of the most famed of Indian timber
trees, likes a rather humid clime (about 70 inches rain), thrives in
annual extremes of temperature from the freezing point to about 100° F.
Drs. Stewart and Brandis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly
and shingly ground, where loose water- transmitting soils are mixed
with a large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic conditions
within a Sal-area may be expressed as — mean annual rainfall, 40 to
100 inches; mean temperature, in the cool season 55° to 77°, in the
hot season 77° to 85° F. The heartwood is dark-brown,' coarse-
grained, hard, very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure,
the fibres interlaced. It requires careful seasoning, otherwise it will
rend and warp. For buildings, river-boats and railway-sleepers it
is the most important timber of North-India. It exudes a pale,
aromatic, dammar-like resin. The Tussa-silkworm derives food from
this tree.
358 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (8. lactifera, Heyne.)
India, abounding in Mysore, where South-European fruits prosper.
On this tree also the Lac-insect lives. It furnishes a peculiar dammar.
Sison Amomum, Linn£.
Middle and Southern Europe. An herb of one or two years'
duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can be used
for condiment.
Smilax bona I1OX, Linn£. (8. tamnoicres, A. Gray.)
Southern States of North- America and Mexico. The young shoots
of this, of S. laurifolia (L.) and some others are edible.
Smilax China, Linne".
Japan and China. Stems of medicinal value; in its native country
the young shoots used for food.
Smilax glauca, Walter.
Southern States of North- America, extending into Mexico. One
of the Sarsaparilla-plants, regarded by Dr. Porcher of undoubted
medicinial efficacy, both sudorific and alterative, containing much
smilacin; it likes rich soil.
Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Mexico. This plant produces mainly the Sarsaparilla-root of that
country. It is one of the richest in smilacin.
Smilax officinalis, Humboldt.
New Granada and other parts of Central America. This climbing
shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian sarsaparilla, S.
syphilitica (Willdenow) yields some Brazilian sarsaparilla, S. febri-
fuga (Kunth) the Purhampui-sarsaparilla of Peru.
Smilax papyracea, Duhamel.
Guiana to Brazil. The original of the principal supply of Brazilian
sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although several others of this
genus, largely represented in Brazil, may yield the medicinal root
also, so S. Brasiliensis (Sprengel). In warm humid gullies of the
temperate zone these plants would probably succeed in establishing
themselves. Smilax Australis (R. Brown) extends from the tropical
coast-parts of Australia to East-Gippsland. Neither this, nor the
East- Australian S. glycyphylla (Smith), nor the New Zealand Ripo-
gonum scaudens (Forster), has ever been subjected to accurate
therapeutic tests, and the same may be said of numerous other
Smilaces, scattered through the warmer countries of the globe. Even
the Italian sarsaparilla, which is derived from the Mediterranean S.
aspera (Linne), has been introduced into medicine.
Smilax Pseudo-China, Linnd.
South-Eastern States of North-America. This climber likes
swampy banks of streams for its habitation. Serves as sarsaparilla
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 359
locally. The round root is starchy, and when boiled edible ; the
young shoots serve as asparagus (Dr. Porcher).
Smilax rotundifolia, Lhm<$.
Eastern States of North-America, extending to Canada. A prickly
climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made of
the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes. It is estimated, that nearly
three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a year. The
reed-portion of these pipes is generally prepared from Alnus serrulata
(Willdenow) according to Professor Meehan.
Smilax rubiginosa, Grisebach.
South-Brazil and La Plata- States. The roots of this and S. cam-
pestris are there employed as sarsaparilla (Prof. Hieronymus).
Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linn<$.
The Alisander. Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
A biennial herb, which raw or boiled can be utilized in the manner
of celery. The roots and fruitlets serve medicinal purposes.
Solanum Aculeastrum, Dunal.
South- Africa. Recommended for hedges as one of the tallest
species of this genus, and as armed with the most formidable
prickles.
Solanum ^thiopicum, Linn£.
Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account of its
edible berries, which are large, red, globular and uneven. The plant
is annual.
Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphomandra betacea, Sendtner.)
Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as Buenos
Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea, for the sake of
its tomato-like berries. Bears about five months each year, and fruits
in the second season already. The berries can be eaten raw, when
quite ripe, and are of pleasant taste (Morris).
Solanum cardiophyllum, Lindley.
Central Mexico. A Potato-Solanum with naturally large tubers.
Solanum Commersonii, Dunal.
La Plata- States, in rocky arid situations at a low level. Also a
Pota to- S olanum.
Solanum Dulcamara, Linn£.
Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia, indigenous in Norway to
lat. 66° 32'. A trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The
stems are used in medicine, and contain two alkaloids: dulcamarin
and solanin. Concerning these ample information is given by Huse-
mann and Hiiger in their large work " Pflanzenstoffe " (1884).
2 A
360 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning.
Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and edible.
How far this species is hardy remains to be ascertained.
Solanum Gilo, Raddi.
Tropical America ; much cultivated there for the sake of its large,
spherical, orange-colored berries, which are eatable.
Solanum Guinense, Lamarck.
Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this shrub
serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for silk.
Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire.
Southern Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving trial-culture.
Solanum Jamesii, Torrey.
Mountains of the South- Western States of North- America and of
Mexico. A potato-bearing species, with small tubers, on which
however continued cultural care may improve. See Mr. J. G.
Baker's review of the tuber-bearing species of Solanum in the
Journal of the Linnean Society 1884.
Solanum Lycopersicum, Linne\* (Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller.)
The Tomato. South- America, particularly Peru. Annual. Several
varieties exist, differing in shape and color of the berries. It is one
of the most eligible plants with" esculent fruits for naturalization in
desert-countries. As well known, the tomato is adapted for various
culinary purposes. Export of berries from Bermuda alone in 1871
as much as 672 tons (Sir J. Lefroy). Tomato-foliage may be placed
round fruit-trees, like the equally poisonous potato-leaves, to prevent
the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb serves also as an
insecticide for syringing, as first adopted for Mr. Sircy.
Solanum macrocarpum, Linne".
Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries are of
the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S. Thonningi (F. Jacquin)
from Guinea, is a nearly related plant. S. calycinum (Mocino and
Sesse) from Mexico is also allied.
Solanum Maglia, Molina.
From Chili to the Chonos-Archipelagus along the shores. A
Potato-Solanum with naturally large tubers.
Solanum Melongena, Linne". (S. ovigerum, Dunal; S. esculentum, Dunal.)
The Egg-Plant. Arabia. Ripening still at Christiania like the
tomato. A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an
annual. The egg-shaped large berries are known under the name of
Aubergines, Bringals or Begoons as culinary esculents. Prepared in
France like an omelette. The seeds will keep for several years.
Allied plants are S. insanum (L.), S. longum (Roxb.), S. serpentinum
(Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), S. ferox (L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 361
(Blume), S. album (Dour.), which all bear large berries, considered
harmless; but all may not represent well-marked species. Absolute
ripeness of all such kinds of fruit is an unavoidable requisite, as other-
wise even wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Pro-
bably many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the genus
Solanum may offer yet good-sized edible berries. Seeds keep 7 years.
Solarium muricatum, L'Heritier.
•The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species, yielding egg-shaped edible
berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a length of
6 inches.
Solanum oxycarpum, Schiede.
Central Mexico. A species with very small tubers only in its wild
state, which culture may however further develop.
Solanum Quitoense, Lamarck.
Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble small
oranges in size, color and even somewhat in taste, and are of .a peculiar
fragrance. To this S. Plumierii (Dunal) from the West-Indian Islands
is also cognate, as well as S. Topiro (Kunth) from the Orinoco-
region.
Solanum torvum, Swartz.
From the West-Indies to Peru. A shrubby species with yellow
spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome. Other
species from tropical America have shown themselves sufficiently
hardy, to induce us to recommend the test-culture of such kinds of
plants. Many of them are highly curious and ornamental. S. sisym-
brifolium (Lamarck) of South- America, where it becomes extra-
tropical, also yields edible berries.
Solanum tuberosum, Linn£.*
The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili and
Peru, but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Bolivia,
Ecuador and Columbia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory,
and extends northward into the United States and Mexico, in its
variety boreale (S. Fendleri, Gray). In Norway it can be grown as
far north as 71° 7' (Schuebeler). From some varieties of potatoes
three crops may be obtained within a year in regions free from frost.
In rich coast-lands of Victoria as much as 14 tons of potatoes have
been taken from an acre in a single harvest. As a starch-plant, the
potato interests us on this occasion particularly. Considering its
prolific yield in rich soil, we possess as yet too few factories for
potato-starch. The average yield is 10 per cent. Great Britain im-
ported in 1884 about 14,000 tons of dry yeast, for the manufacture of
which potato-starch is largely used, at a value of £777,000. The
starch, by being heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted
into dextrin and dextro-glucose for many purposes of the arts.
Dextrin, as a substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting
2 A 2
362 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
potato-starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may be
largely produced from the tubers. The berries and shoots contain
solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks, " So far as its foliage is con-
cerned, it is a lime-plant; as regards its tuber a potash-plant/' Lange-
thal says, " It surpasses in easy range of cultivation all other root-
crops; its culture suppresses weeds and opens up the soil, besides
preparing the land for cereals." Seeds of the potato-berries should
be sown in adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most
formidable potato-disease of the last thirty years, from the Peronos-
pora infestans, seems to have originated from the use of objectionable
kinds of guano, with the introduction of which the murrain was con-
temporaneous; along with this fung the Fucisporium Solani works
almost constantly its mischief also ; to destroy their hibernating
spores, all vegetable remnants on potato-fields must be burnt (W. G.
Smith). The foliage of potato-plants, when thickly placed under
trees or shrubs infected by blights, checks materially the spread of
insects, which cause the disease. The most destructive potato-grub
is Lita Solanella. The Colorado-beetle, injurious to the potato-crop
in North-America, is Doryphora decemlineata. See in reference to
nativity Sir Joseph Hooker's notes on the wild forms of the potato-
plant in the Flora Antarctica, II., 329-332. The plant in one of its
wild states (S. Fendleri) in New Mexico and Arizona is said to endure
a temperature of zero.
Solanum Uporo, Dunal.
In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large red
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like tomatoes. Proves
hardy at Port Phillip. The leaves, macerated in cold water, render it
quickly mucilaginous, and the liquid thus obtained is regarded as
valuable against dysentery (Rob. MacDougall).
Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller.
The Gunyang. South-Eastern Australia, extending to Tasmania.
A shrub, yielding edible berries, which need however to be fully ripe
for securing absence of deleterious properties.
Sophora Japonica, Linne.*
A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the Laburnum,
at length 60 feet high. Hardy in Middle Europe. Wood hard and
compact, valued for turners' work. All parts of the plant purgative;
the flowers rich in yellow dye, used for silk. The variety pendula,
desirable for cemeteries, when trained as a creeper, has few rivals in
handsomeness.
Sophora tetraptera, J. Miller.
New Zealand, Lord Howe's Island, Juan Fernandez Island, Chili,
Patagonia. The " Pelu " of the latter countries. A small tree with
exceedingly hard and durable wood, which can be used for cog-
wheels and other select structures. Trunk exceptionally attaining a
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 363
diameter of three feet. The wood differs much from that of S.
Tomairo of the Easter-Island (Dr. Philippi).
Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.
Eastern part of North- America, there often called Prairie-grass.
A perennial grass of fresh- water swamps; it can be utilized for fodder,
and its value as paper- material seems almost equal to that of Esparto.
Emits shoots copiously, hence is recommended by Bouche for binding
maritime driftsands, covering the ground densely with its persistent
rigid foliage.
Spartina juncea, Willdenow.
Salt-marshes of North- America. A grass with creeping roots; it
can be utilized to bind moist sand on coasts. A tough fibre can
readily be obtained from the leaves. S. polystachya (Willdenow) is
a stately grass, adapted for saline soil; it is also a North- American
grass. S. juncea and S. cynorsuroides extend to Canada (J.
Macoun).
Spartina stricta, Roth.
The Twin- spiked Cord -grass. Countries on the Mediterranean
Sea, extending to Britain and also to North-America. A rigid peren-
nial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing and rendering solid
any mud-flats on low shores and at the mouths of rivers; only suitable
for brackish ground.
Spartium junceuni, Linne".
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, thence to the Canary
Islands, Styria and Persia. The flowers of this bush provide a
yellow dye. A textile fibre can be separated from the branches.
Spergula arvensis, Linne".
All Europe, North- Africa, West-Asia. This annual herb, though
easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here mentioned for the desir-
able completeness of this enumeration. The tall variety with large
seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be chosen with advantage for the
commencement of tillage on any sandy soil too poor for barley. It
takes up the land only for about two months, if grown for green
fodder, and as such much increases the yield of milk. It serves also
for admixture to hay (Langethal). It is one of the earliest of fodder-
plants, and imparts a particularly pleasant taste to butter.
Spigelia Marylandica, Linne\
The "Pinkroot" of North-Eastern America, north to Pennsylvania
and Wisconsin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring cautious
administration as a vermifuge. S. anthelmia, L., is an annual
pretty plant of tropical America, and possesses similar medicinal pro-
perties, in which probably some others of the many species likewise
share.
364 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin.
South- America. Inaptly called the "Para-Cress." An annual
herb of considerable pungency, used as a medicinal salad.
Spinacia oleracea, Linne".
Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary annual of
rapid growth. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70° 4' (Sclmebeler).
It has a mild aperient property, like several species of Chenopodium.
Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer- and the Winter-
Spinach, the former less inclined to run into seed, but also less hardy.
The seeds are found by Burbridge and Vilmorin to retain their vitality
for about five years.
Spinacea tetrandra, Steven. . -.
The " Schamum." From the Caucasus and Persia to Turkestan
and Afghanistan. Also an annual'and unisexual plant like the pre-
ceding, with which it has equal value, though it is less known. A-
de Candolle surmises, that it may be the original parent of the
Spinage-plant.
Spinifex hirsutllS, La Billardiere.
On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly valuable
for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots; deserving transfer
to other parts of toe world.
Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown.
On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia.
Available like the former.
Spinifex paradoxus, Bentham.
Central Australia. Not unimportant as a large perennial fodder-
grass on sand-ridges, and remarkable for its endurance of protracted
drought and extremely high temperature (Flierl).
Spinifex squarrosus, Linne".
India. Useful for binding sand. Tenuant remarks, that the radiating
heads become detached when the seed is matured, and are carried by
the wind along the sand, over the surface of which they are impelled
by their elastic spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The
heads are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the upper-
most spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried across narrow
estuaries, to continue the process of embanking beyond on any newly
formed sandbars.
Spondias dulcis, G. Forster.
Polynesia, perhaps also Philippine Islands. This noble tree is
introduced into this indicative list, with a view of showing the
desirability, that trials should be instituted as regards the culture of
the various good fruit-bearing species of this genus, one of which, S.
Solandri (Bentham), crosses the tropical circle in East- Australia.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 365
The lamented Dr. Seemaun saw S. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes
it as laden with fruits of agreeable apple-flavor, called " Wi," some
attaining over 1 Ib. weight.
Spondias mangifera, Willdenow.
Continental and insular India, ascending the Himalayas to about
5,000 feet. A small tree with deciduous foliage and edible fruit, the
latter of the size of a small mango.
Sporobolus Virginicus, R. Brown.
Warmer regions of both hemispheres. A perennial grass, which
will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and keep perfectly
green after three or four months' drought. In Jamaica horses become
rapidly and astonishingly fat while feeding upon this grass ( Jenman).
S.Indicus, S.purpurascens (Hamilton) and S. Jacquemonti(Kunth) are
also highly spoken of as pasture-grasses in the West-Indian Islands.
Several other congeners deserve attention, but S. elongatus (Brown),
though a very resisting grass, is rather too hard for fodder-purposes.
Stenopetalum nutans, F. v. Mueller.
Central Australia. An excellent annual herb for sheep-pastures,
disseminating itself over the ground readily (Rev. H. Kempe). The
naturalization of other species, all Australian, might be effected in
arid hot sandy deserts.
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck.* (S. glabrum, Trinius.)
South- Asia, North- Australia, Africa, warmer countries of America;
not known as really indigenous from any part of Europe. Here
called the Buffalo-grass. It is perennial, creeping, and admirably
adapted for binding sea-sand and river-banks, also for forming garden -
edges, and for establishing a grass-sward on lawns much subjected to
traffic; it is besides of some value on pastures, and is one of the best
of shade-grasses also, though not particularly nutritious. It kept alive
in the hottest and driest regions of Central Australia, where it was
first introduced by the writer of this work; it endures also some
frost, even the tender portions of its blade, and has shown itself
adapted for recently reclaimed swamp-land. The chemical analysis,
instituted late in spring, gave the following results: — Water, 80'25;
albumen, 0'50; gluten, 5-44; starch, 0*08; gum, 1-60; sugar, 1-60;
fibre, 10-53 (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). It consolidates rolling
sands into a firm pasture-turf. It was this grass, which Mr. John C.
Bell reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of
the Island of Ascension; and it was there, where Australian Acacias
took the lead, to establish wood-vegetation and to secure permanency
of drinking water. S. subulatum (Triuius) is a closely allied grass
of New Guinea and some of the adjoining islands.
Sterculia Carthaglnensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.)
South-Brazil. This and some other South- American species furnish
seeds of almond-like taste.
366 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Sterculia nobilis, Smith.
From India to China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The rather
large seeds can be used as chestnuts in a roasted state.
Sterculia quadrifida, R. Brown.
Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be naturalized
in rich and humid forest-regions within mild climes. It is the
" Calool " of the natives. The black seeds are of filbert- taste, like
those of some other Sterculice. As many as eleven of the brilliantly
scarlet large fruitlets may occur in a cluster, and each of them may
contain as many as ten or eleven seeds (Ch. Fawcett). The fruit is
almost alike to that of, S. nobilis in size and color.
Sterculia urens, Roxburgh.
India, extending to the north-western provinces, to Assam and
Ceylon. A tree with deciduous foliage; likes dry, rocky, hilly
situations. This and S. urceolata (Smith), from the Moluccas and
Sunda-Islands, produce edible seeds, and may prove hardy in mild
extra-tropical regions. The same may be said of S. foetida (Linne),
which extends from India to tropical Africa and North-Australia.
Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon.
Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, also in the southern extremity
of New Zealand, and also in Macquarie's Island, luxuriating in a
frigid zone and in exposed, boisterous localities. An herbaceous
plant with long roots, which are saccharine, and served some wrecked
people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The plant is recom-
mended here for further attention, as it may prove through culture
a valuable addition to the stock of culinary vegetables of cold
countries. Herbage liked by some pasture-animals.
Stipa aristiglumis, F. v. Mueller.
South-Eastern Australia, in the dry inland -regions. Graziers con-
sider this perennial grass as very fattening and as yielding a large
quantity of feed. Its celerity of growth is such that, when it springs
up, it will grow at the rate of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle
and sheep are extremely fond of it. It ripens seeds in little more than
two months, should the season be favorable.
Stipa tenacissima, Linne*.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.)
The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North-Africa,
ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This grass has become
celebrated for some years, having already afforded a vast quantity
of material for British paper-mills. In 1884 Great Britain imported
of Esparto and other vegetable fibres for paper-mills 184,000 tons,
representing a value of £1,128,ODO. It is tall and perennial, and
would prove a valuable acquisition anywhere, inasmuch as it lives on
any kind of poor soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel, as well
as on clayey, calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very brink
of the coast. Possibly the value of some Australian grasses, allied to
in Extra- Tropical Countries 367
the Atocha, may in a like manner become commercially established;
and mainly with this view paper-samples of several grass-kinds were
prepared by the writer. (Vide " Report Industrial Exhibition, Mel-
bourne, 1867.") Even in the scorching heat and the forbidding sands
of the Sahara-region the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be
destined, to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any
arid places of desert-tracts, particularly where lime and gypsum exist.
The very tenacious fibre resists decay, and is much employed for the
manufacture of ropes, also for baskets, mats, hats and other articles.
During 1870 the export of Esparto-ropes into England was 18,500
tons, while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000 tons was
imported. Extensive culture of this grass has commenced in the
south of France. It is pulled once a year, in the earlier part of the
summer. The propagation can be effected from seeds, but is done
usually by division of the root. 10 tons of dry Esparto, worth from
£4 to £5 each, can be obtained from an acre under favorable cir-
cumstances. The supply has fallen short of the demand. Good
writing-paper is made from Esparto without admixture; the process
is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The price of Esparto-paper
ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa arenaria (Brotero) is a
closely allied and still taller species, confined to Spain and Portugal.
Consul W. P. Marks deserves great praise for having brought the
Atocha into commercial and manufactural recognition. In some
places it passes under the name " Alfa." Mr. Christy notes, that half
its weight consists of fibre, fit for paper-mills. Stipa pennata,
S. capillata and S. elegantissima will grow in pure sand, are pretty
for bouquets, must however be kept away from pasture-lands.
Streblus asper, Loureiro.
South-Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live fences, in
being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.
Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz.
South-Eastern North-America, West-Indies. A perennial herb,
possessing valuable medicinal properties (Dr. E. Sell).
Styrax officinalis, Linn£.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small tree.
The fragrant solid storax-resin exudes from this plant, or is particu-
larly obtained by pressure of the bark.
Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach.)
Widely dispersed over the higher mountain-regions of India. A
perennial herb, considered as one of the bes* tonics; it possesses also
febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its administration in the form
of an infusion, prepared with cold water, is the best. Besides S.
elegans (Wallich) and some of the other Upper Indian, Chinese and
Japanese species probably deserve equal attention. Hanbury and
Fliickiger mention as chiratas or chirettas of Indian bazaars : S.
368 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
angustifolia (D. Don), S. densifolia (Grisebach) and S. multiflora
(Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andrographis. All come
from the cooler uplands,
Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn£.*
The Mahogany-tree of the West-Indies, extending naturally to
Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous tree
seems not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it ascends
to 3,000 feet. It reaches a considerable height, and the stem a
diameter of 6 or 7 feet, indicating a very great age. Sir William
Hooker counted 200 wood-rings in a block of 4 feet width, which may
not however indicate as many years of age. The importation of
Mahogany-wood into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to
62,000 tons at a value of £562,000.
Symphytum officinale, Linne.*
The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb. The
root is utilized chiefly in veterinary practice.
Symphytum peregrinum, Ledebour.*
The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus and Persia. The growth of this
hardy plant may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine-culture.
The Hon. Arthur Holroyd of Sydney has recently devoted a special
publication to this plant. He quotes on seemingly good authority the
return of foliage even in the first year as 20 tons to the acre, in the
second year 50 tons, and every year after the astonishing quantity of
80 to even 120 tons on richly manured land. Anyhow this herb
yields a nutritive and relished foliage in rapid and continuous
reproduction. It is likewise recommended for green manure. Dr.
Curl observed it to grow well in the moist climate of New Zealand
during the hottest and driest as well as coldest weather. Fit
especially for sub-alpine country. Dr. Voelcker found much mucilage
but little sugar in this plant. The massive root, known to penetrate
to a great depth, sometimes to fully 9 feet, sustains the plant in vigor,
allowing it to be cut almost throughout the year. The propagation
is easy from root-cuttings, difficult from seeds; 4,000 of the former to
an acre; it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers moist
and even boggy land. In tropical countries cattle have a predilection
for it; there it likes shade. The likewise borragineous Cynoglossum
Morrisonii (De Candolle), of North America, yields three cuttings
annually. Horses and cattle relish it. It ought to be naturalized
along swamps, lagoons and river-banks. It can be dried for hay.
Finally it is recommended as a plant for game. It ought to suit well
for ensilage.
Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich.
Himalayas, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr. Stewart,
the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this tree. Two allied
species occur spontaneously in the forests of East- Australia far south,
many in Southern Asia, several in tropical America.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 369
Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore. (Metrosideros ylomulifera, Smith.)
Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name, Turpentine-
tree; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great thickness, to
30 feet in girth; rather of quick growth; well adapted to shade road-
sides. The wood is very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet-
making, as it takes a high polish (Hartmann) ; extremely durable, of
excellent qualities (A. McDowall).
Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.
New South Wales and South-Queensland. This tall evergreen
tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys on account
of its rose-colored easily worked wood. Some species of Dysoxylon
of East-Australia also produce rose-wood, for instance, D. Fraseranum
(Bentbam), of New South Wales, a tree reaching 100 feet in height
and 3 feet in stem-diameter, with fragrant wood, and D. Muelleri
(Bentham), 80 feet high; the wood of the last mentioned species is of
a rich color, valuable for cabinet-work, and fetches in Brisbane £3
to £4 per 1,000 feet (W. Hill).
Tacca pinnatiflda, G. Forster.
From India to tropical Australia and Polynesia, also in Madagas-
car. This perennial plant will live even on sand-shores. From the
tubers of this herb the main supply of the Fiji-arrowroot is prepared.
It is not unlikely that this plant will endure a temperate clime. The
Tacca-starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly used in
cases of dysentery and diarrhoea. Its characteristics are readily
recognized under the microscope. Several other kinds of Tacca are
distinguished, but their specific limits are not yet we'll ascertained.
From the leaves and flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited..
A Tacca, occurring in Hawaia, yields a large quantity of the so-called
arrowroot exported thence. Other species (including those of Atac-
cia) occur in India, Guinea, Guiana and North-Brazil, all deserving
tests in reference to their hardiness and their value as starch-plants.
Tag-etes glanduligera, Schranck.
South-America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. Pren-
tice to be pulicifugous.
Talinum patens, Willdenow.
From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb, which
might easily be naturalized on coast- and river-rocks. It furnishes
the "Puchero" vegetable. The Talinum-species can all be placed
well enough into the genus Claytonia.
Tamarindus Indica, Linn^.
Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent, large, expansive tree
ranges northward to Egypt, and was found in North-Western Aus-
tralia by the writer of this list; reaches a very great age. Final stem-
girth of 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur, according
to Brandis, with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated here not without
370 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
hesitation, to suggest trials of its acclimation in regions of the tem-
perate zone with a warm, humid and equable temperature. The acid
pulp of the pods forms the medicinal tamarind, rich in formic and
butyric acid, irrespective of its other contents.
Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh.
India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding newly
formed river-banks, even in saline soil.
Tamarix Gallica, Linne".*
Southern Europe, Northern and tropical Africa, Southern and
Eastern Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet; hardy still at
Christiania. Attains a height of 30 feet in Algeria, according to
Cosson. This shrub or small tree adapts itself in the most extra-
ordinary manner to the most different localities. It will grow alike in
water and the driest soil, also in salty ground, and is one of the most
grateful and tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from
cuttings, which strike root as easily as a willow, and push forth stems
with unusual vigor. Hence it is one of the most eligible bushes for
planting on coast-sand, to stay its movements, or for lining embank-
ments. Furnishes material for a superior charcoal (W. H. Colvill)
and various implements (Brandis). Planted much in cemeteries. In
Australia first largely sent out by the writer.
Tamarix Germanica, Linne".
Europe and Western Asia, ascending to about 15,000 feet in the
Himalayas; hardy in Norway to lat. 70° 20' (Schuebeler). Likewise
available for arresting the ingress of shifting sand, particularly in
moist places, also for solidifying precipitous river-banks. The allied
T. elegans (Myricaria elegans, Royle) attains a height of 20 feet.
Tamarix orientalis, Forskael. (T. articulata, Vahl.)
Northern and Middle Africa, Southern Asia. A fast-growing tree,
attaining a height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally enlarging to a
circumference of 12 feet. Springs up readily from seeds, and is also
easily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well. The wood serves
for ploughs, wheels and many implements (Stewart and Brandis).
With T. Gallica it grows with sufficient rapidity, to be reared in
India for fuel. Dye-galls and a kind of manna are also produced by
this tree. The same, or an allied species, extends to Japan.
Tanacetum vulgare, Linne.
The Tansy. Northern and Middle Europe, Northern Asia, North-
Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal value,
which mainly depends on its volatile oil. One of over 100 kinds of
plants, ordered to be grown in the gardens of Charles the Great
already.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber.
Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the globe,
but apparently not a native of Australia. It lives in Norway
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 371
northward to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). This well-known plant is
mentioned, as it can be brought under regular cultivation, to obtain the
medicinal extract from its roots. It is also considered wholesome to
? razing animals. The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad,
t is also an important honey-plant and flowers early in the
season.
Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linn£.
South-Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medicinal
value. As an odorous garden-plant it is also very acceptable.
Taxodium distichum, Richard.*
Virginian Swamp- or Bald-Cypress. In swampy places of Eastern
North-America, extending from 38° to 47° north latitude. Thought
to attain occasionally an age of 2,000 years; wood -rings to the num-
ber of about 4,000 have been counted, but perhaps these not all fully
annual. A valuable tree, 100 feet high or more, sometimes with a
stem-circumference of 40 feet above the conical base; of rapid
growth; foliage deciduous, like that of the Larch and Ginkgo. Im-
portant as antimalarian for wet fever-regions. It is found fossil in
the miocene formation of many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-
grained, hard, strong, light, elastic and very durable, splits well; it is
much used for shingles, rails, cabinet-work and planks; it is almost
indestructible in water. The tree requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered
site, with much moisture but also good drainage (Lawson). It yields
a superior kind of turpentine, and thus also much oil on distillation.
Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river-banks. Dr.
Porcher says, " This tree, lifting its giant-form above the others,,
gives a striking feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and
Georgia; they seem like watch-towers for the feathered race."
Taxodium mucronatum, Tenore.
The famed Montezuma-Cypress of Mexico; to 120 feet high, with
a trunk reaching 44 feet in circumference; it forms extensive forests
between Chapultepec and Tescuco.
Taxus baccata, Linn£.
Yew. Europe, North- Africa and Asia, in the Himalayas up to
11,000 feet elevation. In Norway it extends northward to lat. 67°
30' (indigenous); Professor Schuebeler found it to attain still a
height of 45 feet and a circumference of 4 feet in lat 59° 26'. Gener-
ally a shrub, finally a tree as many as 100 feet high; it furnishes a
yellow or brown wood, which is exceedingly tough, elastic and
durable, and much esteemed by turners; one of the best of all woods
for bows. Simmonds observed, that " a post of yew will outlast a
post of iron." Much valued also for pumps, piles and water-pipes,
as more lasting than any other wood; also for particular musical in-
struments, the strongest axletrees and select implements. The tree
is of very slow growth, but attains a great age, perhaps three thou-
sand years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of 50 feet in
.372 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
girth; wood-rings to the extent of 2,880 have been counted. In
the " Garden " it is stated, that a jew, still existing at the Foun-
tain-Abbey in Yorkshire, was already in 1132 a large tree, when this
monastery was founded. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing
animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous. T. cuspidata
(Siebold) is a closely cognate Japan-Yew.
Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Lawson.)
Western Yew. North-Western America. A stately tree, finally
to 75 feet high, with a stem to 5 feet in circumference. Wood beau-
tifully whitish or slightly yellow, or rose-colored, tough, very hard,
but remarkably elastic; as fine and close-grained as that of the
European yew. The Indians use it for their bows. Sir Joseph
Hooker regards this as well as the Japanese and some other yews all
as forms of one species.
Tectona grandis, Linn^fil.*
The "Teak" of South-Asia. This superb timber-tree has its
northern limit in Bandalkhaud, at elevations of 3,000 feet; it ascends
to 4,000 feet, but is then not of tall size; it extends to the Sunda-
Islands and New Guinea; likes rather open forest-land. In Western
India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not uncommon in
the teak-districts. The leaves drop annually. Price now in London
£15 for 50 cubic feet. Teak-wood is held in the highest esteem by
ship-builders; for the backing of ironclad men-of-war preferred to any
other wood; also used for the panels of coaches, and for various other
select purposes unsurpassed. It scarcely shrinks.
Tectona Hamiltoniana, Wallich.
Lower India. Yields the Burma-wood, which is heavy, close-
grained, streaked and susceptible to a high polish. In habit and
size it is similar to the ordinary teak (Kurz), but perhaps not so
hardy.
Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro.
One of the hardier Bamboos of Ceylon, there growing on the
mountains at elevations between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It attains a
height of about 25 feet. Three species of this genus from New
Caledonia have been described as Greslanias. Doubtless Mr. Th.
Christy's use of" Thiolyte " (value £8 10s. per ton) would be par-
ticularly applicable also for converting the foliage of many kinds of
Bamboos into paper-pulp; it has a most remarkable effect on fibres
for separating and cleansing, and it prevents oxydation, when green
parts of plants are boiled under high pressure.
Telfairia pedata, Hooker.
Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial stems,
attaining sometimes a length of fully 100 feet, bearing fringed lilac
flowers of extraordinary beauty, and fruits attaining occasionally a
weight of 60 Ibs. and a length of 3 feet, containing at times as
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 373
many as 500 large seeds. The latter iu a boiled state are edible, or
a large quantity of oil, fit for the table, can be pressed from them.
The root is fleshy. A second huge species of similar use, T. occi-
dentalis (J. Hooker), occurs in Guinea. The genus-name Joliffia is
coetaneous, if not anterior. These superb plants may not be abso-
lutely restricted to hot tropical lowlands, and therefore possibly
endure a warm temperate clime.
Terfezia leonis, Tulasne. (Cheiromyces leonis, Tul.)
Southern Europe, Northern Africa. This edible truffle, together
with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of wide
naturalization.
Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. (Bucida Buceras, Linn£.)
From the Antilles to Brazil. One of the Mangrove-trees, living in
salt-water. Possibly hardy and calculated to consolidate mud-shores.
The Tussa-silkworm inhabits, among other trees, several Terminalias.
Terminalia Catappa, Linne".
India, continental as well as insular, ascending only lower moun-
tain-regions, also North-Eastern Australia. Few trees, as stated by
Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to
learn, whether it can be naturalized in temperate climes, which it
especially deserves for its nuts. The seeds are almond-like, of fil-
bert taste, and wholesome. The astringent fruits" of several other
species constitute an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye.
T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a large tree in Ceylon, at elevations
up to 4,000 feet. Several of their congeners reach extra-tropic
latitudes in Eastern Australia.
Terminalia Chebula, Retzius.
On the- drier mountains of India, ascending to 5,000 feet. A tree
rising to about 100 feet. The seeds are of hazel taste; the galls of
the leaves and also the young fruits, the latter known as Myrobalans,
serve for superior dye and tanning material. Some of its congeners
answer the same purpose, among them T. Belerica (Roxburgh).
Tetragonia expansa, Murray.
The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of the
coast and in the desert-interior of Australia. Known also from New
Caledonia, China, Japan and Valdivia. An annual herb, useful as a
culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand. It produces its suc-
culent branchlets and leaves also in the hottest weather and driest
. localities (Rhind). Rapid in growth. The seeds will keep fully five
years (Vilmorin).
Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker.
Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham-Island. A
frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural
festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never far
374 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
away from the coast. As a spinach-plant it is of not less value than
the preceding species. It is well adapted for the formation of bowers
even in arid places; it also helps to bind sand. T. trigyna (Banks
and Solander) seems identical.
Teucrium Marum, Linn£.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat shrubby
plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a peculiar stearopten.
T. Scordium, from Europe and Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys, T.
Folium and T. Creticum, L., from South-Europe, are occasionally
drawn into medical use. All these, together with many other species
from various countries, are pleasantly odorous.
Thapsia edulis, Bentham. ( Monizia edulis, Lowe. )
On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is called
the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use, to bring this almost
shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of other shores; though the root is
inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would improve it. T. decipiens,
Bentham (Melanoselinum decipiens, Lowe) from Madeira, is of palm-
like habit and desirable for scenic effects in plant-grouping. T.
Silphium (Viviani) is the Silphion of the ancients.
Theligonum Cynocrambe, Linn6.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to the Canary-
Islands. An annual spinach-plant of somewhat aperient effect.
Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.
Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and
tender grass might be easily introduced, to help in binding the sand
on sea-beaches.
Thrinax parviflora, Swartz.
South-Florida, West-Indies and also on the continent of Central
America. The stem of this Fan-palm attains a height, according to
Dr. Chapman, of about 40 feet, but is extremely slender. Belongs
to the sand-tracts of the coast; hardy in the South of France to 43°
32' N. lat. (Naudin). The fibre of this palm forms material for
ropes. T argentea, Loddiges, is an allied palm. The few other
species of the genus from the West-Indies also deserve trial-culture.
Thuya dolabrata; Linne fil. (Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.)
The " Akeki" of Japan, ascending to an elevation of 8,000 feet. A
majestic tree, of conical shape and drooping habit, growing to 50 feet
high, attaining a stem-diameter of 3 feet. It delights in shaded and
rather moist situations, and is used in China and Japan for avenues.
Hardy in Norway to lat. 58° 27' (Schuebeler). It furnishes an
excellent hard timber of a red color.
Thuya gigantea, Nuttall.
North- Western America. The Yellow Cypress of the colonists,
also known as Oregon Red or White Cedar. A straight tree, in some
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 375
instances known to have attained a height of 325 feet, with a stem
22 feet in diameter; it furnishes a valuable building timber of a pale
or light-yellow color, susceptible of high polish. It is light, soft,
smooth and durable, and makes the finest sashes, doors, mouldings and
similar articles (Vasey); also used for shingles (Dawson). Canoes
carrying 4 tons have been obtained out of one stem. The bast can be
converted into ropes and mats. The tree can be trained into hedges
and bowers. It endures the climate of Christiania. To Thuya are
referred by Bentham and J. Hooker all the cypresses of the sections
Chama3cyparis and Retinospora.
Thuya Japonica, Maximowicz.
Japan. Closely allied to T. gigantea. Dr. Masters has pointed
out the characteristic differences between the two in an essay on
Conifers of Japan, published in the Journal of the Linnean Society,
1881.
Thuya occidentalis,
North-America, extending from Carolina to Canada. Northern
White Cedar or Arbor Vitse. A fine tree, to 70 feet high. Bears
the frosts of Norway northward to lat. 63° 52'. The wood is reddish
or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, light, soft, durable,
and well fit for building, especially for water-work and railway-ties,
also for turnery and machinery. Michaux mentions, that posts of this
wood last forty years; a house built of it was found perfectly sound
after sixty years. The tree prefers moist soil; it is valuable for
copses; it can also be trained into garden-bowers. Dr. Porcher says,
that it makes the finest ornamental hedge or screen in the United
States, attaining any required height and being very compact and
beautiful; such hedges indeed were observed by the writer himself
many years ago in Rio de Janeiro. The shoots and also an essential
oil from this tree are used in medicine; the bast can be converted into
ropes; the branches serve for brooms.
Thuya Olientalis, Linn£. (Biotia orientalis, Endlicher.)
China and Japan. The Chinese " Arbor- Vitae" of gardens.
Though seldom exceeding 20 feet in height, this common garden-plant
is mentioned here, as it will admit of clipping for hedge-growth, and
as the "Fi-Moro" variety should on account of its elongated slender
and pendent branches be chosen extensively for cemeteries.
Thymelsea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourret.)
Portugal, Spain, South-France. A small shrub, which yields a
yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here, that some of the Aus-
tralian Pimelese contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been fully
tested. Their bark produces more or less of daphnin and of the volatile
acrid principle, for which the bark of Daphne Mezereum (Linne) is
used; these are remarkably developed in the South-Eastern Austra-
lian Pimelea stricta (Meissner). The bark of many is also pervaded
2 B
376 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
by a tough fibre, that of the tall Pimelea clavata (Labillardiere), a
West- Australian bush, being hence particularly tenacious, and used for
whips.
Thymus capitatus, Hoffimannsegg and Link. (Satureja capitata, Linne.)
Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the time of Hippo-
crates, Theophrastos and Galenus this small scented shrub has been
employed in medicine.
Thymus mastichina, Linne".
Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent, used
also occasionally in medicine.
Thymus Serpillum, Linn6.
Europe, Western Asia, North-Eastern Africa, A perennial herb
of some medicinal value. It would live on the highest alps. An
essential oil can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon-
scented.
Thymus vulgaris, Linne".
The Garden-Thyme. South-Europe, particularly westward. Both
this and the preceding species can be grown in Norway up to lat. 70°
22' (Schuebeler). This small shrubby plant is available for scent and
for condiments; further as a honey-plant. It is also well adapted for
forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this plant can be separated
into the crystalline thymol and the liquid thymen and cymol. T.
gestivus (Reuter) and T. hiemalis (Lange) are closely cognate plants.
Several other species with aromatic scent occur at or near the
Mediterranean Sea.
Tilia alba, Alton. (T. heterophytta, Ventenat.)
The " Silver-Linden " of the Eastern and Middle States of North-
America.
Tilia Americana, Linne.
The Basswood-Tree or North-American Linden-Tree, growing
there to 52° north latitude in the eastern regions. In Norway it is
hardy as far as Christiania (59° 55') as well as the following (Schue-
beler). Height of tree reaching about 80 feet, diameter of stem 4
feet. The wood is close-grained and firm, as soft as deal; used in the
construction of musical instruments, particularly pianofortes. Speci-
ally valuable for the cutting-boards of curriers and shoemakers, bowls,
pails, shovels, panelling of carriages (Robb). As the wood is free
from knots, it is particularly eligible for turnery and carving and
certain portions of machinery. The tree is highly valued for street-
planting in its native land, where it also furnishes linden-bast or bass.
This is one of the principal honey-plants in many parts of the United
States. Quinby saw 25 Ibs. of honey gathered by a single swarm in
one day from Basswood-flowers, bees travelling gradually several miles
for them if necessary. For profusion and quality of honey the flowers
in ExtrarTroplcal Countries. 377
are unsurpassed (A. J. Cook). Rate of stem-growth in Nebraska
35 inches girth at 2 feet from the ground in fourteen years (Furnas).
Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.*
The Silver-Linden of South-Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The
wood is not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously
fragrant and yield a precious oil. The oldest specific name, according
to Prof. Koch, is T. tomentosa (Moench).
Tilia Europsea, Linn<5.
The common Linden-tree of Europe, extending naturally to Japan;
the large-leaved variety of South-European origin. It lives to a great
age. A very hardy tree, living in Norway as far north as lat. 67° 56'
(Schuebeler). A weeping variety is known. Height sometimes to
120 feet; stem exceptionally to 50 feet in girth. One of the best of
promenade-trees in climes not too dry. The wood pale, soft and
close-grained; sought for turnery, piano-keys, carving; used by shoe-
makers, saddlers and glovers, to cut leather on; also for toys (Sim-
monds). The flowers yield a highly aromatic honey. The bast
excellent for mats.
Tilia Mandschurica, Ruprecht.
Amoor and Mandschuria. Not so tall as T. tomentosa, to which it
bears close alliance (Maximowicz, Koch).
Tillandsia usneoides, Linn4.
Black Moss, Long Moss, Florida-Moss. From Carolina and
Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees. Might be naturalized in
forests of countries with mild climes. In its native country a favorite
material for upholsterers' work.
Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore.
Southern Italy. The root is edible and celery-like.
Todea Africana, Willdenow. (Osmunda barbara, Thunberg.)
South-Africa, South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand. Most im-
portant for scenic effects in wet places; as an export article the very
aged stems of this fern are now much sought, and have endured wide
transits, which were initiated by the writer. Stems have been found
bearing from 500 to 600 fronds. A gigantic specimen was got in
the Dandenong forests, the trunk of which weighed 4,368 Ibs., after
the fronds were cut away, the extreme dimensions of the stem being
about 6 feet in height, breadth and width. Supplies of this massive
fern in the gullies ought to be maintained for future generations by the
artificial dispersion of the dust-like spores.
Torreya Calif ornica, Torrey. (T. myristica, Hooker.)
California, extending from the coast to the Sierras. A symmetrical
tree, becoming about 100 feet high, with a clear straight trunk to 30
. feet in length and 6 feet in diameter (Dr. Gibbons). The wood is
hard and firm.
2 B2
378 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Torreya grandis, Fortune.
The " Kaya " of China. A tree at length 60 feet high, with an
umbrella-shaped crown; it produces good timber.
Torreya nucifera, Siebold. (Oaryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.)
Japan. Height of tree about 30 feet. From the nuts the Japanese
press an oil, used as an article of food. The wood is highly valued
in Japan by coopers, also by turners; it resembles to some extent
boxwood (Dupont).
Torreya taxifolia, Arnott.
Florida. A tree, reaching about 50 feet in height. Wood firm,
close-grained, light, durable, of a reddish color; very lasting also
underground. Prostrated trees did not decay in half a century.
Timber slightly more yellow than that of the white pine (P. J. White).
The tree yields a reddish turpentine (Hoopes).
Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud.
In the Hawaian Islands. A shrub, allied to Boehmeria nivea,
yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as shown by Dr. Hille-
brand. Probably best adapted to humid warm gullies.
Tragopogon porrifolius, Linne".
The " Salsify." Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
South- Western Asia; hardy to lat. 70° in Norway. Biennial. The
root of this herb is well known as a useful culinary vegetable ; it is
obtainable even in cold countries through the winter ; the young
leaves supply a very good salad (Vilmorin).
Trapa bicornis, Linn£ fil.*
The Leng, Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this water-plant
are extensively brought to market in that country. The horns of the
fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the two following species, is
of an excellent taste. The plant is regularly cultivated in the lakes
and ponds of China.
Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.*
Middle and Southern Asia, where it is called " Singhara," extend-
ing to Ceylon and Japan ; found also in Africa as far south as the
Zambezi. The nuts are often worked for starch. They can be con-
verted into most palatable cakes or porridge, and may be stored for
food, even for several years. The produce is copious and quite
maintained by spontaneous dissemination. In some countries, for
instance in Cashmere, the nuts in a raw or cooked state form an im-
portant staple of food to the population. To this species probably
belong T. Cochin-Chinensis (Loureiro) and T. incisa (Siebold and
Zuccarini).
Trapa natans, Linne".*
The ordinary Waternut. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle
Asia, Northern and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. T.
quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) from Sylhet, is a mere variety.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 379
Tremella mesenterica, Retzius.
From Europe to Australia. Arrayed by Dr. L. Planchou with the
fungs fit for human food.
Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown. (Pollichla Zeylanica, F. v. M.)
From Abyssinia and Southern Asia to extra-tropical Australia. An
annual herb, perhaps available for green manure. The dromedaries
show an extraordinary predilection for the herb (Giles). Several other
species deserve trial for fodder-growth.
Trichostema lanatum, Bentham.
California, where it is called the " Black Sage." A half-shrub,
recorded by Mr. A. J. Cook in his "Bee-keepers' Guide" among
important honey-plants.
Trifolium agrarium, Dodoens. (T. aureum, Pollich.)
The Perennial Yellow Clover or Hop- Clover. All Europe, North-
ern Africa, Western Asia ; wild in Norway northward to lat. 63° 26'
(Schuebeler). Of considerable value in sandy soil as a fodder-herb.
It is easily naturalized.
Trifolium Alexandrirmm, LinncS.*
The Bersin-Clover. North-Eastern Africa, South-Western Asia,
South-Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt, where it is used as
the main-fodder. On the Nile it gives three green crops during the
season, each up to 2 feet high. Seeds of this and other clovers must
be sifted, to free them from any of the destructive Dodder-plants or
Cuscutas. About 20 Ibs. of seed are required for an acre (Morton).
Recorded as annual.
Trifolium alpestre, Linn&
Europe, Western-Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil
than that needed for most clovers, but the constituents must be fairly
marly or limy. This clover is early out and very palatable to herds
and flocks (Langethal).
Trifolium fragiferum, Vaillant.
The Strawberry-Clover. Europe, North- Africa, Middle and North-
ern-Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 59° 55'. A perennial
species, well adapted for clay-soils. Foliage closer and more tender
than that of the white clover, but its vegetation later (Langethal).
Morton recommends it for moist sandy soil. It delights in ground
much wetter than suits most other clovers ; it spreads over humid
pastures most readily, with a growth more luxuriant than that of
white clover, consequently stands the summer-heat better, smother-
ing most other plants and covering the ground with a thick and close
herbage. Cattle are very fond of it, and fatten well on it (Geo. Black).
Trifolium furcatum, Lindley.
California. A stout and somewhat succulent spesies, with large
flower -heads. Affords good pasturage (A. Gray), and gets
380 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
disseminated readily ; but it is annual. Several other native clovers
occur in Western North -America; 25 are described from California.
Trifolium hybridum, Linn£.*
The Alsike-Clover. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia.
Wild in Norway to lat. 63° 50'. A valuable perennial pasture-herb,
particularly for swampy locah'ties. It succeeds, where the ground
becomes too sandy for lucerne and too wet for red clover, but does
not withstand drought so well, while it produces a heavier bulk of
forage than white clover, and maintains its ground, when the soil
has become too much exhausted for other clovers. The seed being
very small, less than half the quantity is required for the same area as
of red clover. Much frequented by bees for honey.
Trifolium incarnatum, Linn£.
The Carnation-Clover, also called Crimson or Italian Clover. In
Norway it can be grown to lat. 70° 22'. Southern Europe, extending
naturally to Switzerland. Though annual only, or sometimes biennial,
it is valued in some of the systems of rotations of crops. In the
south of England it is much sown on harrowed stubble-fields, to
obtain an early feed of great fattening value. It forms particularly
a good fodder for sheep, and is recommended especially for gypsum-
regions. A white-flowering variety exists. Bees are very fond of
this clover (Darwin).
Trifolium medium, Linn£.
The Red Zigzag-Clover. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia.
Indigenous in Norway to lat 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A deep-rooting,
wide-creeping perennial herb, much better adapted for dry sandy
places than.T. pratense. It would also endure the inclemency of the
clime of alpine heights, if disseminated there; also one of the best of
clovers for forest-regions. For regular culture it needs lime, like
most plants of its class. More hardy than T. hybridum, less produc-
tive than T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among
mixed clovers and grasses. According to Morton it is not so much
sought and relished by grazing-animals as many other clovers. T.
Quartinianum (A. Richard) is an allied plant from Abyssinia, where
several endemic species exist.
Trifolium montanum, Linn£.
Europe, Western Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for
limy or marly ground. It is indigenous northward to Christiania.
Trifolium ochroleucum, Linne.
Pale-yellow Clover. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia.
Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy; its
value is that of T. medium (Langethal).
Trifolium Pannonicum, Linn&
The Hungarian Clover. Southern Europe. Perennial. Earlier
in the season than red clover, to which it is allied, but less tender in
foliage (Morton).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 381
Trifolium pratense, Camerarius.*
The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North-Africa, Northern
and Middle Asia. It is found wild as far north as 69° 20' in Norway
(Schuebeler). A biennial, or under certain circumstances also a
perennial herb, of special importance for stable-fodder. The perennial
variety passes under the name of Cow-clover, by which name also T.
medium is sometimes designated. Highly recommendable for per-
manent pastures, particularly in cool humid climes, as it continues to
Srow year after year, and produces a large amount of herbage (Dr.
url). It prefers rich ground and particularly soil, which is not
devoid of lime; gypsum-dressings are recommendable for the fields.
It enters into the rotation-system of crops very advantageously.
This species lives also in alpine regions, where it much enriches the
pastures. The nectar of the flowers is sucked by bumble bees, which
tends to facilitate the production of seeds.
Trifolium reflexum, Linn<$.*
The Pennsylvania- or Buffalo-Clover. Eastern North-America,
Annual or biennial; flower-heads larger than those of the red clover ;
likes alluvial flats.
Trifolium repens, Kivin.*
The ordinary White Clover, called also Dutch Clover. Europe,
. North- Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, sub-arctic America. In
Norway indigenous to lat. 70° 57'. Perennial. ]\fbst valuable as a
fodder-plant on grazing land. It has a predilection for moist soil,
but also springs again from dry spots after rain. It likes soil contain-
ing lime, prospers on poorer ground than red clover, is more nourish-
ing and better digested, and less exhaustive to the soil. Dressing
with gypsum vastly enhances the value and productiveness of any
clover-field. Important as a bee-plant.
Trifolium resupinatum, Linn£.
The annual Strawberry-Clover. From South -Europe and North-
Africa to Persia; also in the Canary-Islands and Azores. Admitted
here, though annual, as this clover is cultivated with predilection in
Upper India; it is of tall growth and succulent foliage.
Trifolium spadiceum, Linn£.
Brown Clover. Europe, Western Asia. Perennial. This has
been recommended for wet sandy moorland, on which it gets dis-
seminated with readiness.
Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter.
The Mayad-Clover. Northern and Middle Africa, ascending to
9,000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries utilized with
advantage for clover-culture.
This by no means closes the list of the clovers variously desirable
for introduction, inasmuch as about 150 well-marked species are
recognized, many doubtless of value for pasture. But the notes of
382 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
rural observers on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant, that
much uncertainty about the yield and nutritive value of various kinds
continues to prevail. Most clovers come from the temperate zone of
Europe and Asia; only two are indigenous to the eastern of the
United States of North- America, none occur in Australia, a few are
found in South- Africa, a good number in California and the adjoining
countries, several also in Chili, no species is peculiar to Japan.
Trigonella Fcenum Graecum, Linn£.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, Western and Central Asia.
The seeds of this annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine.
Trigonella suavissima, Lindley.
Interior of Australia, from the Murray-River and-fts tributaries to
the vicinity of Shark-Bay. This perennial, fragrant, clover-like
plant proved a good pasture-herb. A lithogram, illustrating this
plant, occurs in the work on the " Plants indigenous to Victoria."
Some of the many European, Asiatic and African species of this
genus deserve local tests.
Trilliura erectum, Linn<$.
" The Birthroot." Eastern North-America. This liliaceous plant
has found its way into the materia medica.
Triodia exigua, Kirk.
South-Island of New Zealand, at 1,200 to 3,000 feet elevation.
Forms naturally almost even plots, often many square-yards in extent;
the leaves are hard, short and shining; the compact growth of the
turf or sward prevents weeds and other grasses to encroach. It is
particularly to be recommended for croquet-lawns, never requiring
mowing (Prof. Th. Kirk). Should prove especially valuable in colder
countries for lawns, and may hold its ground also in hotter climes
through some irrigation.
Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.
South-Eastern Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small, are of
pleasant sweetness. The plant may also prove well adapted for
hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindley, and Claussena punctata, Oliver,
also East-Asiatic fruit-shrubs, may possibly show themselves hardy
in sheltered forest-regions of warm temperate climes.
Tripsacum dactyloides, Linn<$.
Central and Northern America; known popularly as a Gama-
grass. A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than utilitarian.
It is the original Buffalo-grass, and attains a height of 7 feet,
assuming the aspect of maize. It seems of inferior value for feed, but
serves for binding sand. Prof. C. Mohr however regards it as a
valuable fodder-grass. The seeds are available for food. Howard,
speaking in Carolina of this grass, contends, that it may be cut three
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 383
or four times in a season, that it makes a coarse but nutritious hay,
and that the quantity of forage, which can be made from it, is enor-
mous; cattle and horses are fond of it, and the hay can be harvested
easily.
Trisetum antarcticum, Trinius.
New Zealand. Ascending to sub-alpine elevations. A perennial
lustrous grass, particularly fit for cool climes. According to Mr.
John Buchanan it keeps its ground well, becoming an important
element locally in the pasture-vegetation. The abundant natal
growth indicates, how easily the grass by dissemination could be
naturalized elsewhere.
Tristania conferta, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, attaining
a height of about 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an avenue-tree,
but also as producing select timber; ribs of vessels from this tree have
lasted unimpaired thirty years and more. Growth in height 20-30
feet at Port Phillip in twenty years.
Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Dmde.
Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan-palm for
window- or table-decoration, attaining only a height of about 6 feet;
foliage not leathery. '
Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius.
Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A very
hardy palm, not tall.
Trithrinax campestris, Drude.*
Argentina, as far south as 32° 40'. Height reaching about 30 feet.
One of the most southern of all palms. Content with even less
humidity than Chamaerops humilis. The leaves are almost of a
woody hardness and stiffer than those of any other palm (Drude).
Germination from seeds easy (Lorentz and Hieronymus). Another
species occurs in Southern Bolivia.
Triticum junceum, Linn£. (Agropyrum junceum, Beauvois.)
Europe and North- Africa. A rigid coast-grass, with pungent
leaves and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its per-
manent growth. One of the best grasses, to keep rolling sand-ridges
together, and particularly eligible, where cattle and other domestic
animals cannot readily be prevented from getting access.
Triticum vulgare, Villars.*
The Wheat. Indigenous to the Euphrates-regions, according to
A. de Candolle. Traced back more than 5,000 years as an Egyptian
and Chinese culture-plant; indeed the earliest lacustrine people in
Switzerland reared wheat in a stone-age (Heer). In many intra-
tropical countries, not too wet, wheat and barley can be grown as
winter-crop. In Japan wheat is of extraordinary precocity (Lartigne),
384 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
and it is greatly recommended there as a forage-plant. The Punjab-
Wheat with a few other varieties is rust-proof. This is not the place,
to enter into details about a plant universally known, unless we may
allude to the much overlooked fact, that a light beer can be brewed
from wheat; it may therefore suffice merely to mention, that three
primary varieties must be distinguished among the very numerous
sorts of cultivated wheat: 1. Var. muticum, T. hybernum, L., the
Winter- Wheat or Unbearded Wheat; 2. Var. aristatum, T. sestivum,
L., the Summer- Wheat or Bearded- Wheat; 3. Var. adhserens, T.
Spelta, L., Wheat with fragile axis and adherent grain. Metzger
enumerates as distinct kinds of cultivated wheat: —
T. vulgare, Villars, which includes among other varieties the
ordinary Spring-Wheat, the Fox- Wheat and the Kentish Wheat.
It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting straw -bonnets
and straw-hats, for which only the upper part of the stem is used,
collected before the ripening of the grain, and bleached through
exposure to the sun while kept moistened.
T. turgidum, Linne, comprising some varieties of White and Red
Wheat, also the Clock- Wheat and the Revet- Wheat.
T. durum, Desfontaines, which contains some sorts of the Bearded
Wheat.
T. Polonicum, Linne, the Polish Wheat, some kinds of which are
well adapted for peeled Wheat.
T. Spelta, Linne, the Spelt-Corn or Dinkel- Wheat, a kind not
readily subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited
fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of
excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled
wheat. Fo.r preparing the latter it is necessary to collect the
spikes while yet somewhat green, and to dry them in baking-
houses.
T. dicoccum, Schrank, (T. amyleum, Seringe). The Emmer-
Wheat. Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil,
produce excellent starch, are most hardy and not subject to
diseases. To this belongs the Arras-Wheat of Abyssinia, where
a few other peculiar sorts of wheat are to be found. A large-
grained variety of wheat is baked in Persia like rice (Colvill).
T. monococcum, Linne. St. Peter's Corn, which is hardier than
most other wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces
grains less adapted for flour than for peeled wheat. Indigenous
to Serbia, Greece and Turkey, if derived from T. Baeoticum
(Boissier). The Champlain- Wheat, recently here introduced by
me, yields about 40 fold and seems quite rust- and smut-proof;
the crop is heavy; but this variety is preferable for green fodder
and hay, the grain carrying too much bran (Hermiston). Dr.
Bancroft's experiments in Southern Queensland showed the
common Indian Bearded Wheat to be exempt from rust, as well
as two beardless varieties from the same part of Asia. On this
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 385
subject see also the print of my lecture before the Agricultural
Society of Bendigo, "on rust in wheat/' 1865. According to
the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in 1882, 37
millions of acres were under wheat-culture in the United
States. In various parts of the world the prodigious quantity
of 60 bushels on an acre is sometimes obtained on rich and new
land.
Tropseolum majus, Linn<$.
Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety
under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers serve as-
cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. The plant can be grown
in Norway northward to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler). A smaller species,
T. minus, L., from Peru, can likewise be chosen for a cress-salad;,
both besides furnish in their flower-buds and young fruits a substitute
for capers. A volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the
foliage of both, and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil of
mustard-seeds. In colder countries these plants are only of one year's
duration. Numerous other species, all highly ornamental, occur in
South-America and a few also in Mexico. The seeds will keep for
several years.
Tropaeolum sessilifolium, Pceppig.
Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most eligible
for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw state, and are
larger than those of most other TropaBolums, while the stems are-
short and procumbent (Prof. Philippi).
TropsBolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.
Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent; some frost improves
it.
Trophis Americana, Linn£.
West-Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree has been
recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba and Jamaica it is
used as provender for cattle and sheep.
Tuber sestivum, Micheli.
Middle and Southern Europe. The truffle most frequent in the
markets of England. The White British Truffle, Chairomyces
meandriformis, though large, is valued less. In the Department
Yaucluse alone about 60,000 Ibs. of truffles are collected annually,
at a value of about £4,000. Many other kinds of truffles are in use.
The Australian truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berkeley) or Notiohydnum
Australe, sometimes attains the size of the cocoa-nut, and is also a
fair esculent. It seems quite feasible, to naturalize the best edible
fungs of these and other genera, although such may not be amenable
to regular culture; thus efforts should be made for the introduction of
all the superior kinds of truffles, as an insight into the manner, in
which vegetables of the fungus-species might be transferred to wide
.386 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
distances, has gradually been obtained. The total value of the export
of truffles from France in 1877 amounted to considerably over half
a million pounds sterling, the total production in that year being
valued at about £800,000. The annual revenue of the truffle-
ground of Carpentras is, according to Simmonds, £80.000. The great
White North- American Truffle (Tuber album) is as white as snow
and as tender as curds (Millington),
Tuber albidum, Cesalpini.
Occurs with T. aestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in taste.
Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp.
.The Black Truffle. Middle and Southern Europe. Like all others
growing underground, and generally found in forest-soil of limestone-
formation. It attains a weight of over one pound. Experiments for
naturalization may be effected with every prospect of success by con-
veying the truffle in its native soil and locating it in calcareous places
of forest-regions. As a condiment or merely in a roasted state, it
affords an aromatic food. The famous Quercy- or Perigold-Truffle is
derived from this species. T. melanosporum (Vittadini) from France,
Germany and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium
— indeed, of strawberry-flavor.
Tuber mag-natum, Pico.
Grey Truffle. South-Europe. One of the most esteemed of all
truffles, with some garlic-flavor. Hymenogaster Bulliardi (Vittadini)
and Melanogaster variegatus (Tulasne) of South-Europe are also
excellent truffles.
Tuber rufum, Pico.
Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but
smaller than Terfezia-Truffles.
Typha latifolia, Lhm£.
The Cattail, large Reedmace or Bulrush. Widely distributed
over the northern hemisphere — in Norway to lat. 60° 41'. Worthy
of being encouraged in its growth on rivers and around lakes,
and of being transferred to unutilized waters, as the very light and
soft foliage can be converted into material for mattresses, which in the
Royal Navy of Italy have come into universal use as additional means
of saving human life in the event of shipwreck. These mattresses
continue to float for a very long time and bear a great weight ;
thus one mattress is capable of supporting several persons in water
(Marquis Toverena and Captain Romano). The large rootstocks are
rich in nourishing starch. The closely allied T. angustifolia extends
to Australia.
Ulex Europseus, Linne.
The Whin, Gorse or Furze. Western and Southern Europe,
Azores, Canary -Islands; hardy in Norway to lat. 58° 58'. A bush,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 387
important for covering quickly drift-sands on coasts, not readily
approached by pastoral animals. Too apt to stray as a hedge-plant.
Prof. C. Koch recommends a thornless variety for sheep-pastures.
TJllUGUS tuber/OSUS, Lozano. (Mdloca tuberosa, Lindley.)
Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet.
A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible ; they are of about the
size of hens' eggs. Can also be propagated from cuttings, and will
endure some frost (Watson). A mean temperature of about 50°
F. is favorable for the production of tubers of this plant (Vilmorin).
Shablee found the tubers in a dried state to contain 3 per cent. fat>
4 per cent, gum, 19 per cent, grape-sugar, 33 per cent, starch, 12 per
cent, albumen.
Ulmus alata, Michaux.
The Whahoo-Elm of North-America, extending to Newfoundland
and Texas. Of quick growth. Height of tree reaching about 40
feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of the White
Elm, of a dull-red color, unwedgeable, used by wheelwrights, but
like that of U. Americana not equal to the wood of the European
elm.
Ulmus Americana, Linn£.*
The White Elm of Eastern North- America, also called Rock- or
Swamp-Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks, becom-
ing fully a hundred feet hfgh; trunk to 60 feet and as much as 5 feet
in diameter. The tree is found hardy in Norway at least to Jat. 59°
55'. Manning mentions that trees have been known to attain a cir-
cumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of 13 feet where
the branches burst forth. It is highly prized for street-planting in
North-America. Can be propagated from suckers like the European
elm, irrespective of multiplication from cuttings or seeds. Almost
indifferent to soil. The timber is light, used for wheelwrights' work,
for tubes, water-pipes; bears driving bolts well (Robb); it is durable,
if either kept quite dry or permanently submerged in water. U.
floridana (Chapman) is a variety. Rate of growth in Nebraska r
stem-circumference, 63 inches in 24 years (Furnas) 2 feet above
ground.
Ulmus campestris, Linn<$.*
The ordinary Elm, indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, as-
far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the Cork Elm
and Wych-Elm, exist, also a weeping variety. The elm in attaining
an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. Sir
Joseph Hooker records the height of a tree at 125 feet, with a stem-
circumference of 50 feet. In Britain it has been occasionally attacked
by Scolytus destructor, and irrespective of this beetle, also by the
Goat-moth, Cossus ligniperda, both boring into the stem. The wood
is tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if constantly
under water. Next to the yew it is the best of European woods,
388 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
where great elacticity is required, as for archery-bows. It is also
. used for keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps, gun- and railway-carriages,
gunwales, various tools and implements. The Wych-Elm (U. mon-
tana, Withering) grows still further north than the Cork-Elm, in
Norway to lat. 66° 5.9'; even in lat. 59° 45' Professor Schuebeler
. found a tree still over 100 feet high, with a stem 4 feet in diameter.
The wood of the Wych-Elm is preferred for bending purposes
(Eassie). The bast is tough. The average growth at Port Phillip
proved 40 feet in 25 years. De Candolle estimated a particular aged
elm in France to be 335 years old then.
Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall. .
The Evergreen Elm of Mexico, Arkansas and Texas. A tree fully
90 feet high and 2 feet in stem-diameter.
Ulmus fulva, Michaux.
The Slippery or Red Elm of Eastern North- America. Reaching a
height of about 60 feet. Splendid for tree-planting. There is a
pendent-branched variety. Wood red, tenacious, useful for wagon-
hubs and wheels (Vasey). Regarded as the best North- American wood
for blocks of rigging, according to Simmonds. The leaves seem avail-
able as food for the silkmoth; the bark is employed in medicine.
Rate of growth, little more than half that of the White Elm
(Furnas).
Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon.
Cordilleras of South-Western North-America. This elm attains
a height of 60 feet or perhaps more. Many of these elms are avail-
able as quick-growing avenue-trees for shade-lines.
Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin.
The Evergreen Elm of China, Japan, Upper India and Burmah.
A similar tree is found on the Himalayan mountains. Well eligible for
big hedges also.
Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. ciliata, Ehrhart.)
Europe and Asia, through the middle zone. A fine avenue-
tree.
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.*
The Cork-Elm of North-America, also called Western Rock -Elm
Wood as valuable as that of U. Americana, but much heavier; it is
fine-grained and compact, tough, flexible, not liable to split, holds
bolts better than most timber, and is extremely durable when con-
stantly wet; deserves unqualified praise as a furniture-wood for hard-
ness, strength, beauty and buff- reddish tint; largely also employed for
piles, pumps, naves, tackle-blocks, keels, heavy agricultural imple-
ments, such as mowing and threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales
(Robb, Sargent).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 389
Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon.
Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3,500 feet to
10,000 feet. A tree sometimes to 90 feet high, the stem attaining a
girth of 24 feet. Bark very tough ; foliage locally lopped off for
cattle-fodder (Brandis).
Umbellularia Calif ornica, Nuttall. (Oreodaphne Calif ornica, Nees; Tetran-
thera California, Hooker and Arnott.)
Oregon and California, where it is called the "Mountain-Laurel"
or " Bay-tree. " Tree becoming 100 feet high; throughout pervaded
by a somewhat camphoric odor. Wood most valuable for cabinet-
work, also for the best of flooring; that of the root splendid for
turnery; it is hard, close-grained, durable, easily worked, susceptible
of high polish (Dr. Behr and Prof. Bolander).
Uniola gracilis, Michaux.
North- America. A perennial pasture-grass of considerable value, con-
tent with sandy soil, and liking the vicinity of the sea. Root creeping.
Uniola latifolia, Michaux.
North-America. This rather tall perennial grass forms large
tufts, and affords valuable fodder ; it is best adapted for shady
woodlands (C. Mohr).
Uniola paniculata, Linne\
North-Eastern America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen on
account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast- sands.
Urena lobata, Linne.
Intra-tropic girdle around the globe. This perennial herb has
recently been enumerated among plants with comparatively tenacious
fibre; it can be reared far beyond the tropics. Some congeneric
plants can similarly be utilized.
Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. (Scilla maritima, Linn4.)
The medicinal Squill. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea,
Canary-Islands. Already ordered by Charles the Great to be grown in
the imperial gardens. This coast-plant needs no regular cultivation;
but settlers living near the sea might encourage its dissemination,
and thus obtain the bulbs as drugs from natural localities. Its peculiar
bitter principle is called scillitin. The bulb contains 24 per cent,
tannin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in South-Africa as squill.
U vularia sessilifolia, Linn<§.
North- America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as yield-
ing a good substitute for asparagus.
Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Thibaudia alata, Dunal.)
Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub, with
pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly ornamental plant
could be grown in sub-alpine regions.
390 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, Lhme".
From Greece to the Caucasus. The leaves, dried and slightly
heated, furnish the Broussa-tea, the material for a fairly palatable
beverage (Gr. Maw).
Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. (Thibaudia bicolor, Ruiz and Pavon.)
Cold zones of Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush, with red
berries of about the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias seem best to
form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some species of the latter —
for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi (Hooker) from Dominica — mediating
the transit. The species of the section Thibaudia, as a rule, produce
red berries of acidulous grateful taste. Many others may therefore
deserve culture or naturalization in forest-ravines or on sub-alpine
heights. They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in the West-Indies.
One species, Vaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia melliflora, Ruiz and
Pavon), has its flowers particularly rich in honey-nectar.
Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux.
Labrador, Canada and North-Eastern States of the American Union.
A deciduous-leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovali-
folium (Smith) is an allied species.
Vacciniuni Canadense, Kalm.*
From the Middle States of North-America northwards. A dwarf
shrub in swampy ground of woodlands. Yields, like V. Pennsyl-
vanicum, to which it is allied, edible blueberries or huckleberries.
Mr. Marity calls the berries delicious, fetching a high price — up to
1 1 dollars a bushel, never lower than 5 dollars, in New York. One
bush yields from a pint to a quart of berries. It thrives through all
grades of soil and exposure. The berries are rather large and aro-
matic; for cooking and preserves they locally take precedence to any
other kind of berry; they are easily dried, and retain their full delicious-
flavor. The bush grows occasionally to a height of 15 feet.
Vaccinium corymbosum, Linne".
The Swamp-Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and Eastern
States of North- America. A good sized shrub, reaching a height of
15 feet, with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish-black, rather large,
aromatic, of sweetish taste, ripening late in the season. The fre-
quency of this bush in its native countries induces the anticipation,
that it could readily be disseminated elsewhere in apt climes and soils.
Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh.)
Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush, a
few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transparent scarlet
berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste.
Vaccinium grandmorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemmagrandiflorum, Ruiz and
Pavon).
Andes of Peru. A tall evergreeu shrub. The berries of a
pleasant acidulous taste.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 391
Vaccinium humifusum, Graham.
North-Western America, particularly on the Rocky Mountains.
Berries of this bush well flavored.
Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Agapetes arborea, Dunal.)
Southern India, extending to Ceylon, at elevations from 4,000 to
8,000 feet. This evergreen species attains the size of a small tree,
flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The fruits resemble
cranberries.
Vaccinium leucanthum, Chamisso.
Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The blackish
berries are edible.
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton.* (Oxy coccus macrocarpus, Persoon.)
The large Cranberry. From Canada to Virginia and Carolina,
particularly in sandy and peaty bogs, and in cold mossy swamps,
Hardy to Christiania. A trailing evergreen bush, with stems attain-
ing a length .of 3 feet. In sunny places more fruitful than in shady
localities. It is this species, which has become so extensively culti-
vated in the eastern parts of the United States, where on moory laud,
often not otherwise to be utilized, enormous quantities of this fruit
have been produced by regular culture at a highly profitable scale.
The berries are of acid taste, pleasant aroma and the scarlet bright-
ness of the British cranberry, but considerably larger. The plant is
rooting also along its depressed stem, from which it can be readily
multiplied.
Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz.
Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to the
coffee-regions. It attains a height of 30 feet, and is evergreen. The
small berries are of the taste and color of those of V. Vitis Idaea.
Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham.
Mountains of Columbia. A shrub, several feet high. The fruits
resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid. They come to
the Quito-market under the name Mortina.
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux.
Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. The large edible
berries are called Bluets. This little bush is adapted for alpine
country.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn&*
The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe,
Northern and Middle Asia, remotest North-America, extending to the
Calif ornian Sierra Nevada; in heathy and turfy forest-land. In Norway
it is found wild to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A shrub, a few feet high or
less, deciduous, erect, of great value for its copious supply of berries.
They are, as well known, black with a bluish-grey hue, of exceedingly
grateful taste and very wholesome. The naturalization of this plant
2 c
i.
392 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
on alpine ranges and in cooler woodlands would prove a boon, The
berries can be utilized also for their dye. The whole bush contains
quina-acid.
Vaccinium ovalifolium, Smith.
North- Western America from Mendocino to Oregon. This shrub
bears large edible berries (Dr. Gibbons).
Vaccinium ovatum, Pursh.
Common throughout California, also in British Columbia, at alti-
tudes from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, attaining a height of about 8 feet. It
bears its fruit in densely crowded racemes, the dark -blue but small
berries being of good flav . . This species would doubtlessly form a
valuable accession among cultivated fruits (Gibbons).
Vaccinium Oxy COCCUS, Linn£. (Gxycoccus palustris, Persoon.)
The British Cranberry. Throughout Europe, Northern and Middle
Asia, North- America; on turf -moss in moory heaths. A creeping
evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries give a most
agreeable preserve, and are of antiscorbutic value. This species is
particularly eligible for the spongy, mossy bogs of alpine mountains.
Indigenous in Norway northward to lat. 70° 45'.
Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith.
North-Western America, from Mendocino to Sitka. A tall shrub.
The berries are excellent for preserves.
Vaccinium penduliflorum, Gaudichaud.
Hawaia, where it is called the " Ohelo." The acidulous berries
of this bush are edible.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (V. angustifolium, Alton.)
The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North- America, on
dry woody hills. A dwarf bush with deciduous foliage, producing
fruit in abundance and early in the season. The berries are large,
bluish-black and of sweet taste. V. Canadense (Kalm), according to
Dr. Asa Gray, is closely allied.
Vaccinium prsestans, RudolpM.
Kamtschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits. It
might perhaps easily be disseminated on any alpine mountains.
Vaccinium uliginosum, Lhm£.
British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-
America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries, similar to those
of V. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excellence. Wild to lat'. 78°
north in Greenland.
Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.
Eastern North- America, in sandy forest-lands. A deciduous small
bush, with its blue berries coming later into season than V. Pennsyl-
vanicum (Dr. A. Gray).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 393
Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, Linne".
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. Extends in
Greenland to 76° N. L. (Nathorst); therefore fit for subglacier-
regions. A dwarf shrub Avith evergreen leaves. The purplish-red
berries are sought for jellies and other preserves. It is as yet impos-
sible to say, how many other species of Vaccinium produce good-sized
and well-flavored fruits. The genus ranges also in tropical species
from Continental Asia to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide
extension likewise in South-America, occupying in hot countries
higher mountain-regions; but few reliable notes on the tropical species
are extant as far as their fruits are concerned.
Vahea florida, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia florida, Bentham.)
West-Africa, up to 2,500 feet. This may prove hardy in mild
extra-tropic regions. Dr. Welwitsch describes the Aboh-fruit of this
species as sweet and acidulous, but was not less gratified with the
beauty and marvellous abundance of its large snow-white and jasmin-
scented flowers. V. florida also yields caoutchouc, like V. Heudelotii
(Landolphia Heudelotii, D.C.) from the Senegal -regions. The
genus Vahea was fully established by Lamarck as early as 1791. The
excellent work on the caoutchoucs of commerce, by James Collins,
may be consulted as regards the sources of various kinds of India-
rubbers. Prof. Wiesner (Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 1873) enumer-
ates at p. 15-4-156 the various plants then known to yield caoutchouc,
giving also a chemical account of these substances.
Vahea Owariensis, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia Owariensis^ Beauvois.)
Tropical West-Africa, but ascending to the highlands of Angola,
according to Dr. Welwitsch. This climber, with several other Vaheas,
yields the West-African caoutchouc ; others furnish the Madagascar-
sort, particularly V. gummifera (Lamarck), now cultivated also in
India. Prof. Wiesner of Vienna enumerates 47 species of various
genera, which yield either rubber, gutta percha, or balata. It is said,
that the addition of ammonia to the sap improves the rubber. V.
Owariensis produces edible fruits as large as middle-sized oranges,
with sweet and slightly acid pulp.
Valeriana Celtica, Linne".
Alps of Europe; hardy at Christiania. The " Speik." The root
of this perennial herb is particularly aromatic.
Valeriana edulis, Nuttall.
North- Western America, from Oregon to the Rocky Mountains.
The thick spindle-shaped root of this herb affords food to the natives
of that part of the globe. When baked, the root proves agreeable and
wholesome. When we consider the wild state of the plants, from
which many of our important root-crops arose, this Valeriana and
•• several other plants, suggestively mentioned in these pages, may well
be admitted for trial-culture.
2 C z
394 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Valeriana officinalis, Linne.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land, with a
predilection for forests and river-banks. In Norway it extends north-
ward to lat. 70° 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). This perennial herb would
do particularly well on higher mountains. It is the only one among
numerous congeners of Europe, Asia and America, which is drawn to
a considerable extent into medicinal use. The root and herb contain
valerianic acid and a peculiar tannic acid; the root furnishes also an
essential oil, which again resolves itself into valerol (70 per cent),
valeren, barneol and valerianic acid. Concerning these see Huse-
mann and Hilger's Pflanz ens toff e 1884. The order of Yalerianeae is
not represented by any native plant in Australia.
Valerianella olitoria, Moench.
Lamb's Lettuce. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle
Asia. Northward to lat. 59° 16' in Norway. A fair and early salad-
plant. It is an annual, and has several congeners in Europe and
Asia. V. eriocarpa (Desvaux) is similarly utilitarian. With still
more force this may be said of the co-ordinal Fedia cornucopias
(Gaertner). The seeds will keep about five years (Vilmorin).
Vangneria infausta, Burchell.
From tropical Africa to Natal and Caffraria. The fruit of this
shrub or small tree is medlar-like, but superior in taste. Worth test-
cultivation with a view of improving the fruit. V. edulis (Vahl) from
the warmer regions of Africa and from Madagascar proved hardy
as far south as Port Jackson, and yields esculent rather small fruits.
Veratrum album, Linn£.
Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, extending eastward to Japan.
Hardy still at Christiania. It delights particularly in sub-alpine
localities. The root furnishes veratrin, jervin and sabadillic acid.
The root is used in medicine particularly for external applications.
Veratrum viride, Aiton.
Canada and United States of North- America. A near relative of
the former plant. Professor Schuebeler found it hardy in Norway to
lat. 71°. Its root has recently come into medicinal use,- especially as
an arterial sedative (Porcher).
Verbascum Thapsus, Linn£.
The Mullein. A biennial herb of some use in medicine, but
adapted also for scenic cultural effects.
Veronica Virginica, Linn£.
Eastern North- America. A perennial herb, which for medicinal
use furnishes the " Culver's-root," from which again the Leptandrin
as a chologogue is prepared. The showy shrubby species, such as
Y. speciosa (R. Cunningham) of New Zealand and their hybrids
can easily be multiplied from cuttings in the open air; they are grate-
ful in culture, and afford good material for table-bouquets.
in Extra-Tropical Countries* 395
Viburnum Tinus,
The Lauristine. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
An evergreen shrub, one of the earliest flowering of the season;
well adapted for ornamental hedges. Hardy in the south of Eng-
land. An excellent plant as a standard of comparison for floral
calendars.
Vicia Cracca, Linn£.
Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, North- America;
in Norway it extends to lat. 71° 10'. Perennial. Recommendable for
naturalization as a fodder-plant in sylvan and sub-alpine lands. It
yields in shade a return three times larger than in open places
(Langethal). Lauded as most nourishing to cattle by Dr. Plot of
Staffordshire. The cognate V. Cassubica and V. biennis, Liune,
serve also for field-culture.
Vicia Brvilia, Willdenow. (Ervum Ervilia, L. )
South-Europe, North-Africa, South-Western Asia. An annual.
herb, praised as a valuable fodder-plant particularly fit for dry cal-
careous soil. Cultivated already at Troja (Virchow, Wittmack).
Vicia Paba, Linne.
The Straight Bean, called also Common Field-Bean. Orient,
particularly on the Caspian Sea. Professor Schuebeler found it to
bear seeds still in lat. 67° 17'. Was cultivated already at Troja
(Virchow, Wittmack). This productive annual herb not only affords
its seeds for table-use, as Broad-Bean and Windsor-Bean, but pro-
vides also a particularly fattening stable-food, in its common form
the Horse-Bean. The seeds contain about 33 per cent, starch. V.
Narbonensis, L., from South-Europe and South- Western Asia, is prefer-
able for the table, because its seeds contain less bitter principle,
though they are smaller. They will retain their vitality for six years
or more.
Vicia peregrina, Linn4.
South-Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary Tare
for sandy soil; recommends itself also for its close growth.
Vicia sativa, Linn4.* (V. anyustifolia, Roth.)
The ordinary Vetch or Tare. Europe, North- Africa, Western and
Northern Asia, extending to Japan. According to Professor Schue-
beler it will grow in Norway to lat. 70°; it perfected its seeds there
still in 63° 26'. One of the best fodder-plants, but only of one
or two years' duration. Praised particularly for dairy-cattle by Gr.
Don. This plant according to Middleton has yielded as large a crop
as 12 tons on an acre, cut green. Horses thrive remarkably on it.
Important also for green manure and as a companion of clovers. The
allied V. cordata, Wulfen, and V. globosa, Retzius, are similarly
cultivated in Italy (Laugethal). Many of the other European and
Asiatic species of Vicia are deserving of our attention.
396 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Vicia sepium, Rivinus.
Europe, Western and Northern Asia. A perennial Vetch, enduring
an alpine clime; indigenous in Norway northward to lat. 69° 40'. It
might with advantage be naturalized in forests and on high moun-
tains, but it can also readily be subjected to field-culture, the yield
being large and nutritious in regions with humid air, though the soil
might be poor. This vetch can be kept continually on the same
field for about fifteen years (Langethal). V. Pannonica, Jacquin, is
an allied but annual species.
Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard. ( V. gigantea, Hooker. )
From California to Sitka. Dr. Asa Gray remarks, that the young
seeds of this tall vetch are eatable like green peas.
Vicia sylvatica, Linn<$.
The Wood- Vetch. Europe, Northern Asia. Indigenous in Nor-
way to lat. 67° 56'. Perennial. Recommendable to culturists
settling in new forest-land; available also for growth in sub-alpine
copses. Pasture-animals have a predilection for this vetch; its yield
is large and very nourishing. In limestone-soil of forests V.
pisiformis and V. dumetorum, Linne, can best be selected for
introduction.
Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. (Ervum tetraspermum, Linn£.)
The Lentil-Tare. Europe, Western Asia, North- Africa. Annual.
According to Langethal this species is preferable to the ordinary tare
for sandy soil. It is also less hard as fodder and very palatable.
Lime in the sand enlarges the yield. V. monantha and V. hirsuta,
Koch, serve nearly as well.
Vigna lanceolata, Bentham.
Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. P. O'Shanesy observes,
that this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylindrical pods,
others underground from buried flowers, and these somewhat
resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant might be rendered perhaps
available for culinary purposes.
Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* (Dollchos Sinensis, Humph.)
Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining annual
pulse-herb extends to Southern Europe, the United States and many
other countries with a temperate clime. One of the many ver-
naculars of this plant is the " Cow-Pea." The pods are remarkable
for their great length, and used like French-beans, dry as well as
preferentially also green. This plant bears plentifully even in
seasons of severe drought in Central Australia (Rev. H. Kempe).
V. Cat jang, V. unguiculata, V. sesquipedalis and V. melanophthalma
are varieties of this species. In fair soil the produce is about forty
fold. The Laubich-grains of Egypt are from a variety of this species
(Sir J. Hooker). This Vigna is satisfied with comparatively poor
soil and stands also dryness well.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 397
Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud.
India, ascending the Himalayan mountains to 5,000 feet. A small
tree, allied to the Ramie-plant (Boehmeria nivea). Mr. C. B. Clarke
regards the fibre as one of the strongest available in India, it being
used for bow-strings. Other Villebrunias — for instance, V. frutescens,
and also some species of Debregeasia, particularly D. velutina — like-
wise deserve regular culture, for the sake of their fibre. Moist forest-
tracts seem particularly adapted for these plants, because V. integri-
folia grows in Sikkim at an elevation, where the rainfall ranges from
100 to 200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than that
of Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. Gr. King's observations.
Viola odorata, Renealm.
The Violet. Middle and Southern Europe, North- Africa, Western
and Middle Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest though
lovely plant should be extensively naturalized in forest-glens; it fur-
nishes its delicate scent by enfl enrage for various compositions of
perfumery. It flowers in the southern regions of Australia through
the whole of our almost six-monthly spring. The annual produce of
flowers from violets obtained at Nice and Cannes alone amounts to
about 50,000 Ibs. Violets are there often grown as an extra-crop
under lemon- and orange-trees; the kind chiefly cultivated for per-
fumery is the " Double Parma" (Piesse). Varieties specially cultivated
for bouquets, are: Lee's Victoria, the Czar and the Neapolitan and
Semperflorens. Their culture proves quite remunerative.
Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller.
Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Stems rather herbaceous than
shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with acidity, and proved
valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries are edible. This species, if
planted in countries with a mild temperate clime, would probably
spring afresh from the roots annually.
Vitis sestivalis, Michaux.*
The Summer-Grape of the Middle and Eastern States of North-
America. Flowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue, of pleasant
taste, and ripen late in the season, but are generally rather small and
in some kinds somewhat sour. Among the varieties derived from this
species, the Jacques, Herbemont, Norton's Virginia, Elsinburg, Cun-
ningham, Rulander and Pauline are the best known; all resist the
attacks of the Phylloxera vastatrix, as has been fully demonstrated by
experience in the United States as well as in the south of France.
Several of these give an excellent produce; Jacques and Norton's
Virginia gained a first prize in competition with the wines of Southern
France, at an exhibition held in Montpellier. The Jacques-variety
especially is much esteemed in the Provence for its resistance to
Phylloxera, also for its luxuriant growth, great fertility and excellent
wine of rich color. The whole group of Vitis aestivalis is however
rather difficult to propagate, and is for this reason not so valuable for
stock of the European vine as V. riparia. As these vines are of
398 Sel-ect Plants for Industrial Culture
larger growth than V. vinifera, they should be planted further apart;
a distance of 8 or 10 feet, and 6 feet between the rows is considered
the most suitable. In Europe the flowering season is at the end of
June, about a fortnight later than that of the European vine. The
following method has been recommended for propagating these
American vines in districts infested by the Phylloxera. Cut the best
old stocks of European vines down to six or eight inches underground,
graft upon them American scions having at most three eyes, fasten
with clay and cover the graft with soil, preferably with sand. To
obtain then a number of American vines, cut off any European shoots
which may have sprouted, leave all the best American shoots, make
furrows about four inches deep, radiating from the stock, in which
layer the shoots, fixing them down with pegs, and cover them with
sand. It is to be observed, that in very poor dry soil, where the
European vine still yields a fair crop, American vines do not succeed
(Planchon, Vignes Americaines).
Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. (Cissiis Antarctica, Ventenat.)
East-Australia. With V. hypoglauca the most southern of all
species of grapes, none extending to New Zealand. It is evergreen,
and a vigorous plant for bowers, but suffers even from slight frosts.
The berries are freely produced and edible, though not large.
Vitis candicans, Engelmann.
The Mustang-Grape of Texas, extending to Florida. Suited for
warm dry climes. Climbs to a maximunvheight of 80 feet, and gets
finally a stem of nearly 2 feet diameter. Bears abundantly. Mr.
Buckley obtained from a plant 8 years old, 54 gallons of juice ; but
the wine obtained is inferior to that from some other American
species. The variety Solon is is derived from crosses between V.
riparia, V. rupestris and V. candicans (Prof. Millardet).
Vitis cinerea, Engelmann.
Valley of the middle and lower Mississippi. Of near affinity to
V. asstivalis. A large vine. Resists Phylloxera. Some hybrids
from this serve well for stock to graft on (Millardet).
Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.*
The Winter-Grape or Frost-Grape, From Canada to Florida. A
very large deciduous vine. The scent of the flowers reminds of Reseda.
The berries are small, either blackish or amber-colored and very acid.
They can be used for preserves, and are only fully matured when
touched by frosts. A succession of seedlings may give us a superior
vine, with the recommendation of particular hardiness; this species
developes however also well in rather warm climes and bears also
considerable dryness. Resists the attacks of Phylloxera very well,
and seems also safe against mildew (Professor Millardet).
Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. Mueller.
East- Australia, as far south as Gippsland. An evergreen climber
of enormous length, forming a very stout stem in age. The black
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 399
berries attain the size of small cherries. This species also may per-
haps be vastly changed in its fruit by continued culture. Bears slight
frost; but it is best in cool climes to keep seedlings for two or three
years under shelter, so that sufficient increment and induration of the
woody stem takes place for its resisting subsequently some frost, a
remark applying to many other kinds of plants to be acclimatised.
Vitis Indica,
On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending to an altitude
of 3,000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are edible. The plant
should be subjected to horticultural experiments. This is an apt
opportunity, to draw attention to some of the various Indian species
of Vitis with large edible berries — for instance, V. laevigata (Blume),
V. thyrsiflora (Miquel), Y. mutabilis (Blume), V. Blumeana (Steudel),
all from the mountains of Java, and all producing berries as large as
cherries, those of V. Blumeana being particularly sweet. Further
may here be inserted V. imperialis (Miquel), from Borneo, V. auricu-
lata and V. elongata (Wallich), the latter two from the mountainous
mainland of Coromandel, and all producing very large juicy berries;
even in the jungle-wilderness. V. quadrangularis (Linne) stretches
from Arabia to India and Central Africa, and has also edible fruits.
Many such plants may be far more eligible for grape-culture in hot wet
climates than the ordinary vine. About 250 species of Vitis are
already known, mostly from intra- tropical latitudes, and mostly ever-
green; but in regard to their elevation above the ocean and to the nature
of their fruits we are almost utterly without data. An herbaceous
species of a tuberous vine, occurring in Soudan, is recommended by
Mr. Lecard; another tuberous species is noted by Mr. J. B. Martin as
wild in Cochin-China, the herbaceous stems being reproduced annually
from the roots; both kinds bear excellent grapes; the species from
Cochin-China forms long shoots, sometimes to a length of 60 and
exceptionally 150 feet, bearing grapes all along the branches. Occa-
sionally more than a cwt. of grapes are obtained from one plant, accord-
ing to General Haldeman. It would be a grand acquisition to tropical
countries; its ripe grapes are produced successively through fully
three months; the berries are very large.
Vitis Labrusca. Linn<$.
The Isabella-Grape. North -Am erica, from Canada to Texas and
Florida, also in Japan. The Schuylkill-Grape is derived from
this species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the Bland's Grape;
another yields the American Alexander-Grape (Torrey and Gray).
The Concord, Catawba, Isabella, Martha, I ves- Seedling, Hartford-
Prolific and a number of other less known varieties are also derived
from this species. Among these the Concord takes the first rank as
well for wine as for dessert-grapes in the Eastern United States,
where it is cultivated more than all the other varieties put together,
although it has a strong so-called foxy taste. It is not quite proof
against the attacks of the Phylloxera vastatrix, but suffers less than
400 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
most other varieties of this species (Planchon, Yignes Americaines).
Many good and fertile crosses between V. Labrusca and V. vinifera
occur in North- American cultivation; the Delaware-Grape is a hybrid
from V. Labrusca according to Bush and Meisner, and has in its turn
given rise to many other good crosses. The berries of V. Labrusca
are large among American kinds, and are of pleasant taste. Flowers
fragrant. It is the only species which thrives well and bears largely
in the clime of Brisbane, according to Dr. Bancroft. This and the
other hardy North- American vines seem never to be attacked by the
Oidium-disease. Dr. Regel unites the South- Asiatic V. lanata (Rox-
burgh) with this.
riparia, Michaux.* (V. cordifolia var. riparia, A. Gray.)
From the Northern and Central United States to the Rocky Moun-
tains of Colorado. To this species belong the Clinton, Franklin,
Taylor and some other varieties, probably also- Vitis Solonis, which
seem more particularly destined to revive viticulture in Southern France
and other countries, where the Phylloxera vastatrix has annihilated
such a vast extent of vineyards. They serve as grafting stock for
the European vine, the majority of them showing a sufficient if not a
complete resistance to this pest, while they are for the most part not
difficult to propagate. The experiments hitherto made in the Pro-
vence and elsewhere have given good results, and the produce of the
European vine on American stock has been found as good as if grown
on its own root. Professor Planchon places the varieties in the fol-
lowing order of merit: Vitis Solonis, Clinton-Vialla or Franklin,
wild Vitis riparia, Taylor, Clinton. The York -Madeira, which may
be a hybrid between V. riparia and V. Labrusca, is by some growers
placed next to Vitis Solonis and answers well for grafting. The seed-
lings of V. Solonis retain the typical characteristics of the parent-plant
— which the other varieties do not. To raise vines from seeds, the
pips may be taken either before or after fermentation of the grape;
the essential point is, not to let them get dry; they should be kept in
a cool place and mixed with sand, to prevent mould. For transmission
to great distances they should be sent dried in the peel and pulp to
ensure the preservation of their vitality. Several French cultivators
recommend grafting " by approach." For this purpose an American and
an European vine are planted side by side; early in spring, when the
shoots are about the size of a small goose-quill, two from the different
stocks are brought together and in the most convenient place a. slice is
taken out of the bark and the outer portion of the wood of each, about
half an inch in length, care being taken that the two surfaces exactly
fit each other; they have only to be tied together, the sap which is
then at the height of its flow soon closing up the wound; the Ameri-
can shoot is pinched off when it has made 3 or 4 leaves, the following
winter the root of V. vinifera is cut off. Phylloxera-galls are fre-
quently found on the leaves of V. riparia as well as of V. aestivalis, but
the roots are not so often attacked ; if the latter happens, the wounds
inflicted by the insect are superficial and soon heal up (Plauchon,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 401
Vignes Americaines). Professor A. Millardet of Bordeaux has in
1885 issued an excellent illustrated work on the principal Varieties
and Species of Vines of American Origin resisting the Phylloxera.
At present in the Department Herault already 170,000 acres are
planted with American vines. Unfortunately the mildew, which has
attacked so much the European vine is equally hurtful to the Ameri-
can species, unless V. rubra and V. cordifolia be proof (Planchon).
The I3hylloxera has now found its way to Algeria, Smyrna, and
New South Wales, so that all the five great parts of the globe are
invaded.
Vitis rubra, Michaux.
The Cat-Vine. Illinois and adjoining country, on river-banks.
May climb to half a hundred feet height. Proof against Phylloxera
and mildew. Promises to become of value for hybridisation
(Millardet).
Vitis rupestris, Scheele.
The Sand-Grape or Sugar-Grape. From the Missouri to Texas.
Likes naturally gravelly borders of torrents, along which elsewhere
this species might be naturalized. Hybridises easily; also well
adapted for grafting on it the European vine (Prof. Millardet).
Vitis Schimperiana, Hochstetter.
'From Abyssinia to Guinea. This vine may perhaps become
valuable, with many other Central African kinds, for tropical culture,
and may show itself hardy also in extra-tropical countries. Barter
compares the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac-Grape.
Vitis vinifera, C. Bauhin.*
The Grape- Vine. Greece, Turkey, Persia, Tartary; probably also
in the Himalayas. One of the most thankful of plants over a wide
cultural range. Praised already by Homer; cultivated in Italy as
early as the bronze-age, in Armenia since Noah's time. This is not
the place, to discuss at length the great industrial questions con-
cerning this highly important plant, even had these not already
engaged the attention of a large number of colonists for many years.
A large territory of West- and South-Australia, also of Victoria
and New South Wales stretches essentially through the Vine-zone,
and thus most kinds of vine can be produced here, either on the low-
lands or the less elevated mountains in various climatic. regions and in
different geological formations. The best grapes with us are produced
mainly between the 30th and 38th degree of latitude. Cultivation
for wine advances on the Rhine to 50° north; on trellis it extends to
52° or 53° N., in Norway even to 61° 17'. In Italy vines are often
trained high up over maples, willows and elms, since Pliny's time;
in the Caucasus they sometimes grow on Pterocarya. Vines attain
an age of centuries and get stems 3 feet in diameter'. The doors of
the dome of the Ravenna-Cathedral are of vine-wood (Soderim).
Tozetti saw a vine with branches extending diametrically, as a whole, .
•402 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
over 3,000 feet at Montebamboli. Rezier notes a plant, bearing about
4,000 bunches of grapes annually at Besan£on (Regel). A single
plant of " Black Hamburg " under glass at Rockhampton, England,
bore annually 900-1,000 Ibs. of grapes (Davis). A vine of enormous
dimensions at Hampton-Court has also gained wide celebrity. In
Italy the establishing of vine-plantations on ordinary culture-land is
regarded as enhancing the value of the latter four or five fold, and
elsewhere often even more (whereas cereal-land is apt to deteriorate),
provided that vine-diseases can be kept off. The imports of wine
into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to about 15 million
gallons, worth more than £5,000,000, of which only a very small
proportion came from British colonies.
The Corinthian variety, producing the currants of commerce, also
thrives well in some districts of extra-tropic Australia, where with
raisins its fruit may become a staple-article of export beyond home-
consumption. The Sultana-variety is not to be much pruned; the
bunches. when gathered are dipped in an alkaline liquid obtained from
wood-ashes, to which a little olive oil is added, to expedite drying,
which is effected in about a week (G. Maw). The produce of Sultana-
raisins fluctuates from 7 to 30 cwt. per acre. The plant is best reared
on limestone- formations. In Greece the average-yield of ordinary
raisins is about 2,000 Ibs. per acre (Simmonds). Great Britain im-
ported in 1884 about 60,000 tons of currants and 25^000 tons of raisins,
nearly all for home-consumption. Dr. W. Hamm, of Vienna, has
issued a Vine-map of Europe, indicating the distribution of the
different varieties and the principal sources of the various sorts of
wine. The writer would now merely add, that the preservation of
the grapes in a fresh state, according to M. Charmeux's method, and
the sundry modes of effecting the transit of ripe grapes to long dis-
tances, ought to be turned to industrial advantage. The pigment of
the dark wine-berries is known as racemic acid. The juice contains
along with tartaric acid also grape-acid. All these chemically defined
substances have uses of their own in art and science. It might be
worthy of a trial, how far the Grape-vine can be grafted on such other
species, not American, of the extensive genus Vitis, as may not be
attacked by the destructive Pemphigus or Phylloxera. Irrespective
of sulphur, borax has also latterly been recommended against the
"Oidium-disease. Professor Monnier, of Geneva, has introduced the
very expansive sulphurous anhydrous acid gas against the Phylloxera.
The cultivation of insecticidal herbs to check the ingress of Phylloxera
should be more extensively tried, as such plants might ward off the
insect at all events in its wingless state. Dr. Herman Behr suggests
for the mitigation of this plague the ignition of wood near vineyards,
when the insect is on its wings, as all such insects seek fires, and
succumb in them largely, the attraction to the fiery light being
greatest when the sky is overcast, or when the nights are without
moonlight. Mr. Leacock, in Madeira, applies a coating of a sticky
solution of resin in oil of turpentine advantageously to the roots
of Vines affected by Phylloxera. None of the remedies hitherto
in Exira-Tropical Countries. 40$
suggested however seem to have proved really effective, or they are not
of sufficiently easy and cheap application, and the Phylloxera-pest is-
still rapidly on the increase in Europe; according to the latest
accounts one-third of all the vineyards of France are affected, and the
disease is also spreading in Italy and Spain. Inundation to the depth
of a few inches for about a month, where that is practicable, com-
pletely suffocates the Phylloxera, but renders the vine for a while
much less productive. In sandy soil this dreadful insect is retarded
in its development, action and progress. Bisulphide of carbon has
proved an efficient remedy; this expansive fluid is introduced into
the soil by a peculiar injector, or through porous subtances (wood,
earth), saturated with the bisulphide, the cost of this operation being,
in France, £3 10s.-£4 per acre annually. (Planchou, David, Marion,
Robart. See also translations by K. Staiger and A. K. Findlay.)
Dressing with sulpho-carbonate of potassium is still more efficacious
and less dangerous, but involves an annual expenditure of about £8
per acre (W. T. Dyer). Sand might be dug in at the roots of vines,
which may be in imminent danger of becoming a prey of Phylloxera.
Recently it has been insisted on by Mr. Bauer, of San Francisco, that
it would be best to put minute quantities of mercury, triturated with
chalk, near the roots of vines affected with Phylloxera, a measure
which deserves every consideration, as the particles of quicksilver
would only very gradually become dissolved, and long remain
stationary; and we know that metal in its solutions to be the most
powerful antiseptic, a dilution of one part of bichloride of mercury in
5,000 parts of water proving strong enough for surgical purposes. It
is reported from California, likewise, that there cereals seem also
attacked by Phylloxera. Little's soluble Phenyl is among the reme-
dies, recommended by the chief viticultural officer in San Francisco
against the insect. Wetmore urges the use of sulphate of iron against
the mildew of vines. Travellers through new temperate regions might
include carefully kept vine-seeds among those to be disseminated.
Vitis VUlpina, Linn£.* (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.)
The Muscadine- or Fox-Grape. South-Eastern States of North-
America; extends also to Japan, Manchuria and the Himalayas.
This species includes as varieties the Bullace, the Mustang, the Bull-
ate-Grape and both kinds of the Scuppernongs. The berries are of
pleasant taste, but in some instances of strong flavor; they are the
largest among Amerian grapes. All the varieties derived from Vitis
vulpina are perfectly proof against the attacks of Phylloxera vasta-
trix. Although in infected districts a few insects may sometimes be
found on it, yet no ill effects are ever manifested. The flowering
season is about six weeks later than that of the European vine. This
species is not easily propagated from cuttings, but must be raised
from seeds or by layering. As this is a very large species, the vines
should be planted 20 to 30 feet apart, and grown in bower- fashion or
on trellises. It does not bear pruning, but some of the superfluous
wood may be trimmed off during summer. It is only suited for mild
404 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
climates; even in the latitude of Washington it succumbs to the cold,
being thus not hardy like most other North-American species in
Northern Germany. The bunches contain generally only from 4 to
10 large berries, but are produced abundantly all over the plant. The
berries are of a brownish-yellow color with a bronze-tinge when
ripe; the peel is coriaceous, the juice vinous, of delicate perfume, re-
sembling muscat. The grapes do not ripen together, but successively
during about a month, and drop off the stalk when ripe. To gather
them a sheet is generally spread under the vine and the latter shaken.
The Muscadine vine grows sometimes to an extraordinary size, rising
to the top of the tallest trees. A Scuppernong, planted on the island
of Roauoke, covers an area of more than 40 acres; another is men-
tioned by M. Labiaux as extending still further. Vitis vulpiua is
not suited for stock, on which to graft the European vine (Planchon).
Hybrids of this species with the European and with other American
vines are but little fertile, but by further crossing the first hybrids can
furnish fertile sorts, whereas crosses between Vitis vinifera, V.
asstivalis, V. cordifolia, V. riparia and V. Labrusca in any way are
hardly less fertile than the original species (Bush and Meisner). V.
caudicans, the Mustang-grape of Texas, is recommended by Professor
Millardet for grape-culture. Dr. Regel refers to V. vulpina also V.
parviflora, Roxburgh. The important memoirs " Les Vigues Ameri-
caines," published by Planchon since 1875, should be consulted in
reference to American vines.
Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars.
Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as Natal.
This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods underground for ma-
turation in the manner of Arachis hypogsea. The pods are edible
and consumed in some tropical countries.
^Tallichia caryotoid.es, Roxburgh. (Harina caryotoides, Hamilton.)
India, up to 4,000 feet elevation (Kurz). A dwarf tufted palm,
eligible for scenic group-planting.
^Tallichia densiflora, Martius. (W. oblongifolia, Griffith.)
Himalaya as far as 27° north. There one of the hardiest of all
palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful object for
cultural industries.
Washingtonia fllifera, H. Wendland. (Pritchardia filifera, Linden.)
From South-California to Arizona and Colorado. One of the most
northern and therefore most hardy of American palms. This species
attains a height of about 50 feet. In gardens it passes often under
the name Brahea filamentosa. W. robusta (H. Wendland) occurs on
the Sacramento-River, and will endure long continued drought as
well as a few degrees of frost (Prof. Naudin).
Wettinia augnsta, Poeppig.
Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This palm is
therefore likely to endure mild, temperate climes.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 405
Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce.
Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height of
about 40 feet, and advances to elevations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet.
Before finally parting from the American palms, it may be appro-
priate to allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds, which were left
unnoticed in the course of this compilation. From Dr. Spruce's im-
portant essay on the Palms of the Amazon-River may be learned
that, besides other species as yet imperfectly known from the sources
of this great river, the following kinds are comparatively hardy, and
hence might find places for cultivation or even naturalization within
the limits of extra-tropical countries: Geonoma undata (Klotzsch),
Iriartea deltoidea (Ruiz and Pavon), Iriartea ventricosa (Martius),
which latter rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet; Iriartea
exorrhiza (Martius); this, with the two other Iriarteas, ascends the
Andes to 5,000 feet.. Oenocarpus multicaulis (Spruce) ascends to
4,000 feet; from six to ten stems are developed from the same root,
each from 15 to 30 feet high. Of Euterpe two species occur in a
zone between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Phytelephas microcarpa (Ruiz
and Pavon) ascends to 3,000 feet on the eastern slope of the Peru-
Andes. Phytelephas macrocarpa, R. & P., grows also on the eastern
side of the Andes, up to 4,000 feet; it is this superb species, which
yields by its seeds much of the vegetable ivory. Phytelephas
agquatorialis, Spruce, occurs on the western slope of the Peruvian
Andes, up to 5,000 feet ; this palm is one of the grandest objects in
the whole vegetable creation, its leaves attaining a length of 30 feet !
The stem rises to 20 feet. Palm-ivory is also largely secured from
this plant. Though equinoctial, it lives only in the milder regions of
the mountains. Carludovica palmata (R. & P.), on the eastern side
of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador ascends to about 4,000 feet ; the fan-
shaped leaves from cultivated specimens furnish the main-material for
the best Panama-hats. Count de Castelnau saw many palms on the
borders of Paraguay during his great Brazilian expedition. Most of
these, together with the palms of Uruguay and the wide Argentine
territory, would probably prove adapted for acclimation in mild tem-
perate latitudes ; but hitherto the limited access to those countries has
left us largely unacquainted with their vegetable treasures also in this
direction. Von Martius demonstrated so early as 1850 the occurrence
of the following palms in extra-tropical South- America : Juania
australis (H. Wendland), on high mountains in Juan Fernandez, at
30° south latitude; Jubcea spectabilis (Humboldt), in Chili; at 40°
south latitude ; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at 31° south latitude ;
Copernicia cerifera, (Mart.), at 29° south latitude ; Acrocomia Totai
(Mart.), at 28° south latitude ; Cocos Australis (Mart.), at 34° south
latitude; Cocos Yatai (Mart), at 32° south latitude; Cocos Ro-
manzoinana (Chamisso), at 28° south latitude ; Diplothemium lit-
torale (Mart.), at 30° south latitude. All the last-mentioned palms
occur in Brazil, the Acrocomia imd Trithrinax extending to Paraguay,
and Cocos Australis to Uruguay and the La Plata-States.
406 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
While some palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes, others-
ascend to temperate and even cold mountain-regions. Among the
American species are prominent in this respect — Euterpe andicola
(Brongniart), E Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longivaginata (Mart.),
Diplothemium Porallyi (Mart.) and Ceroxylon pithyrophyllum
(Mart.), all occurring on the Bolivian Andes at an elevation of about
8,000 feet. Ceroxylon andicola (Humboldt), Kunthia montana
(Humb.), Oreodoxa frigida (Humb.) and Geonoma densa (Linden),
also reach on the Andes of New Granada an elevation of 8,000 foet.
Ceroxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of Venezuela
fully to a zone of 7,500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw stems 200
feet high, with leaves 24 feet long. There also occur Syagrus
Sancona (Karsten) and Platenia Chiragua (Karsten), at elevations of
5,000 feet, both very lofty palms, and both recently reduced by Sir
Joseph Hooker to the genus Cocos. From the temperate mountain-
regions of sub-tropical Mexico are known, among others, Chamasdorea
concolor (Mart.), Copernicia Pumos (Humb.), C. nana (Kunth) and
Brahea dulcis (Mart.), at elevations of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet.
Wissadula rostrata, Planchon.
Tropical Africa and America. A perennial somewhat shrubby
plant, easily naturalized in frostless regions. The bark abounds in
serviceable fibre ; and as the plant shoots quickly into long simple
twigs, if cut near the root, fibre of good length is easily produced
(Dr. Roxburgh).
Chinensis, De Candolle.
The " Fuji " of Japan and China ; hardy still at Christiania.
Lives through a century and more. The stem is carried up straight,
and the branches are trained on horizontal trellises at Japanese
dwellings, affording shade for seats beneath. One Wistaria tree will
thus cover readily a square of 50 feet by 50 feet, the delightfully
odorous trusses of flowers pendent through the trellis overhead
(Christy). Fortune tells us of a tree of great age, which measured
at 3 feet from the ground 7 feet in circumference, and covered
a space of trellis-work 60 feet by 100 feet. At Sunningdale
(England) a single plant covers a wall 9 feet high for a length of
340 feet (J. B. Torry). Flowers probably available for scent-
distillation.
Wistaria frutescens, Candolle. ( W. spetiosa, Nuttall. )
South-Eastern States of North- America. A woody tall-climbing
plant, of grand value, with the preceding species, for bees.
Withania coagulans, Dunal.
Mountains of India. A somewhat shrubby plant. With the fruit
milk can be coagulated into curd for cheese, as with rennet ; the
active principle, according to Mr. Sheridan Lee, is best extracted by
a weak aqueous solution of kitchen- salt.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 407
Withania somnifera, Dunal.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, thence to South- Asia and
South-Africa. A half-shrub. The root, according to Professor
McOwan, acts much like that of Podophyllum medicinally.
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heritier.
Eastern North-America. A perennial, almost shrubby plant, of
medicinal value. The root produces a yellow pigment, similar to
that of Hydrastis Canadensis. Both also contain berberin.
Xanthorrhcea Tatei, F. v. Mueller.
Kangaroo-Island. One of the largest of the so-called "Grass-
trees," and one of the best for furnishing the fragrant resin
of this genus of plants, it being in demand for particular sorts
of varnishes, for the manufacture of sealing-wax, for picric acid,
which it yields in large percentage, for coloring walls as an
admixture to lime and for some other technologic purposes.
Approximate London-price now £8 for the ton, according to Mr.
Will. Somerville. Resin is also commercially exported from X.
australis (R. Brown) of Tasmania and Victoria, from X. resinosa
(Persoon) of N. S. Wales and Queensland, from X. quadrangulata
(F. v. M.) of South- Australia, from X. Preissii (Endiicher) of West-
Australia and from X. hastilis of New South Wales. Mechanical
redissemination should be effected, wherever the plants largely become
sacrificed for obtaining the resin. For technologic and geographic
notes on various Xanthorrhreas see also Zeitschrift des oesterreich.
Apotheker-Vereins xxiii., 293-295 (1885).
Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Schott.
West-Indies. The tubers are largely cultivated there, and used
as an esculent like those of Colocasia. The plant may be as hardy
as the latter.
Xanthoxylon piperitum, De Candolle.
Used as a condiment in China and Japan. Fruit-capsules re-
markably fragrant.
Ximenia Americana, Linne".
Tropical-Asia, Africa and America, passing the tropics however
in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous position in Florida.
This bush may therefore accommodate itself to cooler climes in
localities free from frost. The fruits are edible, resembling yellow
plums in appearance; their taste is agreeable. The wood is scented.
In Mexico Called "Alvarillo del campo." Mr. P. O'Shanesy recom-
mended this shrub for hedges.
Xylia dolabriformis, Bentham.
The "Pyengadu" of India, extending to China and the
Philippine-Islands, ascending mountains to 3,000 feet. An Acacia-
like tree, attaining a height of about 120 feet, the stem often clear up
2 D
408 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
to about 80 feet and of very considerable girth. Foliage deciduous.
The wood is reddish-brown, close-grained, and pervaded when fresh
by an oily glutinous clamminess. The heartwood is of greater dura-
bility than even teak, and of a marvellous resistance to shocks
through its extreme hardness. It is used for gun-carriages, crooks
of ships, railway-sleepers, tools, gauges, ploughs, house- and bridge-
posts (Laslett). It is as indestructible as iron, hence locally called
iron-wood; a rifle shot at 20 yards distance will scarcely cause any
penetration into it (Colonel Blake). Neither the teredo nor termites
will touch the heartwood (J. Hooker). It can only be sawn up in a
fresh state. The stem exudes a red gum-resin (Kurz). This tree
yields also saponin.
Yucca aloifolia, Linn£.
Carolina, Florida, West-India, Mexico, in coast-sand. Stem to 20
feet high. With its congeners a fibre-plant.
Yucca angustifolia, Pursh.
From Missouri and Iowa to Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.
Height according to Mr. Greene to about 15 feet. One of the
hardiest of all.
Yucca baccata, Torrey.
Colorado, Texas, Southern California, Utah, Northern Mexico.
In its ordinary state not tall; but the variety Y. filifera (Chabaud)
will sometimes produce a stem half a hundred feet high with a
diameter to 3 feet. The leaves are singularly short (S. Watson).
This furnishes the Tambico-fibre for cordage, ropes, rugs and other
fabrics.
Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann.
Southern California, Arizona and Utah, in the deserts, ascending
to 4,000 feet. Attains a height of 30 feet, The whole plant can be
converted into paper (Vasey, Baker).
Yucca filamentosa, Linne.
The Adam's Needle. From Maryland to Florida. An almost
stemless species. It would hardly be right, to omit the plants of this
genus altogether here, as they furnish a fibre of great strength,
similar to that of the Agaves. Moreover, all these plants are
decorative, and live in the poorest soil, even in drifting coast-sand.
They are also not hurt, as is the case with the Fourcroyas, by slight
frosts.
Yucca gloriosa, Linn£.
Carolina and Florida, along the sandy coast-tracts. Stem not tall,
. but leaves very numerous. The fibre of the leaves furnishes much
material for rope to supply the wants for ships and boats locally.
Yucca-ropes are lighter, stronger and more durable than those of
hemp (H. M. Brakenridge). At Edinburgh it bore a temperature of
0° F. with impunity (Grorlie).
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 409
Yucca Guatemalensis, Baker.
Mexico and Guatemala. Acquires finally a height of about 20
feet. Regarding the specific characteristics of the various Yuccas
see particularly Baker's descriptions in the journal of the Linn. Soc.
1880.
Yucca Treculiana, Carriere,
From Texas to Mexico. Stem to about 50 feet high, branched
only near the summit. Grand in aspect and also most showy on
account of its vast number of white flowers of porcelain-lustre. The
fruit tastes like that of the Papaw (Lindheimer).
Yucca Yucatana, Engelmann.
Mexico. This species attains a height of about 25 feet, branching
from the base. Y. canaliculata (ETooker) ranges from Texas to North-
Mexico, and has a stem up to 25 feet high, with very long leaves.
Zalacca secunda, Griffith.
Assam, as far north as 28°. A stemless palm with large feathery
leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes. Before we quit
the Asiatic palms, we may learn from Von Martius' great work,
how many extra-tropical members of this princely order were already
known in 1850, when that masterly publication was concluded.
Martius enumerates as belonging to the boreal extra-tropical zone
in Asia; From Silhet at 24° north latitude: Calamus erectus, Roxb.;
C. extensus, Roxb. ; C. quinquenervius, Roxb. ; — from Garo at
26s north latitude: Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb.; Ptychosperma
gracilis, Miq.; Caryota urens, L.; Calamus leptospadix, Griff.; —
from Khasya, in 26° north latitude : Calamus acanthospathus, Griff. ;
C. macrospathus, Griff. ; Plectocomia Khasyana, Griff. ; — from
Assam, about 27° north latitude: Areca Nagensis, Griff.; A. triandra,
Roxb.; Livistona Jenkinsii, Griff.; Daemonorops nutantiflorus, Griff.;
D. Jenkinsii, Griff.; D. Guruba, Mart.; Plectocomia Assamica,
Griff.; Calamus tenuis, Roxb.; C. Flagellum, Griff.; C. Heliotro-
pium, Hamilt.; C. floribundus, Griff.; Phoenix Ouseloyana, Griff.;
— -from Upper Assam, between 28° and 29° north latitude: Caryota
obtusa, Griff.; Zalacca secunda, Griff.; Calamus Mishmelensis,
Griff.; — -from Darjiling, at 27° north latitude: Wallichia obtusi-
folia, Griff.; Licuala peltata, Roxb.; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff.;
Calamus schizospathus, Griff.;— -from Nepal, between 28° and 29°
north latitude: Chamaerops Martiana, Wall.; — from Guhrvall, in
30° north latitude: Calamus Royleanus, Griff.; — -from Saharanpoor,
in 30° north latitude: Borassus flabelliformis, L.; — -from Duab, in
31° north latitude: Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb.; — -from Kheree, in 30°
north latitude: Phoenix humilis, Royle; — -from Dekan: Bentinckia
Coddapanna, Berry, at an elevation of 4,000 feet. Miquel mentions
as palms of Japan (entirely extra-tropical): Rhapis flabelliformis,
Aiton; R. humilis, Bltime; Chamaerops excelsa, Thunb.; Livistona
Chinensis, Br. and Arenga saccharifera, Labill., or a species closely
allied to that palm.
410 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
Zea Mays, Linn<$.*
The Maize or Indian Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts of
South- America. St. Hilaire mentions as its native country Paraguay.
A. de Candolle believes it to have come originally from New Granada.
Found — as cultivated — in Central America already by Columbus. This
conspicuous, though annual, cereal grass interests us on this occasion
as being applicable to far more uses than those, for which it has been
employed in most parts of the globe. In North- America, for instance,
maize is converted into a variety of dishes for the daily table, being
thus boiled in an immature state, as "green corn." Mixed with
other flour it furnishes good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is
solely used, also for maizena, macaroni and polenta. Several varieties
exist, the Inca-Maize of Peru being remarkable for its gigantic size
and large grains; the variety named is very hardy, having matured
seeds in Norway as far north as 63° 15' according to Professor Schue-
beler. Some varieties in wet tropical countries ripen grain within six
weeks from the time of sowing. Maize is not readily subject to the
ordinary corn-diseases, but to prosper it requires fair access to potash
and lime. Good writing and printing papers can be prepared from
maize-straw. Meyen calculated, that the return from maize under
most favorable circumstances in tropical countries would be eight
hundred fold, and under almost any circumstances it is the largest
yielder among cereals in warm countries. Acosta counted on some
cobs of the Inca-Maize as many as 700 grains, and says that it is not
uncommon to harvest of this variety 300 fold the seeds sown; it
grows to a height of 15 feet in rich soil and under careful cultivation,
by which means the grains will become 4 or 5 times as large as the
ordinary kind. In Peru it can be grown up to an altitude of 8,000
feet. Mr. Buchanan, of Lindenau, obtained 150 bushels of ordinary
maize from an acre in Gippsland-flats, colony Victoria. Even in the
very dry clime of the Murray-River districts maize, but under irri-
gation, has yielded 80 bushels per acre (D. Cormack). According to
the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in Washington, the
maize culture extended over 68,804,685 acres in the United States in
1882, that being over one- third of all the land under tillage in the
Union. From the stalks of ordinary maize, after the ripened grains
have been plucked, sugar at the rate of 900 Ibs. per acre is still obtain-
able (Department of Agriculture, Washington). Maize has also
come into extensive use for alcoholic distillation. In 1879 already
the United States produced 1,547,900,000 bushels of maize on 53
millions of acres, to the value of 580 million dollars, or about
£140,000,000. In 1882 the maize-produce there was 1,617,000,000
bushels, realizing monetarily 783,867,000 dollars, equal to
£188,128,000. Maize-grain will retain its power of germination for
two years with certainty. As a fattening saccharine green- fodder,
maize is justly and universally in warm countries appreciated. In
Middle Europe the Horse-tooth variety is frequently grown for this
purpose and attains occasionally a height of fully 12 feet, although
the seeds do not come to perfection there. Any ergot from it is used,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 411
like that of rye, for medicinal purposes. Maize-corn contains about
75 per cent, of starch. Dierbach recommends mellago or treacle
from maize instead of that prepared from the roots of Triticum repens,
L., and the molasses so obtained serves also for culinary uses. Sugar
and treacle are now made on a large scale from maize-stems in the
manner indicated under Andropogon saccharatus. Exposure to extreme
and protracted cold — four years in Polaris-Bay, Smith-Sound, 81° 38'
north latitude — did not destroy the vitality of .wheat- and maize-grains
(R. J. Lynch). The elongated threadlike styles have come recently
into medicinal use.
Zelkova acuminata, Planchon. (Planera acuminata, Lindley; P. Japonica,
. Miquel; Zelkovia Keaki, Savatier and Franchet.)
The "Keaki," considered one of the best timber -trees of Japan; it
proved of rapid growth and valuable as a shade-tree also at Mel-
bourne. The wood never cracks, and is hence most extensively used
for turnery, also much for furnitnre (Rein). Stems occasionally to
20 feet in girth. For out-door work the most valued wood in Japan
(Christie).
Zelkova crenata, Spach. (Planera Richardi, Michaux.)
South- Western Asia, ascending to 5,000 feet. In favorable locali-
ties a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of the elms.
The allied Z. Cretica (Spach) is restricted to South-Europe.
Zingiber officinale, Roscoe.
The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be pro-
ductive also in the warmer temperate zone, and give satisfactory
results. The multiplication is effected by division of the root. For
candied ginger only the young succulent roots are used, which are
peeled and scalded prior to immersion into the saccharine liquid.
Great Britain imported in 1884 about 56,000 cwt. of ginger, valued
at £124,000.
Zizania aquatica, Linn£.* (Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.)
The Canada-Rice. In shallow streams and around ponds and lakes,
from Canada to Florida. This grass might be readily naturalized.
Annual. It attains a height of 9 feet. Although its grain can be
utilized for bread-corn, we would wish to possess the plant chiefly, to
obtain additional food of a superior kind for water-birds.
Zizania fluitans, Michaux. (Hydrochloa Carolinensis, Beauvois.)
Southern- States . of North- America. This grass, floating in
shallow streams, or creeping on muddy banks of rivers or swamps,
is praised by Prof. C. Mohr as valuable for fodder, lasting throughout
the year.
Zizania latifolia, Turczaninow. (Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisebach.)
The Kau-sun of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria, China and
Japan. Regarded by Bentham as conspecific wiih Z. aqnatica.
412 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
From Dr. Hance we know, that the solid base of the stem
forms a very choice vegetable, largely used in China, where this tall
water-grass undergoes regular cultivation like the Trapa.
Zizania miliacea, Michaux.*
Southern part of North- America, West-Indies. Tall and perennial,
but more restricted to the tide-water meadows and ditches, according
to Pursh; while according to Chapman's note it is generally distri-
buted like Z. aquatica, with which it has similar use. In Southern
Brazil occurs a similar if not identical grass — namely Z. microstachya
(Neesj.
Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius.
Brazil. Recommended as yielding edible fruit in arid regions.
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamarck.
From India to China and East- Australia, extending also to tropical
Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4,500 feet. This shrub or tree
can only be expected to bear its pleasant fruits within the temperate
zone in warm regions. The fruit is red or yellow and of the size of
a cherry. The Tussa-silkworm, which according to Dr. Forbes
Watson is the most important and widely distributed of the wild
silk -insects of India, feeds on Z. Jujuba, but also on Terminalias,
Shorea, Bombax heptaphyllum (Cavanilles) and some other trees.
Often the cocoons are merely collected in the forests.
Zizyphus Lotus, Lamarck.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are small and
less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris; nevertheless they are largely
used for food in the native country of this bush, and are quite a staple-
product for the local fruit-markets there (Dr. Shaw). Z. nummularia
(Wight and Arnott) is an allied species from the mountains of India,
ascending to about 3,000 feet. It is much used for garden-hedges.
The fruit is sweet and acidulous and of a pleasant flavor (Brandis).
Zizyphus MiStal, Grisebach.
Argentina. A fine tree with edible fruits.
Zizyphus rugosa, Lamarck.
Nepal and other mountainous parts of India! A small tree, hardier
than Z. Lotus. The drupe of this is also edible, and. the same may be
said of a few other Indian species.
Zizpyhus Sinensis, Lamarck.
China and Japan. Similar in use to the last.
Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow.
Middle and North-Africa, South- Western Asia. Rather a hedge-
plant than a fruit-bush.
in Extra- Tropical Countries.
413
Zizyphus vulgaris, Lamarck.
Orient, particularly Syria, extending to China; in the Himalayas
up to 6,500 feet, A small tree, adapted for a mild temperate clime.
Fruits scarlet, about an inch long, with edible pulp; they are known
as South-European Jujubes. The allied Z. oxyphylla (Edgeworth)
has a very acid fruit.
Zoysia pungens, Willdenow.
Eastern and Southern Asia, East- Australia. This creeping grass,
although not large, is important for binding coast-sands; it will live
on saline soil, and can also be utilized as a lawn-grass.
Number of plants primarily recorded
Number of plants secondarily mentioned.,
Total
2,279
1,347
3,626
TABLE OF AVERAGES AND EXTREMES OF
TEMPERATURE OF AIR IN VICTORIA.
Furnished by the Melbourne-Observatory.
Stations.
Yearly Mean
Temperature.
Extreme Maximum
Temperature.
Extreme Minimum
Temperature.
Years.
Fahr.
Years.
Fahr.
Years.
Fahr.
o
0
0
Cape Otway
22
65-1
20
108-0
16
30'0
Portland
8
56-8
21
108-0
17
27-0
Melbourne ...
27
57'3
27
111-2
27
27-0
Cape Schanck
2
56'7
2
98-0
2
33-0
Wilson's Promontory
9
56'2
7
101-0
8
30-0
Gabo Island
16
58-2
6
93-0
• 7
38-0
Baltarat
25
54'3
24
114-0
24
22'0
Birregurra
..
fi
55-1
5
103-0
5
29-0
A/TQ f»or1 rm
11
53*0
IVJ.dC c lA U 11
Romsey
;;
3
54-2
3
105-5
3
25-0
Sunbury
..
5
55-7
5
107-7
5
• 28-0
Berwick
18
57'0
Stratford
6
56-6
&
108-0
6
22-0
Stawell
.
16
57-7
17
120-0
19
25-0
Dimboola
4>
4
57-8
4
116-0
4
20-0
Sandhurst
J0
22
58-6
23
117-4
22
27-5
dunes
5
55-0
5
113-0
4
23-0
Cashel
3
59-1
3
lll'O
4
25-0
Beech worth
8
55-4
8
111-0
. 7
26-5
Echuca
A
58-6
3
111-0
3
23-0
Yarrawonga
5
60-5
5
112-0
5
25-0
Omeo
3
53-7
3
107-0
3
19'0
414
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
TABLE OF AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IN
VICTORIA.
Furnished by the Melbourne-Observatory.
District or Basin.
Names of Stations.
Amount.
Years.
Cape Otway
inches
35-09
21
West Coast
Portland ...
Warrnambool
32-65
28-15
24
5
Glenhuntly, Macarthur
31-74
5
Geelong
18-36
10
Wyndham ...
18-58
10
South Coast
Melbourne ...
25-76
27
Tyabb, Hastings
36-42
10
Cape Schanck
27-96
5
(
Wilson's Promontory
42-79
10
East Coast ... ... <
Port Albert
24-92
19
|
Gabo Island
36-87
16
Hamilton ...
24-90
10
Glenthomson
Retreat, Casterton ...
26-32
24-96
7
5
i
Ercildoune , Burrumbeet
25-00
8
Hopkins River and Mount)
Emu Creek ... ... j
Ararat
Yalla-y-Poora, Streatham
Wickliffe
21-14
20-95
21-88
10
6
5
/
Keilambete, Terang ...
29-92
6
Camperdown
29-41
10
Mount Elephant and Lake^
Corangamite ... ... j
Rokewood ...
Poligolet, Derrinallum
Mount Bute, Lin tons
20-73
23-08
24-79
10
6
7
Pirron Yalloak
27-40
6
r
Buninyong ...
29-10
10
Ballarat
26-74
25
Birregurra ...
34-16
10
Moorabool and Barwon rivers •
Stony Creek Reservoir
24-51
8
Murdeduke, Winchelsea
20-50
5
Lovely Banks Reservoir
17-44
8
I
Mount Gellibrand
23-95
6
Macedon
35-20
10
Romsey
28-04
6
Blackwood ...
40-97
6
Sunbury
20-68
6
Ballan
28-75
5
Bacchus Marsh
18-25
5
•r
Yan Yean Reservoir ...
23-70
10
Warrandyte
34-64
10
Berwick
37-17
10
Ferntree Gully
43-83
10
Yarra River arid Dandenong I
Kew
28-43
10
Creek \
Gembrook ...
46-17
6
Dandenong...
30-11
6
Yering
32-18
4
Beenak . ...
65-45
6
I
Warburton ...
60-26
6
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
TABLE OF AVERAGE RAINFALL — continued.
District or Basin.
Names of Stations.
Amount.
Mitchell and La Trobe-rivers<
v
Lowan Shire and Mallee
Wimmera-Blver ...
Avon and Richardson-rivers \
c
Loddon-River ... ...<J
Campaspe-River and Lake<
Corop ...
Goulburn and Broken-rivers <;
Ovens-River
Mitta Mitta and Kiewa-rivers
Murray-River ... ...<
Sale
Stratford ...
Rosedale
Warragul ...
Maffra
Grant
Bairnsdale ...
Werracknabeal
Neuarpur, Apsley
Stawell
Horsham
Hall's Gap, Grampians
Dimboola ...
Banyenong, Donald ...
Wallaloo, Glenorchy ...
Warranooke, Glenorchy
Daylesford ...
Sandhurst ...
Castlemaine
Newlyn
Clunes Weir
Barker's Creek Reservoir
Expedition Pass Reservoir
Crusoe Reservoir
Maryborough
Maldon-
Clunes
Tragowell Station
Lake Meran Station ...
Durham Ox
Kerang
Kynetpn
Malmsbury Reservoir
Sutton Grange Reservoir
Trentham ...
Whrod
Metcalfe ...
Kaarimba, north of Shepparton
Shepparton...
Alexandra ...
Cashel
Edenvale, Strathbogie Ranges
Beechworth
Wangaratta
Omeo ...
Wahgunyah
Piangil ... § ...
Coonanga ... "...
Pannoobamawm ... ' ...
Chiltern
Picola
Echuca ... ...
Yarrawonga
inches
24-68
27-46
26-88
43-45
25-96
41-33
27-90
13-96
19-91
19-01
15-78
34-78
13-44
14-34
15-22
16-34
34-45
21-66
23-75
29-91
21-85
24-89
24-88
21-98
18-44
23-32
21-03
12-46
12-68
12-03
11-44
30-88
26-62
28-18
40-22
21-36
25-00,
18-40
17-22
25-65
19-27
39-79
30-09
21-05
23-55
19-77
13-14
20-30
16-15
21-48
14-26
14-90
17-32
2 E
416 Select, Plants for Industrial Culture
GENERA INDICATING :
Alimentary Plants—.
1. YIELDING HERBAGE (culinary) —
Agriophyllum, Allium, Amarantus, Anthriscus, Apium, Aralia,
Atriplex, Barbarea, Basella, Beta, Bongardia, Borrago, Brassica,
Chenopodium, Claytonia, Corchorus, Crambe, Cynara, Eremurus,
Euchlaena, Fagopyrum, Gigantochloa, Gunnera, Hibiscus, Lactuca,
Lepidium, Musa, CEnanthe, Pharnaceum, Pringlea, Pugionium,
Rheum, Ruraex, Sanguisorba, Scandix, Schizostachyum, Scorzonera,
Spinacia, Talinum, Tetragonia, Theligonum, Tropaeolum, Valeria-
nella, Zizania.
2. YIELDING ROOTS (culinary) —
Allium, Apios, Aponogeton, Arracacha, Asparagus, Bassowia,
Beta, Boussingaultia, Brassica, Butomus, Carum, Chserophyllum,
Cichorium, Colocasia, Conopodium, Cordyline, Crambe, Cymopterus,
Cyperus, Daucus, Dendrocalamus, Dioscorea, Diposis, Eustrephus,
Ferula, Flemingia, Flueggea, Geitonoplesium, Gigantoehloa,
Gladiolus, Heleocharis, Helianthus, Hypochoeris, Ipomoea, Iris,
Manihot, Microseris, Nelumbo, Nepeta, Ophiopogon, Oxalis,
Pachyrrhizus, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Pouzolzia, Priva, Psoralea,
, Pueraria, Raphanus, Rhaponticum, Ruscus, Scilla, Scolymus, Scor-
zonera, Sechium, Selinum, Solanum, Stilbocarpa, Thapsia, Tin-
guarra, Tragopogon, Tropasolum, Ullucus, Uvularia, Valeriana,
Xanthosoma.
3. YIELDING CEREAL GRAIN —
Andropogon, Avena, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Pauicum,
Pennisetum, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Zea, Zizania.
4. YIELDING TABLE-PULSE—
Cajanus, Caragana, Cicer, Cyamopsis, Dolichos, Ervum, Lupinus,
Mucuna, Phaseolus> Pisum, Psophocarpus, Yicia, Vigna.
5. YIELDING VARIOUS ESCULENT FRUITS — •
Aberia, Acanthosicyos, Acbras, Adenostemon, Agriophyllum,
Albizzia, Alibertia, Amarantus, Amelanchier, Anona, Arachis,
Araucaria, Aristotelia, Artocarpus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Benincasa,
Berberis, Borassus, Brabejum, Canavalia, Carica, Carissa, Carya,
Casimiroa, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia, Cereus, Cer-
vantesia, Citrus, Coccoloba, Condalia, Corynocarpus, Corynosicyos,
Crataegus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania, Cupania, Cynara, Debre-
geasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum, Ficus, Fragaria,
Fuchsia, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko, Gourliaea, Guevina,
Hibiscus, Hovenia, Hymenaea, Illipe, Juglans, Juniperus, Lapa-
geria, Limonia, Macadamia, Maclura, Maiigifera, Marlea, Marliera,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 417
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Melicocca, Mesembrianthemum, Moringa, Morns, Musa, Myrica,
Myrtus, Nageia, Nelurabo, Nephelium, Niemeyera, Nuphar, Nyssa,
Opuntia, Pappea, Parinarium, Passiflora, Peireskia,Persea, Peumus,
Phoenix, Photinia, Phyllanthus, Physalis, Piuus, Pistacia, Prunus,
Psidiura, Punica, Pyrularia, Pyrus, Quercus, Ribes, Rubus, Sal pi-
chroma, Sambucus, Santalum, Sechium, Shepherdia, Solanum,
Spondias, Sterculia, Tamarindus, Telfairia, Terminalia, Trapa,
Triphasia, Vaccinium, Vahea, Vangueria, Vitis, Voandzeia,
Ximenia, Zizyphus.
6. TRUFFLES, MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGS —
Agaricus, Boletus, Cantharellus, Clavaria, Coprinus, Cortinarius,
Fistulina, Helvella, Hydnum, Morchella, Pachyma, Peziza, Poly-
gaster, Polyporus, Rhizopogon, Russula, Terfezia, Tremella,
Tuber.
Avenue-Plants (partly also for street-planting) —
Acer, xEsculus, Castanea, Corylus, Cupressus, Eucalyptus, Ficus,
Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Grevillea, Jubsea, Juglana, Melia, Oreodoxa,
Pinus, Pircunia, Pistacia, Planera, Platanus, Populus, Prunus,
Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sequoia, Thespesia, Tilia, Ulmus,
Zelkova.
Bamboo-Plants—
Arundinaria, (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesha, Dendrocalamus,
Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocalamus, Melocanna, Phyllostachys,
Schizostachyum (many other genera mentioned under Schizos-
tachyum), Teinostachyum, Thamnocalamus.
Camphor-Plant—
Cinnamomum.
Coffee-Plant;
CofEea,
Condiment-Plants—
Acorus, Allium, Apium, Archangelica, Artemisia, Asperula,
Benincasa, Borrago, Brassica, Calamintha, Calyptranthes, Capparis,
Capsicum, Carum, Chaerophyllum, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Coch-
learia, Coriandrum, Crithmum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, Glycine,
Illicium, Laserpitium, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha, Meri-
andra, Monarda, Monodora, Myrrhis, Nyssa, Ocimum, Olea,
Origanum, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Prunus, Pycnanthemu-m,
Sal via, Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes, Tropseolum/Thymus,
Tuber, Valerianella, Xanthoxylon, Zingiber.
Cork-Plants—
Quercus. — Substitutes: -<Eschynomene, Agave, Nyssa.
418 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Dye-Plants —
Acacia, Acer, Albizzia, Aleurites, Alkanna, Alnus, Anthemis,
Baloghia, Baptisia, Csesalpinia, Carthamus, Carya, Chlorogalum,
Cladrastris, Coccoloba, Coprinus, Crocus, Crozophora, Cytisus, Dra-
caena, Excaecaria, Fagopyrum,Fraxinus, Garcinia, Gunnera, Hedera,
Helianthus, Heterothalamus, Indigofera, Isatis, Juglans, Lawsonia,
Lithospermum, Lyperia, Madura, Maharanga, Mallotus, Onosma,
Opuntia, Peireskia, Peltophorum, Perilla, Peumus, Phyllocladus,
Pinus, Polygonum, Quercus, Reseda, Rhamnus, Rhus, Roccella,
Rubia, Sambucus, Saponarta, Solanum, Sophora, Spartium, Termi-
nalia, Thymelsea, Vaccinium, Xanthorrhiza.
Edging-Plants—
Antliemis, Buxus, Rosa, Stenotaphrum, Thymus.
Fibre-Plants—
Agave, Apocynum, Beschorneria, Boehmeria, Broussonetia,
Camelina, Cannabis, Caryota, Chlorogalum, Copernicia, Corchorus,
Cordyline, Crotalaria, Cyperus, Debregeasia, Eryngium, Fitzroya,
Fourcroya, Gossypium, Hardwickia, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Humulus,
Lardizabala, Lavatera, Linum, Malachra, Maoutia, Musa, Pachyr-
rhizus, Phormium, Pipturus, Poa, Sanseviera, Sesbania, Spartina,
Spartium, Thuya, Tillandsia, Touchardia, Urena, Villebrunia,
Yucca. (See also Paper-plants).
Fullers' Plant—
Dipsacus.
Fodder-Plants—
1. GRASSES —
Agrostis, Aira, Alopecurus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, Anthox-
anthum, Aristida, Arundinaria, Arundinella, Avena, Bouteloua,
Bromus, Buchloa, Carex, Chionaclme, Chloris, China, Cynodon,
Cynosurus, Dactylis, Danthonia, Ehrharta, Eleushie, Euchlsena,
Erianthus, Eriochloa, Festuca, Hemarthria, Hierochloa, Holcus,
Hordeum, Kreleria, Leersia, Lolium, Melica, Milium, Muehlen-
bergia, Neurachne, Oryzopsis, Panicum, Pappophorum, Paspalum,
Pennisetum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Rottboellia, Sclerachne,
Secale, Sesleria, Spartina, Spinifex, Stenotaphrum, Tricholasna,
Tripsacum, Trisetum, Triticum, Uniola, Zizania.
2. HERBAGE — »..-. j
Achillea, Alchemilla, Anthyllis, Arachis, Astragalus, Atriplex,
Brassica, Cichorium, Conospermum, Crotalaria, Desmodium, '
Erodium, Ervum, Exomis, Heracleum, Hippocrepis, Jacksouia,
Kochia, Lespedeza, Lotus, Lupinus, Medicago, Pentzia, Peuce-
danum, Phymaspermum, Plantago, Portulacaria, Prangos, San-
guisorba, Selago, Sesbania, Spergula, Stenopetalum, Symphytum,
Trichodesma, Trifolium, Trophis.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 419
GENERA INDICATING— continued.
3. STABLE PULSE (Pods and Herbs) —
Cicer, Dolichos, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Medicago,
Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Pisum, Trifolium,
Trigonella, Vicia.
4. OTHER FRUITS —
Argauia, Carya, Castanea, Ceratonia, Helianthus, Prosopis,
Quercus.
Garland-Plants—
Baccharis, Cupressus, Helichrysum, Laurus, Lycopodium,
Melaleuca, Pinus, Quercus.
Grave-Plants—
Acacia, Agouis, Boronia, Cupressus, Dacrydium, Fraxinus,
Helichrysum, Helipterum, Lycopodium, Salix, Tamarix, Thuya,
Viola.
Gum-Plants—
Acacia, Albizzia, Astragalus, Bambusa, Bracliy chiton, Caragana,
Diospyros3 Olea, Piptadenia, Prosopis, Xylia.
Hedge-Plants—
Aberia, Acacia, Acer, Agave, Albizzia, Alnus, Azima, Baccharis,
Bambusa, Berberis, Buddleya, Caesalpinia, Capparis, Carissa,
Ceanothus, Celtis, Citrus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Cytisus, Euony-
mus, Elaeagnus, Flacourtia, Gleditschia, Guilandina, Hymenanthera,
Justicia, Lawsouia, Ligustrum, Lycium, Maclura, Mimosa,
Opuntia, Paliurus, Parkinsonia, Peireskia, Pisonia, Pistacia, Pittos-
porum, Plectronia, Prosopis, Prunus, Punica, Pyrus, Rhamnus,
JRhus, Rosa, Rubus, Ruscus, Salix, Scutia, Strebius, Thuya,
Viburnum, Zizyphus.
Honey-Plants—
Acacia, Acer, ^Esculus, Agave, Angophora, Audibertia, Avi-
cennia, Barbarea, Borago, Brassica, Catalpa, Cephalanthus,
Cerinthe, Citrus, Crocus, Cucurbita, Diospyros, Dipsacus, Echium,
Ervum, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia, Eupatorium, Fagopyrum, Gle-
ditschia, Gossypium, Grevillea, Hedera, Heliauthus, Lavandula,
Liriodendron, Lupinus, Marrubiujn, Medicago, Melilotus, Mela-
leuca, Melianthus, Melissa, Mentha, Monarda, Musa, Nepeta,
Ocimum, Origanum^ Ornithopus, Onobrychis, Prenanthes, Protea,
Prunus, Pyrus, Reseda, Rhamnus, Rhus, Robinia, Rosa, Ros-
marinus, Sabal, Salix, Salvia, Taraxacum, Thymus, Tilia, Trichos-
tema, Trifolium, Tropaeolum, Viola.
Hop-Plant—
Humulus. »
420 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Insecticidal Plants —
Ailantus, Artemisia, Eucalyptus, Chrysanthemum, Cannabis,.
Gymnocladus, Melia, Ricinus,. Schkuhria, Solanum, Tagetes.
Medicinal Plants—
1. YIELDING HERBAGE OR FLOWERS —
Achillea, Aconitum, Agave, Aletris, Aloe, Althaea, Anemone,.
Anthemis, Arctostaphylos, Aristolochia, Arnica, Artemisia, Atropa,.
Baptisia, Barosma, Cahnabis, Carica, Cassia, Catha, Chelidonium,
Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cochlearia, Conium, Convallaria,
Crocus, Cytisus, Digitalis, Duboisia, Erythroxylon, Eupatorium,
Garuleum, Grindelia, Hagenia, Hedeoma, Hyoscyamus, Ilex,
Justicia, Lactuca, Leonotis, Leyssera, Lippia, Marrubium, Matri-
caria, Melia, Melianthus, Mentha, Menyanthes, Nepeta, Osmitopsis,
Papaver, Parthenium, Pilocarpus, Poly gala, Prunus, Raima,
Ricinus, Rosmarinus, Ruta, Salvia, Sambucus, Santolina,
Schkuhria, Sebaea, Selinum, Solanum, Sophora, Spigelia, Spi-
lanthes, Swertia, Tanacetum, Tarchonanthus, Teucrium, Thuya,
Thymus.
2. YIELDING BARK —
Achras, Alstonia, Aspidosperma, Cinchona, Juglans, Melia,
Pilocarpus, Salix.
3. YIELDING ROOTS —
Acorus, Actaea, Althaea, Anacyclus, Apocynum, Archangelica,
Aristolochia, Arnica, Atropa, Carex, Cephaelis, Cimicifuga, CoU
chicum, Convolvulus, Euryangium, Gentiana, Glycyrrhiza, Helle-
borus, Hydrastis, Inula, Ipomoea, Krameria, Leontice, Nar-
dostachys, Panax, Periandra, Peucedauum, Pimpinella, Piscidia,
Podophyllum, Polygala, Punica, Rafnia, Rheum, Rubus, Sabbatia,
Sanguinaria, Saponaria, Sassafras, Saussurea, Schoenocaulon,
Scorzonera, Smilax, Smyrnium, Stylosanthes, Symphytum, Taraxa-
cum, Urginia, Valeriana, Veratrum, \Vithania, Xauthorrhiza.
4.. YIELDING FRUITS (or only Seeds) —
Carica, Cassia, Cucumis, Cuminum, Ecballion, Foeniculum,
Illiciurn, Mallotus, GEnanthe, Persea, Punica, Rhamnus, Rheum,
Ricinus, Scho3iiocaulon, Smyrnium, Tamarindus, Trigonella.
Oil-Plants-
Aleurites, Arachis, Argania, Brassica, Camelina, Camellia,
Cannabis, Carya, Combretum, Cucurbita, Cyperus, Eruca, Exca3-
caria, Ginkgo, Gossypium, Guizotia, Helianthus, Juglans, Linum,
Litsea, Olea, Papaver, Prunus, Pyrularia, Ricinus, Sesamum,
Telfairia.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 421
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Palm-Plants—
Acanthophcenix, Acrocomia,Bactris,Bacularia, Borassus, Brahea,
Calamus, Caryota, Ceroxylon, Chamasdora, Charnserops, Cocos,
Copernicia, Diplothemium, Euterpe, Geonoina, Hyphame, Jubaea,
Kentia, Livistona, Mauritia, Oncosperma, Oreodoxa, Phoenix,
Plectocomia, Prestoa, Pritchardia, Ptychosperma, Rhapidophyllum,
Rhapis, Sabal, Thrinax, Trithrinax, Wallicliia, Wettiuia, Zalacca,
(many other American genera under Wettiriia, many other Asiatic
genera under Zalacca).
Paper-Plants—
Arundo, Broussonetia, Cyperus, Fatsia, Lepidosperma, Lygeum.
Phormium, Pinus, Populus, Psamma, Salix, Spartina, Stipa, Zea.
(See also Fibre-plants.)
Resin-Plants—
Achras, Adesmia, Balsamodendron, Belis, Boswellia, Bursera,
. Butea, Cajanus, Callitris, Ceroxylon, Chloroxylon, Cistus, Croton,
Dammara, Dichopsis, Dorema, Ferula, Ficus, Frenela, Garcinia,
Hancornia, Hymengea, Isonandra, Juniperus,Liquidambar,Manihot,
Melanorrho3a, Myrica, Pinus, Pistacia, Pterocarpus, Rhus, Shorea,
Sty rax, Vahea, Xanthorrhoea.
Saline Plants—
Agrostis, Albizzia, Alopecurus, Atriplex, Avicennia, Batis,
Csesalpinia, Casuarina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Kochia, Leptospermum,
Melaleuca, Myoporum, Paspalum, Phoenix, Phormium, Poa, Sali-
cornia, Sesuvium, Spartina, Tamarix, Zoysia.
Sandcoast-Plants—
Acacia, Agrostis, Ailantus, Alkanna, Aloe, Andropogon, Apium,
Asparagus, Atriplex, Baccharis, Beta, Csesalpinia, Cakile, Calam-
agrostis, Callitris, Carex, Casuarina, Ceanothus, Coccoloba, Crambe,
Crithmum, Cupressus, Cynodon, Cytisus, Dactyl is, Distichlis,
Ehrharta^ Elegia, Elymus, Festuca, Genista, Glaucium, Imperata,
Launaea, Lavandula, Lepidosperma, Leptospermum, Lupinus,
Medicago, Melaleuca, Mesembrianthemum, Myoporum, Myrica,
Opuntia, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Panicum, Paspalum, Phormium,
Pinus, Plantago, Poa, Populus, Prunus, Psamma, Quercus, Remirea,
Rhagodia, Robiuia, Sabal, Salix, Scirpus, Sesuvium, Spartina,
Spinifex, Stenotaphrum, Stipa, Tamarix, Tetragonia, Thouarea,
Thrinax, Tripsacum, Triticum, Ulex, Uniola, Urginea, Yucca,
Zoysia.
Scenic Plants (other than Palms or Bamboos)—
Agave, Ailantus, Aloe, Audropogon, Angelica, Arundo,
Asplenium, Berberis, Bcehmeria, Canna, Cereus, Colocasia, Cordy-
line, Cycas, Cynara, Cyperus, Datura, Dicksonia, Dirca, Dracaena,
422 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Elegia, Encephalartos, Euchlaena, Eustrephus, Fatsia, Ferula,
Festuca, Foeniculum, Fourcroya, Gunnera, Helianthus, Heracleum,
Inula, Lavatera, Leucadendron, Melianthus, Musa, Opuntia, Pan-
danus, Paulownia, Phormium, Pipturus, Podachaenium, Rheum,
Richardia, Ricinus, Todea, Touchardia, Watsonia, Yucca, Zea.
Scent-Plants—
Acacia, Adesmia, Aloexylon, Andropogon, Anthoxanthum,
Aquilaria, Backhousia, Boronia, Calaraintha, Cedronella, Citrus,
Convolvulus, Dracocephalum, Eucalyptus, Gelsemium, Lavandula,
Liatris, Lippia, Liquidambar, Melia, Melissa, Mentha, Monarda,
Murraya, Myrtus, Nyctanthes, Ocimum, Origauum, Osmauthus,
Pelargonium, Pittosporum, Pogostemon, Polianthes, Prunus,
Pycnanthemum, Reseda, Rosa, Rosmarinus, Santalum, Satureja,
Styrax, Synoon, Teucrium, Thymus, Tilia, Triphasia, Viola,
Wistaria.
Silk-Plants-
Ailantus, Cajanus, Castanea, Cudrania, Liquidambar, Maclura,
Morus., Quercus, Ricinus, Shorea, Symplocos, Terminalia, Trophis,
Ulmus, Zizyplius.
Starch-Plants—
Alstro3meria, Canna, Caryota, Colocasia, Copernicia, Cycas,
Fagopyrum, Hordeum, Levisia, Manihot, Maranta, Musa, Oreodoxa,
Oryza, Secale, Solanum, Tacca, Triticum, Zea.
Sugar-Plants—
Acer, Andropogon, Beta, Borassus, Caryota, Copernicia,
Cucuniis, Euchlama, Phoenix, Saccharum, Zea.
Tan-Plants—
Acacia, ^Esculus, Alnus, Albizzia, Angophora, Aspidosperma,
Banksia, Butea, C^esalpinia, Cedrela, Coccoloba, Comptonia,
Cytisus, Dacrydium, Duvaua, Elephanthorrhiza, Eucalyptus, Eu-
genia, Gordonia, Gunnera, Osiris, Pinus, Piptadenia, Populus,
Prosopis, Prunus, Pterocarpus, Quercus, Rhus, Rumex, Salix,
Terminalia.
Tea-Plants—
Aclu'llea, Andropogon, Astartea, Camellia, Catha, Ceanothus,
Hydrangea, Ilex, Vaccinium.
Tide-Plants—
JEgiceras, Avicennia, Batis, Cyperus, Melaleuca, Myoporum,
Salicornia, Spartina, Terminalia.
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 423
GENERA INDICATING — continued.
Timber-Plants—
1. TREES, CONIFEROUS —
a. Evergreen —
Araucaria, -Belis, Callitris, Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria, Cu-
pressus, Dacrjdium, Dammara, Fitzroya, Frenela, Juniperus,
Libocedrus, Nageia, Pliyllocladus, Pinus, Saxono-Gothaea, Sciado-
pitys, Sequoia, Taxus, Thuya, Torreya.
b. Deciduous —
Ginkgo, Glyptostrobus, Pinus, Taxodium.
2. TREES, NOT CONIFEROUS —
a. Evergreen —
Acacia, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Angophora, Castanopsis, Casti-
. arina, Cedrela, Cercocarpus, Chloroxylon, Corynocarpus, Dalbergia,
Diospyros, Embothrium, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia, Fagu's, Flindersia,
Gtnelina, Gourliasa, Grevillea, Harpullia, Hymenaea, Jacaranda,
Knightia, Laurelia, Maba, Machilus, Magnolia, Marlea, Maytenus,
Metrosideros, Myrtus, Owenia, Peltophorum, Persea, Peumus,
Psychotria, Quercus, Rhus, Royenia, Santalum, Shorea, Swietenia,
Syucarpia, Tetranthera, Tristania.
b. Deciduous —
Acer, JEsculus, Ailantus, Alnus, Betula, Butea, Carpinus, Carya,
Castanea, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus,. Diospyros, Engelhardtia,
Excaecaria, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Gymnocladus, Holoptelea,
Juglans, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Melia, Ostrya, Pircunia, Planerar
Platanus, Populus, Pterocarpus, Pterocarya, Quercus, Robinia,
Salix, Sophora, Tectona, Tilia, Ulraus, Umbellnlaria, Xylia,
Zelkova.
Tobacco-Plant—
Nicotiana.
Water-Plants—
Acorus, ^Eschynomene, Aponogeton, Butomus,Cyperus,Euryaley
Menyanthes, Nelumbo, Nuphar, Nyssa, Oryza, Poa, Richardia,
Sagittaria, Trapa, Zizania.
Wicker-Plants—
Cyperus, Parrotia, Salix (also genera mentioned under Bamboo
Plants).
Wood-engravers' Plants—
Aspidosperma, Buxus, Dacrydium, Camellia, Crataegus, Euca-
lyptus, Gonioma, Ilex, Pittosporum, Primus, Pyrus, Rhododendron,
Royenia, Torreya.
2 F
424
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA.
DICOTYLEDONE^E.
Ranunculaceaa.
Decaisnea.
Guttiferaa.
Aconitum.
Lardizabala.
Leontice.
Garcinia.
jELCuvBS*
Anemone.
Podophyllum.
Camelliaceaa.
Cimicifuga.
Helleborus.
Papaveracese.
Camellia.
Hydrastis.
Xanthorrhiza.
Chelidonium.
Glaucium.
Gordonia.
Schima.
Nymphaaaceaa.
Papaver.
Sanguinaria.
Dipterocarpeaa.
Nelumbo.
Shorea.
Nuphar.
Crucifersa.
Piperaceaa.
Barbarea.
Linaceaa.
Piper.
Brassica.
Cakile.
Erythroxyloii.
Linum.
Aristolochieaa.
Aristolochia.
Camelina.
Cochlearia.
Crambe.
Geraniaceaa.
Canellaceaa.
Eruca.
Isatis.
Averrhoa.
Erodium.
Canella.
. Lepidium.
Oxalis.
Magnoliacese.
Pringlea.
Raphanus.
Pelargonium.
Tropseolum.
Drimys.
Illicium.
Liriodendron.
Magnolia.
Michelia.
. Capparidese.
Capparis.
Violaceae.
Malvaceaa.
Althaea.
Gossypium. .
Hibiscus.
Calycanthese.
Hymenanthera.
Urena.
\VissSjdulct*
Caly can thus.
Viola.
. Anonaceaa.
Moringaceaa.
Sterculiaceaa.
Aiiona.
Monodora.
Moringa.
Brachychiton.
Stereulia.
Laurineaa.
Bixaceaa.
Tiliaceaa.
Adenostemum.
Aberia.
A i*istotclici«
Cinnamomum.
Laurus.
Cistaceaa.
Cor chorus.
Tili a
Lindera.
Cistus.
J- 11 Kl .
Persea.
, Sassafras.
Resedaceaa.
Buphorbiaceaa.
Umbellularia.
Reseda.
Aleurites.
Monimieaa.
Laurelia.
Pittosporeaa.
Baloghia.
Buxus.
Croton.
Peumus.
Pittosporum.
Crozophora.
Al allotu s .
Berberideaa.
Polygalaceaa.
Manihot.
Berberis.
Krameria.
Phyllanthus.
Bongardia.
Polygala.
Ricinus.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA — continued.
425
Urtieaceae.
Simarubeae.
Tamariscinae.
Artocarpus.
Ailantus.
Tamarix.
Boehmeria.
Broussonetia.
Anacardiaceae.
Cacteae.
Cannabis.
Celtis,
Cudrania.
Debregeasia.
Holoptelea.
Corynocarpus.
Mangifera.
Melanorrhoea.
Odina.
Pistacia.
Cereus.
Echinocactus.
Opuntia.
Peireakia.
Humulus.
Maclura.
Rhus.
Schinus.
Ficoideae.
Maoutia.
Spondias.
Mesembrianthemum .
Morus.
t
Sesuvium.
Planera. "".'.
Burseraceae.
Tetragonia.
Pipturus.
Amyris.
Pouzolzia.
Balsamodendron.
Caryophylleae.
Streblus.
Touchardia.
Tr.ophis.
Ulmus.
Villebrunia.
Boswellia.
Bnrsera.
. Meliacese.
Cedrela.
Saponaria.
Spergula.
Portulaceae.
Zelkova.
Chloroxylon.
Claytonia.
Flindersia.
'Lewisia.
Jug-landese.
Melia.
Talinum.
Carya.
Owenia.
Engelhard tia.
Synoon.
Amarantaceae.
Juglans.
Swietenia.
Amarantus.
Amentaceae.
Sapindaceae.
Salsolaceae.
Alntis.
Acer.
Betula.
yEsculus.
Agriophyllum.
Carpinus.
Blighia.
Atriplex.
T¥ 11
Castanea.
.Cupania.
Basella.
T> J.
Castanopsis.
Comptonia.
Corylus.
Harpullia.
Melianthus.
Melicocca.
Beta.
Boussingaultia.
Chenopodium.
Myrica.
Ostrya.
PlcltcHlllS
Nephelium.
Pappea.
Exomis.
Rhagodia.
Spinacia.
Populus.
Quercus.
Celastrinae,
' Catha.
Theligonum.
Ullucus.
Salix.
.
Casuarineae.
Casuarina.
Euonymus.
Maytenus.
Rhamnaceae.
Polygonaceae.
Calligonum.
Coccoloba.
Rutaceae.
Ceanothus.
Colletia.
Polygonum.
Rheum.
Atalantia.
Condalia.
Rumex.
Barosma.
Hovenia.
Boronia.
Calodendron.
Casimiroa.
Paliurus.
Rhamnus.
Scutia.
Nyctagineae.
Pisonia.
Citrus.
JLimonia.
ZLzyphus.
Phytolacceae.
Murraya.
Aquifoliaceae.
Pircunia.
Pilocarpus.
Ruta.
Ilex.
Haloragese.
Triphasia.'
Datiscese.
Batis.
Xanthoxylon.
Datisca.
Gunnera.
426
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA— continued.
Rosacese.
Medicago. Combretacese.
Alchemilla.
Melilotus.
Combretum.
Amelanchier.
Mimosa.
Terminalia.
Cercocarpus.
Cratsegus.
Fragaria.
Hagenia.
Parinarium.
Onobrychis.
Ornithopns.
Oxytropis.
Pachyrrhizus.
Parkinsonia.
Onagrese.
Fuchsia.
Trapa.
Prunus.
Pyrus.
Quillaja.
Rosa.
Peltophorum.
Periandra.
Phaseolus.
Piptadenia.
Lythracese.
Lawsonia.
Punica.
Rubus. Piscidia.
Passifloreae.
Sanguisorba. . *™*£ Cari,a
Leguminosse. Psophocarpus. Passiflora.
Acacia. Psoralea.
Adesm'ia. Pterocarpus.
Cucurbitaceae.
^Eschynomene. Pueraria.
Albizzia. Rafnia.
Acanthosicyos.
Benincasa.
Aloexylon.
Anthyllis.
Apios.
Robinia.
Sesbania.
Sophora.
Corynosicyos.
Cucumis.
Cucurbita.
Aracliis.
Spartium.
Ecballion.
Astralagus.
Butea.
Stylosanthes.
Tamarindns.
Sechium.
Telfairia.
Caesalpinia. .*•.*} <r:
Ca janus.
Trifolium.
Trigonella.
Olacinse.
Canavalia.
Ulex.
Ximenia.
Cctrci 2fHiHct .
Vicia.
Cassia.
Vigna. Santalaceee.
Ceratonia.
Voandzeia. Cervantesia.
Cercis.
Wistaria. Pyrularia.
Cicer.
xylia- Santalum.
Cladrastis.
Crotalaria.
Saxifragese. Proteacege.
Cyamopsis.
Cytisus.
Dalbergia.
Eucryphia. Brabejum.
Hydrangea. Conosipermum.
Rlbes- pfi. 4 Embothrium.
Desmodium.
Dolichos.
Hamamelidese. Grevillea.
l-J-np.vina,
Elephanthorrhiza. Liquidambar. Leucadendron.
Ervum. Parrotia. Macadamia.
Genista.
Gleditschia.
Myrtacese.
Protea.
Glycine.
Glycyrrhiza. ,
Gymnocladus.
Hardwickia.
Hedysarum.
Hippocrepis.
Hymensea.
Indigofera.
Jacksonia.
Agonis.
Angophora.
Astartea.
Backhousia,
Calyptranthes.
Eucalyptus.'
Eugenia.
Leptospermum.
Marliera.
Thyraelese.
Aquilaria.
Dirca.
Thymelaea.
Eleeagneae.
Elseagnus.
Shepherdia.
Lathyrus.
Lespedeza.
Lippia.
Melaleuca.
Metrosideros.
Myrtus.
Cornacese,
Cornus.
Lotus*
Psidium.
Marlea.
Lupinus.
Tristania. Nyssa.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
427
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA — continued.
Viniferae.
Dipsacese.
Vitis.
Dipsacus.
Umbelliferae.
Compositse.
Anthriscus.
Achillea.
Apium.
Anacyclus.
Arracacha.
Anthemis.
Aralia.
Arnica.
Archangelica.
Car urn.
Artemisia.
Baccharis.
Choerophyllum.
Conium.
Carthamus.
Cichoritim.
Conopodium.
Chrysanthemum.
Coriandrum.
Crepis.
Crithmum.
Cynara.
Cuminum.
Garuleum.
Cymopterus.
Daucus.
Grindelia.
Guizotia.
Diposis.
Helianthus.
Dorema.
Helichrysum.
Eryngium.
Heterothalamus.
Heracleum.
Hypochceris.
Laserpitium.
Inula.
Myrrhis.
Launaea.
<Enanthe.
Lactuca.
Panax.
Leyssera.
Peucedanum.
Liatris.
Pimpinella.
Prangos.
Matricaria.
Microseris.
Scandix.
Osmitopsis.
Selinum.
Partheiimm.
Sison.
Pentzia.
Smyrnium.
Podachaenium.
Stilbocarpa.
Thapsia.
Rhaponticum.
Santolina.
Tinguarra.
Saussurea.
Scorzonera.
Rubiacese.
Schkuhria.
Scolymus.
Alibertia.
Spilanthes.
Cephselis.
Tagetes.
Cephalanthus.
Tanacetum.
Cinchona.
Taraxacum.
Coffea.
Tarchonanthus.
Plectronia.
Psychotria.
Tragopogon.
Rubia.
Vangueria.
Ericaceae.
Arbutus.
Caprifoliaceae.
Arctostaphylos.
Gaultiera.
Sambucus.
Gaylussacia.
Rhododendron.
Valerianeae.
Vaccinium.
Nardostachys.
Styraceae.
Valeriana.
Valerianella.
Styrax.
Symplocos.
2 O
Ebenaceae.
Diospyros.
Euclea.
Maba.
Royenia.
Sapotaceae.
Achras.
Argania.
Dichopsis.
Illipe.
Niemeyera.
Myrsinaceae.
^Egiceras.
Jasmineae.
Azima.
Fraxinus,
Jasminum.
Ligustrum.
Nyctanthes.
Olea.
Osmanthus.
Apocyneae.
Alstonia.
Apocynum.
Aspidosperma.
Carissa.
Gonioma.
Hancornia,
Vahea.
Log-aniaceae.
Buddlea.
Gelsemium.
Spigelia.
Plantagineae.
Plantago.
Gentianeae.
Gentiana.
Menyanthes.
Sabbatia.
Sebasa.
Swertia.
Convolvulaceaa.
Convolvulus.
Ipomcea.
428
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA— continued.
Solanacese.
Heliotropium.
Lippia.
Atropa.
Bassovia.
Lithospermum.
Onoma.
Priva.
Tectona.
Capsicum.
Symphytum.
Trich.od.esma.
Myoporineae,
Duboisia.
Eremophila.
Hyoscyamus.
Labiatae. '
Myoporum.
Lycium.
Nicotiana.
Audibertia.
Calamintha.
Coniferse.
Phy sails.
Cedronella.
Araucaria.
Salpichroma.
Solanum.
Dracocephalum.
Hedeoma.
Belis.
Callitris.
Scrophularinae.
Hyssopus.
Lavandula.
Cephalotaxus.
Cryptomeria.
Chelone.
Leonotis.
Cupressus.
Digitalis.
Lyperia.
Verbascum.
Marrubium.
Melissa.
Mentha.
Dacrydium.
Dammara.
Fitzroya.
Veronica.
Meriandra.
Ginkgo.
Monarda.
Glyptostrobus.
Acanthaceae.
Ocimum.
Juniperus.
Justicia.
Bignoniaceae.
Origanum.
Pogostemon.
Perilla.
Libocedrus.
Nageia.
Phyllocladus.
Catalpa.
Jaracanda.
Prostanthera.
Pycnanthemum.
Rosmarinus.
Pinus.
Saxono-Gothaea.
Sciadopitys.
Pedalinse.
Salvia.
Satureja.
Sequoia.
Taxodium.
Sesamum.
Teucrium.
Taxus.
Asperifolise.
Thymus.
Trichostema.
Thuya.
Torreya.
Alkanna.
Borrago.
Verbenacese.
Cycadeae.
Cerinthe.
Avicennia.
Cycas.
Echium.
Gmelina.
Encephalartos.
MONOCOTYLEDONE^E.
MusaceaB.
Alstrcemeria.
Scilla.
IVIusa.
Beschorneria.
Smilax.
Scitaminese.
Fourcroya.
Polianthes.
Trillium.
Urginia.
Canna.
Maranta.
Liliacese.
Uvularia.
Veratrum.
Zingiber.
Aloe.
Xanthorrhoea.
Bromeliaceae.
Allium.
Asparagus.
Yucca.
Ananas.
Chlorogalum.
Alismaceae.
Tillandsia.
Colchicum.
Aponogeton.
Taccaceae.
Convallaria.
Butomus.
Tacca.
Cordyline.
Sagittaria.
Dioscoridese.
\J 1 ciC OC 11 d> .
Eremurus.
Aroidese.
Dioscorea.
Geitonoplesium.
Acorus.
Irideae.
Lapageria.
Ophipogon.
Colocasia.
Richardia.
01*00118.
Phormium.
Xanthosma.
Amaryllidese.
Ruscus.
Agarve.
Saiiseviera.
Pandanaceae.
Aletris.
Schcenocaulon.
Pandanus.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
429
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA — continued.
Palmaceae.
Heleocharis.
Acanthophcenix.
Acrocomia.
Bactris.
Lepidosperma.
Lepironia.
Scirpus.
Bacularia.
Brahea.
Gramme
Borassus.
Agrostis.
Calamus.
Aira.
Calyptronoma.
Alopecurus.
Caryota.
Ceroxylon.
Andropogon.
Anthistiria.
Chamsedora.
Anthoxanthum.
ChamaBrops.
Cocos.
Aristida.
Arundinaria.
Copernicia.
Diplothemium.
Arundinella.
Arundo.
Dypsis.
Avena.
n
Geonoma.
Bambusa.
Hyphaene.
Jubsea.
Beesha.
Bouteloua.
Kentia.
Bromus.
Livistona.
Buchloa.
Mauritia.
Calamagrostis.
Oncosperma.
Oreodoxa.
Chionachne.
Chloris.
Phoenix.
Chusquea.
Plectocomia.
Cinna.
Prestoa.
Cynodon.
Ptychosperma.
Rhapis.
Rhapidophyllum.
Sabal.
Cynosurus.
Dactylis.
Danthonia.
Dendrocalamus.
Thrinax.
Dimochloa.
Trithrinax.
Ectrosia.
Wallichia.
Ehrharta.
Wettinia.
Eleusine.
Zalacca.
Elymus.
Erianthus.
Restiacese.
Eriochloa.
Euchlsena.
Elegia.
Festuca.
Cyperacese.
Gigantochloa.
Guadua.
Carex.
Hemarthria.
Cyperus.
Hierochloa.
Filices.
Cyathea.
Dicksonia.
Lycopodium.
Todea.
Lichenes.
Cetraria.
Roccella.
Fungacese.
Agaricus.
Boletus.
ACOTYLEDONE.E.
Cantharellus.
Clavaria.
Coprinus.
Cortinarius.
Exidia.
Fistulina.
Helvella.
Hydnum.
Morchella.
Pachyma.
Peziza.
Polygaster.
2 G 2
Holcus.
Hordeum.
Imperata.
Kceleria.
Leersia.
Lolium.
Lygeum.
Melica.
Melocalamus.
Melocanna.
Milium.
Muehlenbergia.
Nastus.
Neurachne.
Oryza.
Oryzopsis.
Oxytenanthera.
Panicum.
Pappophorum.
Paspalum.
Pennisetum.
Phalaris.
Phleum.
Phyllostachys.
Poa.
Rottboellia.
Saccharum.
Schizostachyum .
Secale.
Sesleria.
Spartina.
Spinifex.
Stenotaphrum.
Stipa.
Thamnocalamus.
Teinostachyum.
Thou area.
Triodia.
Tripsacum.
Trisetum.
Triticum.
Uniola.
Zea.
Zizania.
Zoysia.
Polyporus.
Rhizopogon.
Russula.
Terfezia.
Tremella.
Tuber.
Algse.
Chondrus.
Porphyra.
430
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GENERIC SYNONYMS, REFERRED RESPECTIVELY TO
THE ADOPTED GENERA.
(In many cases the name of the genus changeable only for some of its species.)
Abbevillea
... Psidium.
Cotinus
... Rhus.
Abies
... Pinus.
Cunninghamia
... Belis.
Acacia
... Albizzia, Pipta-
Cydonia . . .
... Pyrus.
denia.
Dactylis ...
... Poa.
Achyrophorns
... Hypochaeris.
Danthonia
... Astrebla.
Adenachsena
... Phymaspermum.
Diosma
... Barosma.
Aeluropus...
Agapetes ...
... Dactylis.
. . . Vaccinium.
Dolichos ..
Eragrostis...
... Vigna.
... Poa.
Agropyrum
... Triticum.
Eriobotrya
... Phdtinia.
Alocasia . . .
... Colocasia.
Ervum
... Vicia.
Amarantus
... Euxolus.
Euryangium
... Ferula.
Amphibromus
... Danthonia.
Fabricia ...
. . . Leptospermum.
Amygdalus
... Prurms.
Ferdinanda
... Podachsenium.
Anesorrhiza
... Selinum.
Festuca ...
... Distichlis.
Anethum ...
... Carum, Peuceda-
Flueggea ...
... Ophiopogon.
num.
Frenela
... Callitris.
Apium
... Carum.
Glechoma ...
... Nepeta.
Aralia
... Fatsia.
Glyceria ...
... Poa.
Areca
... Bacularia, Pty-
Grumilia . . .
... Psychotria.
chosperma.
Guilandina
... Csesalpinia.
Armeniaca
... Prunus.
Guilielma ...
... Bactris.
Arrhenatherum
... Avena.
Gynerium...
... Arundo.
Asa-Graya
... Schoenocaulon.
Haplotaxis
... Saussurea.
Astragalus
. Oxytropis.
Harina
... Wallichia.
Azadirachta
... Melia.
Hedyscepe
. . . Kentia.
Balsamocarpon
... Csesalpinia.
Hirneola ...
... Exidia.
Bambusa ...
... Gigantochloa,
Howea
... Kentia.
Guadua, Phyl-
Hydrochloa
... Zizania.
lostachys.
Hydropyrum
... Zizania.
Bassia
... Illipe.
Hyospathe
... Prestoa.
Batatas
... Ipomoea.
Imperatoria
... Peucedanum.
Beesha
. . . Melocanna.
Isachne
... Panicum.
Biotia
... Thuya.
Isonandra . . .
... Dichopsis.
Blighia
... Cupania.
Juania
... Ceroxylon.
Blitum
... Chenopodium.
Kentia
. Clinostigma.
Boaria
... Maytenus.
Landolphia
... Vahea.
Brahea
... Washingtonia.
Larix
... Pinus.
Bray era
. . . Hagenia.
Lens
... Ervum.
Bunium
... Carum.
Lithrsea ...
... Rhus.
Caesalpinia
Calamagrostis
Camassia ...
... Peltophorum.
... Psamma.
... Scilla. .:;;\
Lucuma
Lycopersicum
Lysiloma ...
... Niemeyera.
... Solanum. '
... Albizzia.
Campomanesia
... Psidium.
Macranthus
... Mucuna.
Caryotaxus
... Torreya.
Macrochloa
... Stipa.
Catabrosa . . .
... Poa. *
Macrozamia
... Encephalartos.
Caulophyllum
. . . Leontice.
Maharanga
... Onosma.
Cedrus
... Pinus.
Malabaila...
... Peucedanum.
Ceratostemma
... Vaccinium.
Melloca ...
... Ullucus.
Chamsecyparis
Chamserops
Cibotium ...
. . . Cupressus, Thuya.
. . . Rhapidophy Hum .
. . . Dicksonia.
Mespilus ...
Metrosideros
Microlsena
... Crataegus, Pyrus.
... Syncarpia.
... Ehrharta.
Cicca
... Phyllanthus.
Monizia ...
... Thapsia.
Citrullus . . .
... Cucumis.
Myrcianthes
... Myrtus.
Cladosicyos
... Corynosicyos.
Nannorrhops
... Chamaerops.
Codiseum ...
. . . Baloghia.
Nasturtium
... Cochlearia.
Commiphora
. . . Balsamodendron .
Negundo ...
... Acer.
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
431
GENERIC SYNONYMS — continued.
Nelumbium
... Nelumbo.
Rubachia
Marliera.
Nengella ...
... Kentia.
Sabadilla
Schoenocaulon.
Ophelia
... Swertia.
Salisburia
Ginkgo.
Oplismenus
... Panicum.
Sapota
Achras.
Oreodaphne
... Umbellularia.
Satureja .
Thymus.
Orobus
... Lathyrus.
Scilla
Urginea.
Osmunda ...
... Todea.
Scorodosma
Ferula.
Oxycoccos...
... Vaccinium.
Seaf orthia ...
Ptychosperma.
Oxytenanthera
... Gigantochloa.
Serenaea
Sabal.
Panax
... Aralia.
Setaria
Panicum.
Panicum ...
... Pennisetum.
Sinapis
Brassica.
Paspalum ...
... Panicum.
Sium
Pimpinella.
Passerina ...
... Thymelaea.
Slackea
Decaisnea.
Pastinaca ...
... Peucedanum.
Soja
Glycine.
Penicillaria
... Pennisetum.
Sorghum
Andropogon.
Picea
... Pinus.
Spartium
Cytisus.
Piptochaetium
... Oryzopsis.
Stillingia ...
Excaecaria.
Pithecolobium
... Albizzia.
Taxodmm...
Glyptostrobus,
Planera
... Zelkova.
Sequoia.
Poa
... Festuca.
Tetranthera
Umbellularia.
Podocarpus
... Nageia.
Thamnocalamus ...
Arundinaria.
Poinciana . . .
... Caesalpinia.
Thea
Camellia.
Pollichia ...
... Trichodesma.
Thibaudia
Vaccinium.
Ppterium ...
. Sanguisorba.
Thuyopsis...
Thuya.
Prinos
Pritchardia
... Ilex.
... Washingtonia.
Trachy carpus
Tricholaena
Chamaerops.
Panicum.
Prumnopithys
... Nageia. . •
Tricuspis ...
Festuca.
Pyrethrum
... Chrysanthemum.
Trisetum ...
Avena.
Quadria ...
... Guevina.
Ulmus
Holoptelea.
Reana
... Euchlsena.
Uralepis ...
Festuca.
Retinospora
Rhopalostylis
... Cupressus.
... Kentia.
Wellingtonia
Widdringtonia
Sequoia.
Callitris.
Rottlera ...
... Mallotus.
Witheringia
Bassowia.
432 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.
NORTHERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE.
Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. Pseudo-platanus, Achillea
atrata, A. Millefolium, A. moschata, A. nana, Aconitum Napellus,
Acorus Calamus, Actaea spicata, Agaricus Auricula, A. ca3sareus,
A. campestris, A. Cardarella, A. decorus, A. deliciosus, A. eryngii,
A. esculentus, A. extinctorius, A. flammeus, A. fusipes, A. gam-
bosus, A. giganteus, A. Marzuolus, A. melleus, A. Mouzeron,
A. odorus, A. oreades, A. ostreatus, A. procerus, A. scorodonius,
A. socialis, A. splendens, A. sylvaticus, A. virgineus, A.
volemus, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira caespitosa,
Alchemilla alpina, A. vulgaris, Allium Ampeloprasum, A. Schoe-
noprasum, A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glatinosa, A. incana, Alo-
pecurus bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis,
Anemone Pulsatilla, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthriscus
Cerefolium, Archangelica officinalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica
montana, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Mutellina, A. Pontica, Asparagus
officinalis, Asperula odorata, Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos,
A. hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A.
flavescens, A. pratensis, A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarea vulgaris,
Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, Boletus bovinus, B. circinans, B. edulis,
B. luteus, B. sapidus, B. scaber, • B. subtomentosus, B. variegatus,
Brassica alba, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus
asper, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus sempervirens, Cakile maritima,
Calamintha officinalis, Camelina sativa, Cantharellus edulis, Carex
arenaria, Carpinus Betulus, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C.
segetum, Cetraria Islandica, Chasromyces meandriformis, Chasro-
phyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Clienopodium Bonus Henricus,
Chondrus crispus, Cichorium Intybus, Clavaria aurea, C. botrytis,
C. brevipes, C. coralloides, C. crispa, C. flava, C. formosa, C.
grisea, C. muscoides, C. palmata, Cochlearia Armoracia, C. officinalis,
Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum, Convallaria majalis, Copri-
nus comatus, Cornus mas, Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Corylus Avellana,
Crambe maritima, Crataegus Oxyacantha, Crepis biennis, Cynosurus
cristatus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota,
Digitalis purpurea, Dipsacus fnllonum, Elymus arenarius, Euxolus
viridis, Exidia auricula Judaaa, Fagus sylvatica, Festuca arundinacea,
F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. gigantea, F. heterophylla,
F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, F. silvatica, Fistulina hepa-
tica, Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Genista tinctoria,
Gentiana lutea, Geum urbanum, Helleborus niger, Helvella esculenta,
H. Gigas, H. infula, Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis,
Hordeum nodosum, H. secaliuum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum album,
H. auriscalpium, H. Caput Medusae, H. coralloides, H. diversidens, H.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 433
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
•erinaceum, H. fuligineo-album, H. graveolens, H. repandura, H. suaveo-
lens, H. hystrix, H. imbricatum, H. infundibulura, H. Isevigatum, H.
subsquamosum, H. violascens, Hyoscyamus Diger, Ilex Aquifoliura,
Inula Helenium, Juuiperus communis, Lactuca virosa, Laserpitium
aquilegium, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L. sativus, Lavatera
.arborea, Leersia oryzoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L.
major, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Cliamomilla, Medicago falcata,
M. sativa, Melica altissima, M. ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus
alba, M. officinalis, Mentha arvensis, M. citrata, M. crispa, M.
piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Men-
yanthes trifoliata, Milium eiFusura, Morchella conica, M. deliciosa,
M. esculenta, M. Gigas, M. patula, Nepeta Cataria, N. Glechoma,
CEnantke Phellandrium, Onbbrychis sativa, Origanum vulgare, Panicum
Germanicum. Peucedanum officinale, P. Ostruthrium, P. sativum, Peziza
macroptis, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Physalis Alkekengi, Pimpinella
saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix, P. montana, P. obovata,
P. picea, P. silvestris, Plantago lanceolata, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P.
angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans. P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. maritima,
P. nemoralis, P. palustris, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Polyporus citrinus,
P. frondosus, P. giganteus, P. ovinus, P. tuberaster, Populus alba, P.
canescens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Porphyra
vulgaris, Primus Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. spinosa, Psamraa arenaria,
P. Baltica, Pyrus aucuparia, P. Germanica, P. nivalis, Quercus
Robur, Reseda Luteola, Rhamnus catharticus, R. Frangula, Rhizopogon
magnatum, R. rubescens, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubrum,
Rosa Gallica, R. spinosissima, Rubia peregrina, Rubus caesius, R.
Ohamaemorus, R. fruticosus, R. Idaeus, Ruraex Acetosa, R. scutatus,
Ruscus aculeatus, Russula vesca, Salix alba, S. caprea, S. daphnoides,
S. fragilis, S. lanceolata, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. triaudra, S. viminalis,
Sambucus uigra, Sanguisorba minor, Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera
Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sison Amomum, Smyrnium Olusatrum,
Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta, Spergula arvensis, Tanacetum
vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europaea, Tragopogon porrifolius,
Trapa natans, Tremella mesenterica, Trifoltum agrarium, T. alpestre, T.
fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T.
ochroleucum, T. Panuonicum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum,
Triticum junceum, Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magna-
tum, T. melanosporum, Typha latifolia, Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus cam-
pestris, U. pedunculata, Vaccinium Myrtillus. V. Oxycoccos, V.
uliginosum, V. Vitis Idaea, Valeriana Celtica, Valerianella olitoria,
Veratrum album, Verbascum Thapsus, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V.
sylvatica, Viola odorata.
COUNTRIES ON OR NEAR THE MEDITERANEAN SEA.
Acacia Arabica, A. gummifera, A Seyal, A. tortilis, A. Verek,
Acer campestre, A. Creticum, A. Pseudo-Platanus, Achillea
fragrantissima, ^gilops ovata, ^Esculus Hippocastanum, Agaricus
434 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued.
cassareus, A. flammeus, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira caespitosar
Albizza Lebbeck, Alcliemilla vulgaris, Alkanna tictoria, Allium Ampe-
loprasum, A. Ascallonicum, A. Cepa, A. Neapolitanura, A. Porrum,
A. roseum, A. sativum, A. Scored oprasum, Aloe vulgaris, Alopecurus,
bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis, Amarantus
Blitum, Anacyclus Pyrethrura, Andropogon Gryllos, A. Haleppensis,
A. Ischaemum, A. provincialis, A. Schcenantlms, Anthemis nobilis, A.
tinctoria, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium
graveolens, Argania Sider.oxylon, Artemisia Abrotanum, A. Absin-
thium, A. Pontica, Arundo Ampelodesmos, A. Douax, A. Pliniana,
Asparagus acutifolius, A. albus, A. aphyllus, A. horridus, A. officiualis,
Astragalus adscendens, A. arenarius, A. brachy calyx, A. Cephalonicus,
A. Cicer, A. Creticus, A. glycyphyllos, A. gummifer, A. microcephalus,
A. Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A, stromatodes, A. venosus, A. verus,
Atriplex rosea, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A.
flavescens, A. pubescens, A. sativa, Balsamodendron Mukul, B. Myrrha,
B. Opobalsamum, Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia Rauwolfii,
Borassus .ZEthiopicus, Borrago officinalis, Brassica alba, B. campestris,
B. Cretica, B. juncea, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa,
Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica, B. longifolia, B. sempervirens,
Cajanus Indicus, Cakile maritima, Calamintha Nepeta, C. officinalis,
Callitris quadrivalvis, Camelina sativa, Cannabis sativa, Capparis
spinosa, Carpinus Betulus, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Bulbocastanum,
C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C. Petroselirmm, C. segetum, Cassia acutifolia,
C. angustifolia, C. obovata, Castauea sativa, Catba edulis, Cedronella
triphylla, Celtis Australis, Ceratonia SiHqua, Cerintlie major, Chamae-
rops humilis, Chelidonium majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Chcerophyl-
lum bulbosum, Choiromyces Leonis, Chrysanthemum carneum, C.
parthenium, C. roseum, Cicer arietinum, Cichoriurn Endivia, C. Intybus,
Cistus Creticus, C. Cyprius, Cochlearia Arnioracia, Coffea Arabica,
Colchicum autumnale, Colocasia antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Cono-
podium denudatum, Convallaria majalis, Convolvulus floridus, C.
Scamrnonia, C. scoparius, Coprinus comatus, Cornus mas, Cortinarius
cinnamomeus, Coriandum sativum, Corylus Avellana, C. Colurna, C.
maxima, C. Pontica, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C. Kots-
chyana, C. maritima, C. Tartaria, Crata3gus Azarolus, C. Oxyacantha,
C. Pyracantha, Crepis biermis, Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus,
C. serotinus, Crozophora tinctoria, Cucumis Citrullus, C. Colocynthis,
C. Melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. Melopepo, C. moschata, C.
Pepo, Cuminum Cyminum, C. Hispanicum, Cupressus sempervirens,
Cynara Carduriculus, C. Scolymus, Cynodon Dactylon, Cynosurus
cristatus, Cyperus esculentus, C. Papyrus, C. proliferus, C. Syriacus,
Cytisus proliferus, C. scoparius, C. spinosus, Dactylis glomerata, D.
litoralis, Daphne Mezereum, Datisca cannabina, Daucus Carota,
Digitalis purpurea, Diospyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos
Lablab, D. uniflorus, Dorema Ammoniacum, Draca3na Draco, D.
schizantha, Dracocephalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Echium
candicans, ^la^agnus hortensis, Eleusine flagelligera, E. Tocussa,,
in Extra-Tro2)ical Countries. 435
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued.
Eljmus areuarius, Eruca sativa, Ervum Lens, Eryngium maritimum,
Euxolus viridis, Exidia auricula Judoa, Fagopyrum esculentum, F.
Tataricum, Fagus sylvatica, Ferula galbaniflua, F. longifolia, Festuca
elatior, F. gigantea, F. sylvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Sycomorus, Fistulina
hepatica, Focniculum officinale, Fragaria collina, F. pratensis, F. vesca,
Fraxinus excelsior, F. Oruus, Genista monosperma, G. sphaerocarpa, G.
tinctoria, Geutiana lutea, Geum urbanum, Glaucium luteum, Glycyrr-
hiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arboreum, Guilandina Bonduc, G.
Bonducella, Hedysarum coronarium, Helichrysuin orientale, Helleborus
niger, Hippocrepis comosa, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Hordeum
deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H. macrolepis, H. nodosum, H.
vulgare, H. zeocriton, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum imbricatumy
Hyoscyaratis niger, Hyphaene Argun, H. coriacea, Hyssopus officinalis,
Imperata arundinacea, Indigofera argentea, Inula Helenium, Iris
Florentina, I. juncea, Isatis tinctoria, Jasminum odoratissimum, J.
officinale, Juglans regia, Juniperus brevifolia, J. Cedrus, J. drupacea,
J. excelsa, J. fbetidissima, J. Phoenicea, J. procera, Koeleria cristata,
K. glauca, Lactuca virosa, Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis, L. tuberosus,
Laserpitium aquilegium, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, L.
latifolia, L. Sto3chas, Lavatera arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia oryzoides,
Lepidium latifolium, L. sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquidambar
Altingia, L. orientalis, Lolium Italicum, L. perenne, Lotus corniculatus,
L. major, L. siliquosus, L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L. angusti-
folius, L. luteus, L. varius, Lycium Afrum, L. barbarum, L. Europium,
Lygeum Spartum, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medi-
cago arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M. orbicularis, M. sativa, M.
scutellata, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M.
co3rulea, M. macrorrhiza, M. officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Mentha
arvensis, M. citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundi-
folia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyantbes trifoliata, Meriandra
Abyssinica, Milium effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. esculenta, M.
conica, Moringa aptera, Morus nigra, Musa Ensete, Myrica Faya,
Myrrhis odorata, Myrtns communis, Nelumbo nucifera, Nepeta
raphanorrhiza, N. Cataria, !N. Glechoma, Nicotiana Persica, Ocimum
basilicum, O. sanctum, O. suave, QEnanthe Phellandrium, Olea
Europaea, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Dictamnus. O. hirtum, O.
Majoraua, O. Maru, O. normale, O. Onites, O. virens, O. vulgare,
Ornithopus sativus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenanthera Abyssinica,
Oxytropis pilosa, Paliurus Spina Christi, Panicumbrizanthum, P. Crus-
Galli, P. glabrum, P. maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P.
sanguinale, P. spectabile, P. turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennise-
tum thyphoideum, Persea Teneriffoe, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P.
graveolens, P. officinale, P. Sekakul, Phalaris aquatica, P. brachy-
stachys, P. Canariensis, P. minor, P. truncate, Phaseolus coccineus,
Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis Alkekengi,
P. augulcTla, Pimpinella Anisum, P. magna, P. nigra, P. saxifraga, P.
Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P. Canariensis, P. Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica,
P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio, P. Larix, P. montana, P. orientalis, P.
436 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P. Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P.
Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera, Peucedanum sativum, Plan-
tago lanceolata, P. Psyllium, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica,
P. airoides, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P.
fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. palustris, P. trivialis, Populus
alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra,
P. tremula, Prosopis Stephaniana, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armeniaca,
P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. Cerasus, P. domestica, P. insititia, P. Lauro-
Cerasus, P. Lusitanica, P. Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. Persica, P. spinosa,
Psamma arenaria, Pugionium cornutum, Punica Granatum, Pyrus
aucuparia, P. conimunis, P. Cydonia, P. Germanica, P. Malus, P.
nivalis, P. salicifolia, Quercus JEgilops, Q. Cerris, Q. coccifera, Q.
Ilex, Q. infectoria, Q. macrolepis, Q. Robur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Reseda
luteola, R. odorata, Rhamnus Alaternus, R. amygdalinus, R. catharticus,
R. Frangula, R. Grsecus, R. inf'ectorius, R. oleoides, R. prunifoJius, R.
saxatalis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum Rhaponticum, Rhus Coriaria, R.
Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. orientale, R. rubrum,
Richardia Africana, Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria, Rosa ceiiti-
folia, R. Damascena, R. Gallica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R.
spinosissima, Rosamarinus officinalis, Rubia peregrina, R. tinctoria,
Rubus fruticosus, R. Idaeus, Rumex Acetosa, R. scutatus, R. vesicarius,
Ruscus aculeatus, Russula vesca, Ruta graveoleus, R. sylvestris, Sagit-
taria sagittifolia, Salix alba, S. Babylonica, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis,
S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. viminalis, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra,
Sanguisorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias, Saponaria officinalis, Satureja
Graaca, S. hortensis, S. Juliana, S. montana, S. Thymbra, Saussurea
Lappa, Scandix grandiflora, Scolymus Hispanicus, Scorzonera Astra-
chanica, S. crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. Hispanica, S. lanata, S. ramosa,
S. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa, S. undulata, Secale cereale,
S. Creticum, Sesbania JEgyptica, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Sison
Amomum, Smilax aspera, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum JEtkio-
picum, S. Dulcamara, S. edule, Spartina stricta, Spartium junceum,
Spergula arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra, Stipa arenaria, S. tenacissima,
Styrax officinalis, Symphytuni peregrinum, S. officinale, Tamarindus
Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. Gallica, T. Germanica, T. orientalis,
Tanacetnm vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia
Leonis, Teucrium Chamasdrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Polium, T.
Scordium, Thapsia edulis, Theligonum Cynocrambe, Thouarea sarmen-
tosa, Thymelasa tinctoria, Thymus a3Stivus, T. capitatus, T. hiemalis, T.
Mastichina, T. Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea, T. Europsea,
Tinguarra Sicula, Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Tremella
mesenterica, Tricbodesma Zeylanicum, Trifolium agrarium, T. Alexan-
dria urn, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T.
medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. pratense, T. Quartinianum,
T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum, T. subrotundum, Trigonella
Fcenum Graecum, Triticum junceum, T. vulgare, Tuber sestivum, T.
albidum, T. cibarium, T. rnagnatum, Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus campestris,
U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Vaccinum Arctostapbylos, V. Myrtillus,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 437
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
V. Oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Jdeea, Valeriana officinalis,
Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Verbascum Tbapsus, Viburnum
Tinus, Vicia Cracca, V. Ervilia, V. Faba, V. peregrina, V. sativa, V.
sepium, V. sylvatica, V. tetrasperma, Viola odorata, Vitis Scbimperiana,
V. vinifera, Withania somnifera, Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica, Zizypbus
Lotus, Z. Spina Christi, Z. vulgaris.
NORTHERN AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA.
Acer palmatum, A. pictum, ^Esculus turbinata, Agaricus flammeus,
Agriophyllnm Gobicum, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Ailanthus glan-
dulosa, Albizzia Julibrissin, Aleurites cordata, Allium Cepa, A. fistulo-
sum, A. sativum, A Schoenoprasum, Alopeeurus geniculatus, Andro-
pogon involutus, Aralia cordata, Arenga saccliarifera, Aristolochia
recurvilabra, Artemisia Cina, A. Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica,
Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens,
Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa Beechyana, B. flexuosa, B. Senaensis,
B. tuldoides (under Schizostachyum), Barbarea vulgaris, Basella rubra,
Betula alba, Boehmeria nivea, Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea,
B. nigra, Bromus asper, Broussonetia papyrifera, Butomus umbellatus,
Buxus microphylla, B. sempervirens, Cassalpinia sepiaria, Camellia
Japonica, C. Thea, Cannabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carissa
Carandas, Carpinus cordata, C. erosa, C. Japouica, C. laxiflora, Carum
Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, Catalpa Ksempferi, Cedrela Sinensis, Cepha-
lotaxus Fortunei, C. drupacea, Cetraria Islandica, Chamaerops excelsa,
C. Fortunei, Chenopodium Bonus Heuricus, Cinnamomum Camphora,
Citrus Japonica, C. trifoliata, Convallaria majalis, Coprinus comatus,
Corchorus capsularis, Cord y line terminalis, Cornus mas, Cortinarius
cinnamomeus, Corylus heterophylla, Cryptomeria Japonica, Cucumis
Melo, Cudrania triloba, Cupressus funebris. C. obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas
revoluta, Daucus Carota, Debregeasia edulis, Dendrocalamus strictus,
Dioscorea Japonica, D. oppositifolia, D. quinqueloba, D. sativa, Dios-
pyros Kaki, D. Lotus, Ehrharta caudata, ElaBagnus bortensis, E. parvi-
folius, E. umbellatus, .Eleusine Coracana, Eriantlms Japonicus, Eruca
sativa, Euonymus Japonicus, Euryale ferox, Euxolus viridis, Excaecaria
sebifera, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. esculentum, F.
Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia papyrifera, Ferula Sambul, Fistulina
hepatica, Fraxinus Chinensis, Genista tinctoria, Geum urbanum, Ginkgo
biloba, Gleditschia horrida, Glycine hispida, G. vSoya, Glyptostrobus
heterophyllus, Heleocharis tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hordeum
secalinum, Hovenia dulcis, Hydrangea Thunbergi, Ilex crenata, Illicium
anisatum, Imperata arundinacea, Isatis indigotica, I. tinctoria, Jasminum
grandiflorum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans cordiformis, J. Mand-
schurica. J. Sieboldiana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus Chinensis, J. sphaerica,
Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Lepidium latifolium, Lespedeza striata,
Ligustrum Japonicum, Liquidambar Formosana, Livistona Chinensis,
Magnolia hypoleuca, M. Yulan, Melia Azadirachta, Melica altissima,
Mentha arvensis, Morchella conica, Morus alba, Mucuna Cochin-
438 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
chinensis, Musa Cavendishii, Myrica rubra, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia
cupressina, Nephelium Litchi, N. Longanum, CEnanthe Phellan-
drium, Ophiopogori Japonicus, Osmanthus fragrans, Pachyma Hoelen,
Paliurus ramosissimus, Panax Shinsing, Paulownia imperialis,
Pennisetum cereale, Perilla arguta, Phoenix pusilla, Photinia Erio-
botrya, Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. nigra, Physalis Alkekengi,
P. angulata, Pinus Alcockiana, P. densiflora, P. firma, P. Fortune!, P.
Jezoensis, P. Kasmpferi, P. Koraiensis, P. leptolepis, P. Massoniana,
P. obovata, P. selenolepis, P. Thimbergi, P. parviflora, P. polita, P.
Sibirica, P. stenolepis, P. Tsuga, Pisum sativura, Planera Japonica, Poa
airoides, P. alpina, P. fertilis, P. palustris, Polygaster Sampadarius,
Polygonum tinctorium, Poptilus nigra, P. tremula, Prangos pabularia,
Porpbyra vulgaris, Prunus Armeniaca, P. domestica, P. Padus, P.
Persica,P.Pseudo-cerasus,P. tomentosa, Pterocarpus Indicus, Pterocarya
fraxinifolia, P. stenoptera, Pueraria Thunbergiana, Pugionium cornu-
tum, Pyrus aucuparia, P. Japonica, Quercus Chiuensis, Q. cornea, Q.
cuspidata, Q. dentata, Q. glabra, Q. glauca, Q. Mongolica, Q. serrata,
Rhamnus chlorophoros, R. Frangula, R. utilis, Rhapis flabelliformis,
R. humilis, Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartar-
icum, R. undulatum, Rhus semialata, R. succedanea, R. vernicifera,
Rosa Indica, R. lasvigata, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima,
Rubia cordifolia, Rubus parvifolius, R. phoenicolasius, Rumex acetosa,
R. Patientia, R. vesicarius, Saccharura officinarum, S. Sinense, Sagit-
taria sagittifolia, Salix Babylonica, S. Japonica, Sanguisorba minor,
Sciadopitys verticillata, Scorzonera albicaulis, Selinum Monnieri, Sinilax
China, Sophora Japonica, Spergula arvensis, Spinacia oleracea, Sterculia
nobilis, Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera Japonica, Tilia Europsea, T.
Manchurica, Thuya dolabrata, T. Japouica, T. orientalis, Torreya
grandis, T. nucifera, Trapa bicornis, T. bispinosa, Trifolium pratense,
Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Vaccinium
prasstans, Veratrura album, Vicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. sylvatica,
Vigna Sinensis, Vitis Labrusca. V. vulpina, Wistaria Chinensis, Xantho-
xylon piperitum, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia, Zizyphus
Jujuba, Z. Sinensis, Zoysia pungens.
SOUTHERN ASIA.
Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. coucinna, A. Farnesiana, A.
latronum, A. Sundra, Acer Campbelli, A. laevigatum, A. niveum, A.
sterculiaceum, A. villosum, Aconitum ferox, ^giceras majus, -^Eschy-
nomene aspera, ^Esculus Indica, Albizzia bigemina, A. Lebbeck, A.
micrantha, A. stipulata, Aleurites cordata, A. triloba, Allium rubellum,
Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe socotrina, Aloxylou Agallochum, Amarantus
paniculatus, Andropogon annulatus, A. Calamus, A. cernuus, A.
falcatus, A. G-ryllos, A. involutus, A. Ischaemum, A. montanus, A.
muricatus, A. Nardus, A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schosnanthus,
A. sericeus, A. Sorghum, Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus,
Aquilaria Agallocha, Aralia Ginseng, Areca Nagensis, A. triandra
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 439
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
(under Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus Bengalensis, A. integ-
rifolia, Arundinaria collosa, A. debilis, A. falcata, A. Falconeri,
A. Hookeriana, A. Japonica, A. Khasiana, A. macrosperma, A.
spathiflora, A. suberecta, A. tecta (partly under Schizostacliyum), Aruu-
dinella Nepalensis, Arundo Bengalensis, A. Karka, Averrhoa Bilimbi,
A. Carambola, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha, Bambusa
arundinacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B. Balcooa, B. Blumeana, B.
Brandisii, B. elegantissima, B. flexuosa, B. marginata, B. monadelpba,
B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymorpha, B. regia, B. spinosa, B. stricta,
B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum). B. verticillata, B. vulgaris, Basella
lucida,B. rubra, Beesha elegantissima, B.Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travan-
corica (under Schizostacliyum), Belis jaculifolia, Beuincasa cerifera, Ben-
tinckia Coddapanna (under Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B.
Lycium, B. Nepalensis, Betula acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus
ilabelliformis, Boswellia serrata, Brassica juncea, Buddlea Asiatica, B.
Colvillei, B. macrostacliya, B. paniculata, Butea frondosa, Bnxus
Wallichiana, Caesalpinia Sappan, C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus
montanus, C. acanthospatlius, C. erectus, C. exteusus, C. Flagellum,
C. floribundus, C. leptospadix, C. macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C.
quinquenervius, C. Royleanus, C. schizospathus, C. tenuis (under
Zalacca), Camellia Thea, Canavalia gladiata, Capparis aphylla,
C. horrida, C. Roxburghi, C. sepiaria, Carex Moorcroftiana,
Carissa Carandas, Carpinus viminea, Cartbamus tinctorius, Carum
Ajowan, C. gracile, C. nigrum, C. Roxburghianum, Caryota obtusa
(under Zalacca), C. urens, Cassia fistula, Castanopsis argentea, C.
Indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrela febrifuga, C. Taona, Ce-
phalostachyum capitatum, C. pallidum, C. pergracile (under Schizos-
tachyum), Chamaerops Khasyana, C. Martiana, C. Richieana, Cliloro-
xylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum, Cinnamornum Cassia, Citrus
Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Corchorus
acutangulus, C. capsularis, C. olitorius, Cordyline terminalis, Crambe
cordifolia, Crotalaria Burhia, C. juncea, C. retusa, Croton lacciferus,
Cucumis cicatrisatus, C. Colocynthis, C. Momordica, C. utilissimus,
Cupressus torulosa, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus
corymbosus, C. tegetum, Dasmonorops G-uruba, D. Jenkinsii, D. nutan-
tiflorus (under Zalacca), Dalbergia latifolia, D. Sissoo, Dammara alba,
Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana,
Decaisnea insignis, Dandrocalamus flagelllifer, D. giganteus, D.
Hamilton!, D. Hookeri, D. longispathus, D. sericeus, D. strictus (under
Schizostachyum), Desmodium triflorum, Dichopsis Gutta, Dimochloa
Andamanica, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. deltoidea, D. glabra,
D. globosa, D. nummularia, D. oppositifolia, D. pentaphylla, D.
purpurea, D. sativa, D. spicata, D. tomentosa, D. triphylla, Diospyros
Chloroxylon, D. Ebenum, D. Melanoxylon, D. oppositifolia, D. quaesita,
Dolichos uniflorus, Eleusine Coracana, E. stricta, Engelhardtia spicata,
Eriochloa annulata, Eriophorum comosum, Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jam-
bolana, E. Jambos, E. maboides, E. Malaccensis, E. revoluta, E. rotundi-
folia, Euryale ferox, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. rotun-
440 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
datum, F. triangulare, Ficus elastica, F. Indica, F. infectoria, F. laccifera
Flacourtia cataphracta, F. Ramontchi, Flemingia tuberosa, Fraxinns
floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Gigantochloa apus, G. aspera,
G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under Schizostachyum), G.
nigro-ciliata, G. robusta, G. verticillata, Glycine hispida, Gossypium
arboreum, G. herbaceum, Guilandina Bonduc, Guizotia oleifera, Gun-
ner.a macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Heleocharis fistulosa, H. plauta-
ginea, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, H. Sabdariffa,
Holoptelea integrifolia, Hydnum coralloides, Illipe butyracea, I. latifolia,
Indigofera argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomoea mammosa, I. paniculata, I.
pes caprae, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J.
Wallichiana, Justicia Adhatoda, Kentia Moluccana, Lactuca sativa,
Lagerstroemia Indica, Launasa pinnatifida, Lawsonia alba, Lepironia
mucronata, Licnala peltata (under Zalacca), Limonia acidissima, Liquid-
ambar Altingia, Litsea Wightiana, Livistona Jenkinsii (under Zalacca),
Maba Ebenus, Machilus odoratissima, Magnolia Campbell!, M. sphaero-
carpa, Maharanga Emodi, Mallotus Philippinensis,Malvastrum spicatum,
Mangiiera Indica, Maoutia Puya, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Melia Aza-
dirachta, M. Azedarach, Melocanna barnbusoides, M. humilis, M. Travan-
corica, Melanorrhoea usitata, Melocalamus compactiflorus, Michelia ex-
celsa, Mimosa rubicaulis, Moringa pterygosperma, Morus atropurpurea,
Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Murraya exotica, Musa coccinea, M. cornicu-
lata, M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M. simiarum, M. textilis, M. trog-
lodytarum, Myrica sapida, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia amara, K".
bracteata, N. cupressina, Nardostachys grandiflora, N. Jatamansi,
Nastus Borbonicus, Nephelium lappaceum, N. Longanum, Nyctanthes
Abortritis, Ocimum Basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum,
Oncospermum fasciculatum, Oryza sativa, Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata,
O. nigro-ciliata, O. Thwaitesii (under Schizostachyum), Onosma Emodi,
Pandanus furcatus, Panicum atro-virens, P. brizanthum, P. coloratum,
P. compositum, P. flavidum, P. fluitans, P. foliosum, P. frumeutaceura,
P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. miliaceum, P. molle, P. Mytirus, P. pro-
stratum, P. repens, P. sarmentosum, P. semialatum, P. tenuiflorum, P.
virgatum, Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobicu-
latum, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Peunisetum thyphoideum, Perilla
ocimoides, Peucedanum Sowa, Phaseolus aconitifolius, P. adenanthns,
P. lunatus, P. Max, Phoenix humilis, P. Hanceana, P. Kasya, P. Mer-
kusii, P. Ouseloyana (under Zalacca), P. paludosa, P. pusilla, P.
sylvestris, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllanthus Cicca, Pinus Bru-
noniana, P. Cedrus, P. excelsa, P. Gerardiana, P. Griffithii, P. longifolin,
P. Pindrow, P. Smithiana, P. Webbiana, Pipturus propinquus, P.
velutiiius, Plectocomia Assamica, P. Himalayana, P. Khasyana (under
Zalacca), P. macrostachya, Poa Chineusis, P. parviflora, P. cynosuroides,
Podophyllum Emodi, Pogostemon Heyneanus, P. parvifloms, P.
Patchouli, Polygala crotalaroides, Polygaster sampadarius, Populus
ciliata, P. Euphratica, Pouzolzia tuberosa, Prosopis spicifera, P. Ste-
phaniana, Pseudostachyum polymorphum (under Schizostachyum) ,
Pterocarpus Indicus, P. Marsupium, P. santalinus, Ptychosperma
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 441
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
disticha, P. Muschenbrockiana, Pueraria tuberosa, Pyrnlaria edulis,
Quercus annulata, Q. dilatata, Q. incana, Q. lancifolia, Q. semicarpifolia,
Q. squamata, Q. Sundaica, Raphanus caudatus, R. sativus, Remirea
maritiraa, Rheum Australe, R. cfficinale, Rhododendron Falconer!, Rhus
vernicifera, Ribes glaciale, R. Griffith!!, R. laciniatum, R. villosurn,
Ricinus communis, Rosa Indica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia
cordifolia, Rubus acuminatus, R. biflorns, R. ellipticus, R. lasiocarpus,
R. Moluccanus, R. nutans, R. tiliaceus, Saccharum officinarum, S.
spontaneum, S. violaceum, Salix tetrasperma, Sanseviera Zeylanica,
Santalum album, Schima Wallichii, Schizostachyum elegant! ssimum, S.
Blumei, S. brachycladum, S. Hasskarlianum, S. irratum, S. Zollingeri,
Scutia Indica, Sesamum Indicum, Sesbania aculeata, S. ^Egyptiaca, S.
cannabina, S. graudiflora, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Shorea robusta, S.
Talura, Solauum album, S. ferox, S. Guineense, S. insanum, S.
longum, S. Melongena, S. pseudo-saponacenm, S. undatum, Spinifex
squarrosus, Spondias mangifera, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Sterculia
monosperma, S. urceolata, S. ureus, Streblus asper, Swertia Chirata, S.
elegans, Symplocos ramosissima, Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articulata,
T. dioica, T. Gallica, T. orientalis, Tectona grandis, T. Hamiltoniana,
Teinostachyum attenuatum, T. Griffith!! (under Schizostachyum), Ter-
miualia Catappa, T. Chebula, T. parviflora, Tetranthera calophylla, T.
laurifolia, Thouarea sarmentosa, Trapa bispinosa, T. Cochinchinensis, T.
incisa, T. quadrispinosa, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Triphasia Aurantiola,
Ulmus Wallichiana, Urena lobata, Vaccinium Leschenaulti, Vigna
Sinensis, Villebrunea frutescens, V. integrifolia, Vitis auriculata, V.
Blumeana, V. elongata, V. imperialis, V. Indica, V. Labrusca, V.
laevigata, V. mutabilis, V. quadrangularis, V. thyrsiflora, V. vulpina,
Wallichia caryotoides, W. densiflora, Withania coagulans, W. somnifera,
Ximenia Americana, Xylia dolabriformis, Zalacca secunda, Zingiber
officinale, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. rugosa, Zoysia pungens.
WESTERN SOUTH-AMERICA.
Acacia Cavenia, A. macracantha, Achras Balata, Adenostemum
nitidum, Adesmia balsamica, Alchemilla pinnata, Alstroemeria pallida,
Ananas sativa, Andropogon argenteus, Anona Cherimolia, Apium
Chilense, A. prostratum, Arachis hypoga3a, Araucaria imbricata, Ari-
stotelia Macqui, Arracacha xanthorriza, Bassovia solanacea, Berberis
buxifolia, B. Darwinii, Boussingaultia baselloides, Buddlea globosa,
Cuesalpinia brevifolia, C. tinctoria, Canna edulis, Carica Candamarcensis,
C. Papaya, Cereus Quixo, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Australe, C. pithyro-
phyllum (under Wettinia), Cervantesia tomentosa, Chenopodium Quinoa,
Chusquea Culcou, C. Dombeyana, C. montana, C. Quila, C. tenuiflora
(under Schizostachyum), Cinchona Calisaya, C. cordifolia, C. micrautha,
C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Condalia microphylla, Dactylis
caespitosa, Datura arborea, Dioscorea piperifolia, Diplothemium Porallys
(under Wettinia), Diposis Bulbocastanum, Drimys Wintcri, Elymus
condeusatus, Embothrium coccineum, E. emarginatum, E. lanceolatum,
442 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued.
Erythroxylon Coca, Eucryphia cordifolia, Eugenia Hallii, Euterpe
andicola, E. Haankena, E. longivaginata (under Wettinia), Fagus
Dombeyi, F. obliqua, F. procera, Fagus betuloides, Festuca Coiron, F.
Magellanica, Fitzroya Patagonica, Fragaria Chiloensis, Fuschia racemosa,
Geonoma densa (under Wettinia), Gossypium religiosum, Guadua
angustifolia, G. latifolia, Guevina Avellana, Gunnera Chilensis, Heli-
anthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Heliotropiura Peruvianum, Hibiscus
esculeutus, Hypocho3ris apargioides, H. Scorzonerae, Ipornoea Batatas,
I. pes caprae, Jubaea spectabilis, Krameria triandra, Lapageria
rosea, Lardizabala biternata, Laurelia aromatica, L. serrata, Libocedrus
Chilensis, L. tetragona, Lippia citriodora, Manihot Aipi, Maranta
arundinacea, Mauritia flexuosa, Maytenus Boaria, Melicocca bijuga,
Mesembrianthemum aequilaterale, Morus celtidifolia, M. insignis, Myrtus
Luma, M. Meli, M. nummularia, M. Ugni, Nageia andina, N. Chilina,
N. nubigena, Opuntia vulgaris, Oreodoxa frigida (under Wettinia),
Oryza latifolia, Oryzopsis cuspidata, 0. panicoides, Oxalis crassicaulis,
O. crenata, O. enneapliylla, O. succulenta, 0. tuberosa, Pacchyrrhizus
angulatus, Panicum pilosura, Paspalum ciliatum, P. dilatatum, Passiflora
alata, P. tilifolia, P. ligularis, P. macrocarpa, Persea gratissima,
Peumus Boldus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis Peruviana, Phytelephas
aequatorialis (under Wettinia), Piptadenia rigida, Prosopis horrida, P.
juliflora, P. Siliquastrum, Priva laevis, Quillaja saponaria, Rhus caustica,
Rubus geoides, Salix Humboldtiaua, Saxono-Gothaea conspicua,
Schkuhria abrotanoides, Schinus Molle, Scirpus nodosus, Sesuvium
Portulacastrura, Smilax officinalis, Solanum Gilo, S. Maglia, S.
Guinense, S. Lycopersicum, S. muricatum, S. Quitoense, S. tuberosum,
S. torvum, Sophora tetraptera, Spilanthes oleracea, Tagetes glaiiduligera,
Tetragonia expansa, Tillandsia usneoides, Tritlirinax campestris,
Tropaeolum majus, T. minus, T. sessilifolium, T. tuberosum, Ullncus
tuberosus, Vaccinium alatum', V. bicolor, V. grandiflorum, V. melliflorum,
Wettinia augusta, W. Mayneusis, Zea Mays, Zizyphus Joazeiro, Z.
Mistal.
WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA.
Acer circinnatum, A., macrophyllum, JEsculus Californica, Arbutus
Menziesii, Audibertia polystachya, Baccharis consanguinea, B. pilularis,
Baptisia tinctoria, Barbarea vulgaris, Beschorneria yuccoides? Bouteloua
polystachya, Carica Papaya, Carum Gairdneri, Castaneopsis chryso-
phylla, Ceanothus prostratus, C. rigidus, C. thyrsinorus, Cercocarpus
ledifolius, C. parvifolius, Cereus Engelmanni, C. Thurberi, Chamcedora
elatior, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Claytonia perfoliata, Coruus Nut-
tallii, Cupressus fragrans, C. Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, C. Nutkaensis,
Cymopterus glomeratus, Fragaria Californica, Fraxinus Oregana,
Gaultiera Myrsinites, Geum urbanum, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus
occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens,Lupinus Douglasii, Myrica Californica,
Myrrhis occidentalis, Nicotiana multivalvis, Nuphar multisepalum, Nyssa
aquatica, Parkinsonia aculeata, P. microphylla, Pinus albicaulis, P.
amabilis, P. Arizonica, P. bracteata, P. Chihua-huana, P. concolor, P.
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 443
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
contorta, P. Coulteri, P. Douglasii, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. grandis, P.
Hookeriana, P. Jeffrey!, P. Lambertiana, P. Menziesii, P. Merteusianay
P. monophylla, P. monticola, P. muricata, P. nobilis, P. Nuttallii, P.
Pattoniana, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. reflexa, P. resiuosa, P. Sabiniana,
P. Williamsonii, Platanus racemosa, Popuhis Fremontii, P. tremu-
loides, P. trichocarpa, Pritchardia filamentosa, Prosopis pubescens,
Primus demissa, P. ilicifolia, Pyrus rivularis, Quercus agrifolia, Q.
chrysolepis, Q. densiflora, Q. Bouglasii, Q. Garryana, Q. lobata,
Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. niveum, R. tenuiflorum, R. villosum,
Rubus leucodermis, R. raacropetalus, R. ursinus, Salix longifolia,
Schinus Molle, Scilla esculenta, Sequoia sempervirens, S. Wellingtouia,
Solanum Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Tetranthera Californica, Torreya
Californica, Trichostema lanatum, Umbel hi laria Californica, Vaccinium
hnmifusura, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, Valeriana edulis, Washingtonia
filifera, Yucca angustifolia, Y. baccata, Y. brevifolia, Y. Sitchensis, Y.
Treculiaiia.
EASTERN NORTH- AMERICA.
Acer dasycarpurn, A. Negundo, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum,
Achillea Millefolium, Achras Sapota, Acorns Calamus, Acrocomia
Mexicana, Actrea alba, A. spicata, JEsculus lutea, Agave Americana,
A. Mexicana, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. scabra, A. vulgaris, Alchemilla
alpina, A. vulgaris, Aletris farinosa, Allium Canadense, A. Schoeno-
prasum, Amelanchier Botryapium, Andropogon avenaceus, A. nutans,
A. scoparius, Apios tuberosa, Apocynum cannabinum, Arctostaphylos
uva ursi, Aristolochia auguicida, A. ovalifolia, A. serpentaria, Arundi-
naria macrosperma, A. tecta, Astragalus hypoglottis, Barbarea vulgaris,
Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. nigra, B. papyracea, Bouteloua barbata, Brahea
dulcis, B. edulis, Bromus ciliatus, B. marginatus, Buchloa dactyloides,
Bursera elemifera, Caesalpinia Bonduc, Cakile maritima, Calamagrostis
longifolia, Canella alba, Canna flaccida, Carya alba, C. amara, C.
glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C. tomentosa, Carpinus
Americana, Cassia Marylandica, Catalpa bignonioides, C. speciosa,
Cedronella cordata, Celtis occidentalis, Cephalantus occidentalis, Cetraria
Islandica, Cham^edora concolor, Clielone glabra, Chondrus crispus,
Cimicifuga racemosa, Cinna arundinacea, Cladastri.s tinctoria, Cochlearia
officinalis, Comptonia asplenifolia, Cornus florida, Corylus Americana,
Crata3gus aestivalis, C. Mexicana, C. apiifolia, C. coccinea, C. cordata,
C. Crus-Galli, C. parvifolia, C. tomentosa, Cupressus Benthami,
C. Lindleyi, C. thurifera, C. thuyoides, Desmodium acuminatum,
Diospyros Virginiana, Dirca palustris, Echinocactus Fendleri, Elymus
mollis, E. Virginicus, Euonymus atropurpureus, Eupatoriunr purpureum,
Fagus ferruginea, Festuca flava, F. purpurea, Fragaria Chiloeusis, F.
grandiflora, F. Illinoensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana, Fraxinus Americana,
F. platycarpa, F. pubescens, F. quadrangulata, F. sambticifolia, F. viridis,
Gaultieria Shallon, Gaylussaciafrondosa, G. resinosa, Gelsemium nitidurn,
Geum urbanum, Gleditschia monosperma, G. triacanthos, Gordonia
2 H
444 . Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
lasianthos, Grindelia squarrosa, Gymnocladus Canadensis, Hedeoma
pulegioides, Hordeum uodosum, H. secalinum, Humulus Lupulus,
Hydrastis Canadensis, Ilex Cassine, I. verticillata, ludigofera Anil,
Ipomoea Megapotamica, I. platanifolia, I. purga, I. simulans, Juglans
cinerea, J. nigra, Juniperus flaccida, J. Mexicana, J. Virginiana, Leon-
tice thalictroides, Levisiarediviva, Liatris odoratissima, Lindera Benzoin,
Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Lithospermum caues-
cens, L. hirtum, L. longiflorum, Lupinus arboreus, L. perennis, Lyco-
podium dendroideum, L. lucidulum, Maclura aurantiaca, Magnolia
acuminata, M. cordata, M. Fraseri, M. grandiflora, M. macrophylla,
M. umbrella, Melica mutica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium effusum,
Mimusops Sieberi, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. punctata, Morchella
conica, M. esculenta, Morns rubra, Muehlenbergia diffusa, M. Mexicana,
Myrica cerif'era, Nelumbo Intea, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, N. repaiida, N.
rustica, N. Tabacum, Nyssa aquatica, N. multiflora, N. uniflora, Opiuitia
coccinellifera, 0. Ficns-Indica, O. Hernandezii, O. Missouriensis, O.
Rafinesquii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, O. vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, O.
perennis, Ostrya Virginica, Oxalis Deppei, O. esculenta, O. tetraphylla,
O. violacea, Pachyma Cocos, Pariicum amarum, P. Myurus, P. obtusum,
P. striatum, P. Texanum, P. virgatum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Par-
thenium integrifdliura, Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea, P. suberosa, Pas-
palum laeve, P. lentiginosum, P. platycanle,- P. undulatum, Peireskia
aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Phaseolus perennis, Physalis angu-
lata, P. pubescens, Pinus alba, P. aristata, P. Australis, P. Ayacahuite,
P. Balfouriana, P. balsamea, P. Canadensis, P. cembroides, P. Cubensis,
P. Fraseri, P. glabra, P. Hartwegii, P. Hudsonica, P. inops, P. leio-
phylla, P. mitis, P. Montezumse, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pendula, P.
Pinceana, P. Pseudostrobus, P. pungens, P. religiosa, P. rigida, P. rubra,
P. serotina, P. Strobus, P. Ta3da, P. tenuifolia, P. Teocote, P. Torreyana,
Pisonia aculeata, Planera aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Poa airoides,
P. alpina, P. aquatica, P. Canadensis, P. distans, P. fertilis, P. fluitans,
P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. nervata, P. palustris, P. pectinacea,
Podophyllum peltatum, Poliantlies tuberosa, Polygala Senega, Populus
angulata, P. balsamifera, P. Canadensis, P. grandideutata, P. hetero-
phylla, P. monilifera, P. tremuloides, Porphyra vulgaris, Prosopis dulcis,
P. glandulosa, P. julinora, P. pubescens,. Primus Americana, P. Caro-
liniana, P. Chisasa^ P. maritima, P. Pennsylvauica, P. pumila, P.
serotina, P. Virginiana, Psamma arenaria, Psoralea esculenta, Pycnan-
themum incanum, P. montanum, Pyrularia edulis, Pyrus coronaria,
Quercus acutifolia, Q. alba, Q. aquatica, Q. Castanea, Q. chrysophylla,
Q. coccinea, Q. corrugata, Q. Douglasii, Q. falcata, Q. glaucescens, Q.
lanceolata, Q. laurina, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. magnolifolia, Q.
Muehlenbergii, Q. obtusata, Q. palustris, Q. Pliellos, Q. Prinus, Q.
reticulata, Q. rubra, Q. sideroxyla, Q. stellata, Q. virens, Q. Wislizenii,
Q. Xalapensis, Rhamnus alnifolius, Rhaphidophyllum Hystrix, Rhodo-
dendron maximum, Rhus aromatica, R. cotinoides, R. copallina, R.
glabra, R. typhina, Ribes aureum, R. cynosbati, R. floridum, R. hir-
tellum, R. Hudsonianum, R. nigrum, R. rotundifolium, R. rubrum,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 445
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
Hobinia Pseudo-Acacia, Rosa setigera, Rubus arcticus, R.' Canadensis,
R. Chamoemorus, R. cuneifolius, R. deliciosus, R. occidentalis, R.
odoratus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. villosus, Rumex acetosa, R.
hymenosepalus, Sabal Adansoui, S. Palmetto, S. serrulata, Sabbatia
angularis, Sagittaria lancifolia, S. obtusa, Salix cordata, S. longifolia,
S. lucida, S. nigra, S. petiolaris, S. tristis, Sambucus Canadensis, San-
guinaria Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, Scho3iiocaulon officinale, Scilla
Fraseri, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax bona nox, S. glauca, S. medica, S.
Pseudo-China, S. rotundifolia, Solanum calycinum, S. cardiophyllum, S.
Fendleri, S. Jamesii, S. oxycarpum, S. tuberosum, Spartina cynosuroides,
S. juncea, S. polystachya, S. stricta, Spigelia Marylandica, Stenotaphrum
Americanum, Stylosanthes elatior, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum
officinale, Taxodium distichum, T. mucronatum, Taxus brevifolia, Thuya
gigantea, T. occidentalis, Tilia alba, T. Americana, Tillandsia usneoides,
Torreya taxifolia, Trifolium reflexum, T. repens, Trillium erectum,
Tripsacum dactyloides, Typha latifolia, Ulmus alata, U. Americana, U.
crassifolia, U. fulva, U. Mexicana, U. racemosa, Uniola gracilis, U.
latifolia, U. paniculata, Uvularia sessilifolia, Vaccinium Canadense, V.
cajspitosum, V. corymbosum, V. erythrocarpum, V. leucanthum, V.
macrocarpum, V. myrtilloides, V. Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum,
V. Oxycoccos, V. parvifolium, V. Pennsylvanicam, V. uliginosum, V.
vacilians, V. Vitis Idaea, Valeriana edulis, Veratrum viride, Vicia Cracca,
V. Sitchensis, Vitis sestivalis, V. candicans, V. cinerea, V. cordifolia,
V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rubra, V. rupestris, V. vulpina, Wistaria
frutescens, Xanthorriza apiifolia, Ximenia Americana, Yucca aloifolia,
Y. angustifolia, Y. filamentosa, Y. gloriosa, Zizania aquatica, Z. fluitans,
Z. miliacea.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
Acacia macracantha, Achras Sapota, Acrocomia Mexicana, Agave
Americana, A. ina3quidens, A. rigida, Albizzia dulcis, A. latisiliqua, A.
Sam an, Aleurites triloba, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon avena-
•ceus, Anona muricata, A. squamosa, Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Arthros-
tylidium excelsum, A. longiflorum, A. racemiferum (under Schizos-
tachyum), Arundinaria acuminata, Aulonemia Quexo (under Schizos-
tachyum), Bactris Gasipass, Batis maritima, Beschorneria yuccoides,
Brahea dulcis, Bursera elemifera, Buxus acuminata, B. citrifotia, B.
Cubana, B. glomerata, B. gonoclada,, B. Ia3vigata, B. Purdieana, B.
retusa, B. subcolumnaris, B. Vahlii, B. Wrightii, Caesalpinia crista,
C. vesicaria, Cakile maritima, Calyptronoma Swartzii, Canavalia-
giadiata, Canna coccinea, C. glauca, Canella alba, Carica Papaya,
Caiiudovica palmata (under Wettinia), Ca3salpinia .Bonduc, Casi-
miroa edulis, Celtis Tala, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Klopstockia
(under Weltinia), Cestrum nocturnum, Chusquea abietifolia, C.
Fendleri, C. Galeottiana, C. Muelleri, C. scandens, C. siraplici-
flora, C. uniflora (under Schizostachyum), Claytoriia perfbliata,
Coccoloba uvifera, Cocos regia, Copernicia naua, C. Ptimos,
446 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
Cyperus giganteus, Dioscorea Cajennensis, D. esurientum, D.
trifida, Eriochloa annulata, Eucblasna luxurians, Eupatorium
triplinerve, Fourcroya Cubensis, F. gigantea, F. longaeva, Geonoma
vaga, Gossypium Barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum, Hibiscus
esculentus, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea Batatilla, Juniperus Bermndiana,
Kunthia montana, Malvastrum spicatum, Maranta arundinacea, Meli-
cocca bijnga, Mimusops globosa, M. Sieberi, Morus celtidifolia, Nageia
coriacea, N. Purdieana, Opuntia coccinellifera, O. Dillenii, O. elatior,
O. Hernandezii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, Oreodoxa frigida, O. oleracea,
O. regia, Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum altissimum, P. divaricatura,
P. molle, P. Myurus, P. obtusum, P. striatum, Paspalum stoloniferum,
Passiflora laurifolia, P. ligularis, P. maliformis, P. pedata, P. serrata,
Peireskia aculeata, Persea gratissima, Pinus Cubensis, Piscidia erythrina,
Platenia Chiragua (under Wettinia), Podachsenium alatum, Polianthes
tuberosa, Prestoa pubigera, Psidium acidum, P. Araca, P. cordatum,
P. Guayava, P. polycarpum, Quercus agrifolia, Q. Castanea, Q. Skinneri,
Remirea maritima, Richardsonia scabra, Sabal umbraculifera, Schinus
Molle, Sechium edule, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, S.
papyracea, Solanum betaceum, S. Guineense, S. Plumieri, S. Topiro,
S. torvum, Sporobolus Virginicus, Stylosanthes elatior, Swietenia
Mahagoni, Talinum patens, Terminalia Buceras, Thrinax argentea, T.
parviflora, Tillandsia usneoides, Trophis Americana, Urena lobata,
Vaccinium meridionale, V. Mortinia, Wissadula rostrata, Xarithosoma
sagittifolium, Yucca aloifolia, Y. Guatemalensis, Y. Yucatana, Zizania
miliacea.
EASTERN SOUTH-AMERICA.
Acacia Cebil, A. macracantha, A. moniliforrms, Acrocomia Totai
(under Wettinia), Alibertia edulis, Ananas sativa, Apium prostratum,
Araucaria Brasiliensis, Arundinaria verticillata (under Scbizostachyum),
Arundo saccharoides, A. Sellowiana, Aspidosperma Quebracho, Bactris
Gasipaes, Boussingaultia baselloides, Bromus unioloides, Cjesalpinia
coriaria, C. ecliinata, C. Gilliesii, Calyptranthes aromatica, Canna
Achiras, Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. longum, C^
microcarpum, Cedrela Brasiliensis, C. Velloziana, Celtis Sellowiana, C,
Tala, Cephaelis Ipecacuanba, Ceroxylon Klopstockia, Chenopodium
ambrosioides, Cbusquea capituliflora, C. Culeon, C. Gaudichaudiana
(under Schizostachyum), C. Lorentziana, Cocos Australis, C. flexuosa,
C. plumosa, C. Romanzoffiana, C. Yatay (under Wettinia), Copernicia
cerifera, Condalia micropbylla, Cyperus giganteus, Dalbergia nigra, D.
Miscolobium, Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea conferta, D. tuberosa,
Diplothemium campestre, D. littorale (under Wettinia), Duvaua longi-
folia, Eryngium pandanifolium, Eugenia Nbanica, E. pyriformis, E.
supra-axillaris, E. uniflora, Eupatorium tinctorium, Geonoma vaga,
Gourliaea decorticans, Guadua augustifolia, G. capitata, G. latifolia, G.
macros tachy a, G. paniculata, G. refracta, G. Tagoara, G. virgata, Han-
cornia speciosa, Heterothalamus brunioides, Hordeum andicola, Hymenrea
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 447
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
Courbaril, Ilex Paraguensis, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea Batatas, I. Bata-
tilla, 1. Megapotamica, I. operculata, I. paniculata, I. pes capras, Iriartea
deltoidea, I. exorrhiza, I. ventricosa (under Wettinia), Jacaranda mimo-
sifolia, Lippia citriodora, Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Lupinus arboreus,
Maclnra Mora, Malvastrnm spicatum, Manihot Aipi, M. Glazioni, M.
utilissima, Maliera glomerata, M. tomentosa, Melica sarmentosa, Mero-
stachys Claussenii, M. Kunthii, M. ternata (under Schizostachyum),
Myrtus edulis, M. incana, M. mucronata, Nageia Lamberti, Nicotiana
rustica, N. glauca, N. Tabacum, Ocimum gratissimum, (Enocarpus
multicaulis (under Wettinia), Opuntia vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, Ory-
zopsis panicoides, Oxalis carnosa, O. conorrliiza, Pachyrrhizus angulatus,
Panicum altissimum, P. barbinode, P. divaricatum, P. latissimum, P.
molle, P. Myurus, Parkinsonia aculeata, Paspalum notatum, P. ciliatura,
P. dilatatum, P. undulatura, Passiflora alata, P. coccinea, P. cocrulea,
P. edulis, P. filamentosa, P. laurifolia, P. maliformis, P. mucronata, P.
pedata, P. .quadrangularis, P. serrata, P. suberosa, Paullinia sorbilis,
Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Peltophorum Linnei,
Pennisetum latifolium, Periandra dulcis, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus
adenanthus, P. lunatus, Physalis angulata, P. Peruviana, P. pubescens,
Phytelephas macrocarpa, P. microcarpa (under Wettinia), Pilocarpus
pinnatifolius, Piptadenia Cebil, P. rigida, Pircunia dioica, Poa Bergii,
P. Forsteri, Prosopis alba, P. dulcis, P. Siliquastrum, Psidium Araca, P.
arboreum, P. Cattleyanum, P. chrysophyllum, P. cinereum, P. cuneatum,
P. grandifolium, P. Guayava, P. incanescens, P. lineatifolium, P. mali-
folium, P. polycarpon, P. rufum, Rubus imperialis, Salix Humboldtiana,
Salpichroma rhomboidea, Salvia Matico, Sambucus Australis, Schinus
Molle, Scirpus nodosus, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax papyracea,
S. rubiginosa, Solanum Commersonii, S. Gilo, S. Guineense, S. indigo-
ferum, S. Lycopersicum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum, Spilanthes oleracea,
Sporobolus Indicus, Syagrus Sancona, Sterculia Cartkaginensis, Tagetes
glanduligera, Talinum patens, Tillandsia usneoides, Terminalia Buceras,
Trithrinax Acanthocoma, T. Brasiliensis (under Wettinia), Trophis
Americana, Ullucus tuberosus, Wissadula rostrata, Zea Mays, Zizania
microstachya, Zizyphus Mistal.
MIDDLE AFRICA (AND MADAGASCAR).
Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. stenocarpa, A. Verek, Acantho-
phrenix rubra, Acanthosicyos horrida, -ZEschynomene aspera, Aloe
Perryi, Andropogon annulatus, Aristida prodigiosa, Arundiuella Nepa-
lensis, Asplenium Nidus, Astragalus venosus, Bacularia Arfakiana,
Beesha capitata, Buddleya Madagascariensis, Buxus Madagascarica,
Canavalia gladiata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Coffea Liberica, Cor-
chorus acutangulus, Corynosicyos edulis, Cucumis Anguria, Cudrania
Javensis, Cupania sapida, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dypsis pinnatifrons,
Eriochloa annulata, Hagenia Abyssinica, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hyphaene
Thebaica, Launea pinnatifida, Lepironia mucronata, Maclura excelsa,
Malvastrum spicatum, Monodora Angolensis, M. Myristicar, Musa
2 I
448 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued.
Li vingstoniana,Panicum coloratura, P. compositum, P. fluitans, P. molle,
Pennisetum villosum, Pharnaceum acidum, Phosnix spinosa, Psopho-
carpus tetragonolobus, Pterolobium lacerans, Remirea maritima, Rubus
rosifolius, Solanum edu-le, S. -ZEthiopicum, S. macrocarpum, S. Thon-
ningi, Tamarix orientalis, Telfairia occidentalis, T. pedata, Trichodesma
Zeylanicum, Urena lobata, Vahea florida, V. Owariensis, Vigna
Sinensis, Vitis Scliimperiana, Wissadula rostrata.
SOUTHEEN AFRICA.
Aberia Caffra, A. tristis, A. Zeyheri, Acacia Giraffe, A. horrida,
Alchemilla Capensis, A. elongata, Aloe dichotoma, A. ferox, A.
linguiformis, A. plicatilis, A. purpurascens, A. spicata, A. vera, A.
Zeyheri, Andropogon Caffrorum, Antliistiria ciliata, Apanogeton
distachyos, Arundinaria tesselata, Arundinella Nepaleusis, Asparagus
laricinus, Atriplex albicans, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha,
Barosma serratifolia, Brabejum stellatifolium, Callitris arborea, Calo-
dendron Capense, Cannamois cephalotes, Carissa Arduina, C. ferox, C.
grandiflora, Carum Capense, Combretum butyraceum, Ehrharta longi-
flora, Elegia nuda, Elephanthorrhiza Burchelli, Euclea myrtina, ]E.
undulata, E. Pseudebenus, Eugenia Zeyheri, Exomis axyrioides,
Garuleum bipinnatum, Gladiolus edulis, Gonioma Kamassia, Hemarthria
compressa, Hibiscus Ludwigii, Hyphasne ventricosa, Kochia pubescens,
Lasiocorys Capensis, Leonotis Leonurus, Leucadendron argenteum,
Leyssera gnaphalioides, Lyperia crocea, Matricaria glabrata, Melianthus
major, Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, M. capitatum, M. crystallium,
M. edule, M. floribundum, Myrica cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata,
Nageia elongata, N. Thunbergi, Nastus Borbonicus, Osmitopsis asteris-
coides, Osyris compressa, Panicum coloratum, P. compositum, P.
roseum, Pappea Capensis, Parkinsonia Africana, Pentzia virgata,
Phosnix reclinata, Phymaspermum parvifolium, Plectronia ciliata, P.
spinosa, P. ventosa, Portulacaria Afra, Protea mellifera, Psychotria
Eckloniana, Rafnia amplexicaulis, R. perfoliata, Rhus lucida, Royenia
Pseudebenus, R. pubescens, Rubus fruticosus, Salix Capensis, Scirpus
nodosus, Selago leptostachya, Selinum anesorrhizum, S. montanum,
Solanum Aculeastrum, Tarchoiianthus camphoratus, Todea Africana,
Voandzeia subterranea, Vangueria infausta, Withania somnifera.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Acacia acuminata, A. aneura, A. armata, A. heteroclita, A.
leiophylla, A. microbotrya, A. Sentis, Agonis flexuosa, Albizzia
lophantha, Astartea fascicularis, Atriplex Muelleri, Avicennia offici-
nalis, Boroniamegastigma, Cassia artemisioides, Casuarina Decaisneana,
C. distyla, C. Fraseriana, C. Huegeliana, C. trichodon, Conospermum
Stoechadis, Danthonia bipartita, Dioscorea hastifolia, Duboisia Hop-
woodii, Encephalartos Preissii, Erianthus fulvus, Eucalyptus calophylla,
E. cornuta, E. diversicolor, E. Doratoxylon, E. ficifblia, E. gom-
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 449
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
phocephala, E. loxoplileba, E. marginata, E. oleosa. E. patens, E.
redunca, E. rudis, E. salmonophloia, E. salubris, Grevillea annulifera,
Helichrysum, lucidum, H. Manglesii, Jacksonia cupulifera, Kochia
villosa, Lepidosperma gladiatum, Livistona Marias, Oryza sativa,
Panicum flavidum, P. semialatum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pimelea clavata,
Santalum cygnorum, S. Preissiauum, Scirpus nodosus, Sesbauia
JEgyptiaca, S. grandiflora, Spinifex liirsutus, S. longifolius, Strychnos
Nux vomica, Tamarindus Indica.
EASTERN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANIA).
Acacia aneura, A. armata, A. binervata, A. dealbata, A. decurrens,
A. estrophiolata, A. excelsa, A. falcata, A. Farnesiaua, A. fasciculifera,
A. glaucescens, A. harpophylla, A. homalophylla, A. implexa, A.
longifolia, A. Melanoxylon, A. pendula, A. penninervis, A. pycnantha,
A. retiuodes, A. salicina, A. Sentis, A. stenophylla, A. supporosa,
JEgiceras majus, Agrostis Solandri, Aira caespitosa, Albizzia basaltica,
Alchemilla vulgaris, Aleurites triloba, Alstonia constricta, Andropogon
annulatus, A. Australis, A. bombycinus, A. erianthoides, A. falcatus, A.
Gryllos, A. pertusus, A, refractus, A. sericeus, Angophora intermedia,
A. lanceolata, A. subvelutiua, Anthistiria avenacea, A. ciliata, A.
membranacea, Apium prostratum, Aponogeton crispus, Araucaria Bid-
willi, A. Cunningharni, Aristolochia Indica, Astrebla pectinata, A.
triticoides, Atalantia glauca, Atriplex crystallinum, A. halimoides, A.
holocarpum, A. Muelleri, A. nummularium, A. semibaccaturn, A. spon-
giosum, A. versicarium, Avicennia officinalis, Backhousia citriodora,
Bacularia monostachya, Barbarea vulgaris, Balogliia lucida, Brachy-
chiton acerifolius, Cakile maritima, Callitris calcarata, C. columel-
laris, C. Endlicherii, C. Macleayana, C. Parlatorei, C. verrucosa, Carissa
Brownii, Cassia artemisioides, Casuarina distyla, C. equisetifolia, C.
Slauca, C. quadrivalvis, C. suberosa, C. torulosa, Cedrela Australis,
eratopetalum apetalum, Chenopodium atiricomum, C. nitrariaceum,
Chionachne cyathopoda, Chloris scariosa, C. truncata, Citrus Austral-
asica, C. Planchoni, Colocasia Iiidica, Corchorus acutangulus, C.
Cunninghami, C. olitorius, Cordyline terminalis, Crotalaria juncea, C.
retusa, Cudrania Javanensis, Cycas angulata, C. Normanbyana, Cynodon
Dactylon, Cyperus textilis, Dacrydium Franklini, Dammara robusta,
Danthonia bipartita, D. nervosa, D. penicillata, D. robusta, Dicksonia
Billardieri, Dioscorea sativa, D. transversa, Distichlis maritima,
Duboisia Hopwoodii, D. myoporoides, Ectrosia Gulliverii, Ehrharta
stipoides, Embothrium Wickhami, Encephalartos Denisonii, E. spiralis,
Eremophila longifolia, Erianthus fulvus, Eriochloa aunulata, Erodium
cygnorum, Eucalyptus alpina, E. amygdalina, E. Baileyana, E.
botryoides, E. capitellata, E. citriodora, E. coccifera, E. cordata, E.
corymbosa, E. corynocalyx, E. crebra. E. drepanophylla, E. eugenioides,
E. Globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. Gunnii, E. ha3mastoma, E. hemiphloia,
E. Howittiana, E. largiflorens, E. leptophleba, E. Leucoxylon, E.
longifolia, E. macrorrhyncha, E. maculata, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora,
212
450 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
E. microcorys, E. microtheca, E. miniata, E. obliqua, E. ochro-
phloia, E. oleosa, E. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. phoenicea, E.
pilularis, E. Planchoniana, E. platyphylla, E. polyanthema, E»
populifolia, E. punctata, E. Raveretiana, E. resinifera, E. robusta,
E. rostrata, E. saligna, E. siderophloia, E. Sieberiana, E. Staige-
riana, E. Stuartiana, E. tereticornis, E. terminalis, E. tesselaris,
E. trachyphloia, E. triantha, E. urnigera, E. vernicosa, E. viminalis,
Eucryphia Billardieri, E. Moorei, Eugenia Jambolana, E. Australis,
E. Smithii, Eustrephus Brownii, ExLdia auricula Judas, Fagus Cun-
ninghami, F. Moorei, Festuca Billardieri, F. Hookeriana, F. litoralis, F.
dives, Ficus colossea, F. columnaris, F. Cunninghami, F. eugenioides,
F. macrophylla, F. rubiginosa, Fistulina hepatica, Flindersia Australis,
F. Bennettiana, F. Oxleyana, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Geum urbanum,
Gmelina Leichhardtii, Grevillea robusta, Harpullia Hillii, Heleocharis
sphacelata, Helichrysum lucidum, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus can-
nabinus, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Imperata arundi-
nacea, Ipomoea Calobra, I. costata, I. graminea, I. paniculata, I. pes
caprae, Jasminum calcareum, J. didymum, J. lineare, J. racemosum, J.
simplicifolium, J. suavissimum, Kentia Belmoreana, K. Canterburyana,
K. Mooreana, Kochia eriantha, K. villosa, Lagerstroemia Indica,
Leersia hexandra, Lepidosperma gladiatura, Lepironia mucronata, Lep-
tospermum Isevigatum, L. lanigerum, Livistona Australis, L. Leich-
hardtii, L. Mariae, Lycopodium clavatum, L. densum, L. laterale, L.
varium, Maba fasciculosa, M. geminata, Macadamia ternifolia, Mallotus
Philippinensis, Malvastrum spicatum, Marlea Vitiensis, Melaleuca erici-
folia, M. genistifolia, M. Leucadendron, M. linarifolia, M. parviflora, M.
styphelioides, Melia Azedarach, Mentha Australis, M. gracilis, M. laxi-
flora, M. saturejoides, Mesembrianthemum asquilaterale, Microseris
Forsteri, Morchella conica, Murraya exotica, Mylitta Australis,
Myoporum insulare, Myrtus acmenoides, Nageia elata, Neurachne
Mitchelliana, Niemeyera prunifera, Ocimum sanctum, Owenia acidula,
O. venosa, Oryza sativa, Pandanus Forsteri, P. pedunculatus, Panicum
atro-virens, P. bicolor, P. coenicolum, P. coloratura, P. compositum, P.
decompositum, P. divaricatissimum, P. flavidum, P. foliosum, P. mar-
ginatum, P. melanthum, P. Myurus, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P.
miliaceum, P. parvifolium, P. prolutum, P. prostratum, P. pygmeeum,
P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. semialatum, P. tenuiflorum, P. virgatum,
Pappophorum commune, Parinarium Nonda, Paspalum distichum, P.
scrobiculatum, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. Max,
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Pimelea stricta, Pipturus propinquus, Pisonia
aculeata, Pittosporum undulatum, Poa Australis, P. Billardieri, P.
Brownii, P. caespitosa, P. Chinensis, P. digitata, Prostanthera lasiantha,
Ptychosperma Alexandras, P.. Cunninghami, P. elegans, Rhagodia
Billardieri, R. nutans, Rhus rhodanthema, Rottboellia ophiuroides, Rubus
Gunnianus, R. parvifolius, R. rosifolius, Santalum Preissianum, Scirpus
nodosus, Sclerachne cyathopoda, Sebsea albidiflora, S. ovata, Selagi-
nella uliginosa, Sesbania aculeata, S. ^Egyptiaca, Sesuvium Portulacas-
trum, Smilax Australis, S. glycyphylla, Solanum yescum, Spinifex
in Extra- Tropical Countries. 451
GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued.
hirsutus, S. paradoxus, Spondias Solandri, Stenocarpus sinuosus,
Stenopetalnm nutans, Sterculia quadrifida, Stipa artistiglumis, Syncarpia
laurifolia, Synoon glandulosum, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia expansa,
T. implexicoma, Tetranthera laurifolia, Todea Africa,na, Tremella
mesenterica, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Trigonella suavissima, Tristania
conferta, Vigna lanceolata, Vitis acetosa, V. Baudiniana, V. hypo-
glauca, Xanthorrhoea Tatei, Xirnenia Americana, Zizyphus Jujuba,
Zoysia pungens.
NEW ZEALAND.
Agrostis Solandri, Apium prostratum, Arundo conspicua, Avicennia
officinalis, Cordyline Banksii, C. indivisa, C. superbiens, Corynocarpus
Isevigata, Dacrydium Colensoi, D. cupressinum, D. Kirkii, Dammara
Australis, Danthonia Cunninghami, Dicksonia Billardieri, Ehrharta
Diplax, E. stipoides, Fagus cliffortioides, F. fusca, F. Menziesii, F.
Solandri, Festuca litoralis, Fuchsia excorticata, Heleocharis sphacelata,
Hierocliloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Kentia sapida, Knightia
excelsa, Libocedrus Doniana, Metrosideros florida, M. lucida, M. robusta,
M. tomentosa, Myoporum Igetum, Nageia dacrydioides, N. ferruginea,
N. spicata, N. Totara, Panicum atro-virens, Phormium tenax, Phyllo-
cladus trichomanoides, Pittosporum eugenioides, P. tenuifolium, Poa
csespitosa, P. foliosa, Ripogonum scandens, Scirpus nodosus, Sebaea
ovata, Stilbocarpa polaris, Tetragonia expansa, T. implexicoma, Triodia
exigua, Trisetum antarcticum.
POLYNESIA,
Acacia Koa, JEgiceras majus, Aleurites triloba, Andropogon
refractus, Araucaria Cookii, A. excelsa, A. Rulei, Aristolochia Indica,
Artocarpus communis, Bacnlaria Arfakiana, Batis maritima, Brous-
sonetia papyrifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, Colocasia autiquorum, C.
Indica, Cordyline Baueri, C. terminalis, Cyrtosperma edule, Dammara
macrophylla, D. Moorei, D. obtusa, D. ovata, D. Vitiensis, Dioscorea
aculeata, D. alata, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Eugenia
Jambolana, Exidia auricula Judae, Gossypium Taitense, G. tomentosum,
Heleocharis sphacelata, Ipomoea paniculata, Kentia Baueri, K. Beccarii,
Lagerstroemia Indica, Musa Troglodytarum, Ocimum gratissimum, Pip-
turus propinquus. Pringlea antiseorbutica, Ptychosperma Arfakiana,
Rubus Hawaiensis, Saccharum officinarum, Santalum Freycinetianum,
S. Yasi, Solanum Uporo, Spondias dulcis, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia
expansa, Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium penduliflorum.
452 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
I.
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN
IN ONE YEAR, BUT REQUIRING RENEWAL.
(Annuals, including a few Biennials.)
Allium Ampeloprasum, A. Ascalonicum, A. Cepa, A. fistulosum, A.
Porrum, A. sativum, A. Schoenoprasum, A. Scorodoprasum, Andropogon
saccharatus, A. Sorghum, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogsea, A vena
sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica alba, B. nigra, B. oleracea, Cannabis
sativa, Capsicum annuum, Carum Petroselinum, Cha3rophyllum
bulbosum, Cicer arietinura, Cichorium Endivia, Corchorus capsularis,
C. olitorius, Crotalaria juncea, Gucumis Citrullus, C. Melo, C. sativus,
Cucurbita Pepo, Daucus Carota, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. Batatas,
D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Dolichos Lablab, Ervum
Lens, Euchlsena luxurians, Fagopyrum emarginatum, F. esculen-
turn, F. Tataricum, F. triangulare, Glycine hispida, Helianthus
annuus, Hibiscus esculentus, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H.
hexastichon, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Iporncea Batatas, Lactuca sativa,
Linum usitatissimum, Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L.
varius, Medicago orbicularis, M. scutellata, Nicotiana Tabacum, Oryza
sativa, Panicum Crus Galli, P. frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. miliaceum,
P. sanguinale, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum typhoideum, Peuce-
dauum sativum, Phalaris Canariensis, Phaseolus derasus, P. lunatus, P.
Max, P. vulgaris, Physalis pubescens, Pisum sativum, Raphanus sativus,
Rumex vesicarius, Secale cereale, Sesamum Indicum, Sesbania cannabina,
Solanum Lycopersicum, S. tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Tragopogon
porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trifolium Alexandrinum, T. furcatum, T*
incarnatum, T. pratense, T. reflexum, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum,.
Triticum vulgare, Vicia Faba, V. sativa, Vigna Siuensis, Zea Mais.
II.
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN
IN THE FIRST OR SECOND SEASON, AND ALSO
FOR SOME YEARS AFTERWARDS.
(Perennials and some Shrubs.)
.^Eschynomene aspera, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, Aloe ferox, A. lin-
guiformis, A. Perryi, A. purpurascens, A. vera, A. vulgaris, Alopecuru&
pratensis, Ananas sativa, Andropogon Haleppensis, Aiithistiria
ciliata, Artemisia Dracunculus, Arundinaria spathiflora, Asparagus
in Extra-Tropical Countries. 453
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS — continued.
officinalis, Astrebla pectinata, A. triticoides, Atriplex halimoides, A.
nummularium, A. vesicarium, Bambusa aruiidinacea, B. Brandisii, B.
Balcooa, B. spinosa, B. vulgaris, Bcehmeria nivea, Bromus nnioloides,
Cajanus Indicus, Canavalia gladiata, Caima Achiras, C. coccinea, C.
edulis, C. glauca, Capparis spinosa, Capsicum frutescens, Cedronella
triphylla, Chenopodium auricomum, Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium, C.
coronopifolium, C. roseum, Cichorium lutybus, Cochlearia Armoracia,
Crambe cordifolia, C. maritima, C. Tataria, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus
esculentus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia penicil-
lata, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. strictus, Desmodium triflorum,
Elymus arenarius, Fagopyrum cymosum, Festuca elatior, F. ovina,
Fragaria Californica, F. Chiloensis, F. collina, F. grandiflora, F.
Illinoensis, F. pratensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana, Gigantochloa Apus,
G. atter, G. maxima, G. robusta, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium
arboreum, G. Barbadense, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum,
Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia, Hedysarum coronarium, Helianthus
tuberosus, Humulus Lupulus, Indigofera Anil, I. tinctoria, Jasminum
grandiflorum, J. odoratissimum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Kochia villosa,
Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. Stcechas, Lippia citriodora,
Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus arboreus, L. Douglasii,
Manihot Aipi, M. utilissima, Medicago sativa, Mentha piperita, Morus
alba, Musa Cavendishii, M. paradisiaca, M. simiarum, Nelumbo lutea,
N. nucifera, Ocimum gratissimum, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum
Majorana, Panicum decompositum, P. maximum, P. spectabile, Pap-
pophorum commune, Paspalum distichum, Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P.
ligularis, P. macrocarpa, P. quadrangularis, Pelargonium ca;>itatum,
P. odoratissimum, P. Radula, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum pratense,
Phormium tenax, Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. nigra, l>hysalis
Peruviana, Pimpiuella Sisarum, Po.a araninifera, P. Brownii, P. Forsteri,
P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Portulacaria Afra, Psamma arenaria,
Rheum australe, R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, Ribes
floridum, R. Griffithii, R. Grossularia, R. hirtellum, R. nigrum, R.
rubrum, Ricinus communis, Rosa centifolia, R. Damascena, R. moschata,
R. sempervirens, Rubia tinctorum, Rubus caesius, R. Canadensis, R.
deliciosus, R. ellipticus, R. fruticosus, R. geoides, R. Idasus, R. im-
perialis, R.lasiocarpus, R. nutans, R. occidentalis, R. phoenicolasius, R.
rugosus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. ursinns, R. villosus, Rumex
Acetosa, R. Patientia, R. scutatus, Salix purpurea, S. rubra, S.
triandra, S. viminalis, Scorzonera crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. Hispanica,
S. tuberosa, Sechium edule, Sesbania JEgyptiaca, Sesleria coerulea,
Solanum betaceum, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Symphytum pere-
grinum, Tinguarra Spicula, Trifolium . agrarium, T. alpestre, T.
fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum,
T. Pannonicum, T. repens, Vaccinium c&spitosum, V. Canadense, V.
corymbosum, V. erythrocarpum, V. humifusum, V. macrocarpon, V.
myrtilloides, V. Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, V. Oxycoccos, V.
Pennsylvanicum, V. vacillans, Zingiber officinale.
454 Select Plants for Industrial Culture
III.
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN
IN THE THIRD OR FOURTH SEASON AND FOR SOME
OR MANY YEARS AFTERWARDS.
(Shrubs and some small Trees.)
Aberia Caffra, Agave Americana, A. inaequidens, A. rigida, Alibertia
edulis, Aloe dichotoma, A. plicatilis, A. spicata, Astragalus adscendens,
A. brachycalyx, A. Cephalonicus, A. Creticus, A. gummifer, A. mi-
crocephalus, A. Parnassi, A. verus, Camellia Thea, Carica Candamar-
censis, C. Papaya, Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Coffea Arabica,
Erythroxylon Coca, Gaylussacia frondosa, G. resinosa, IlexParaguensis,
Laurus nobilis, Myrtus Ugni, Olea Europaea, Opiintia coccinellifera,
O. Hernandezii, O. Tuna, Photinia eriobotrya, Pilocarpus pinnatifolius,
Pistacia Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armenica, P.
Cerasus, P. domestica, P. Persica, Psidium Cattleyanum, P. Guayava,
P. polycarpon, Pyrus communis, P. Cydonia, P. Malus, Rhamnus
catharticus, Rhus coriaria, R. Cotinus, R. glabra, R. typhina, Vaccinium
Leschenaultii, V. leucanthum, V. meridionale, V. Mortinia, V. parvi-
foliuni, V. penduliflorum, Vitis sestivalis, V. eandicans, V. cinerea, V.
cordifolia, V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. Schimperiana, V.
vinifera, V. vulpina, Yucca aloifolia, Y. brevifolia, Y. filamentosa, Y.
gloriosa, Y. Yucatana, Zizyphus Jujuba.
IV.
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN
AFTER SEVERAL YEARS, AND OFTEN FOR MANY
SUBSEQUENT YEARS ALSO.
(Trees, mostly large.)
Acacia aneura, A. Arabica, A. Catechu, A. decurrens, A. Koa, A.
leiophylla, A. Melanoxylon, A. microbotrya, A. pycnantha, A. Verek,
Acer saccharinum, Achras Sapota, Albizzia Samau, Amelanchier
Botryapium, Anona Cherimolia, Argania Sideroxylon, Callitris
cupressiformis, C. quadrivalvis, C. verrucosa, Carya alba, C. amara,
C. glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C, tomentosa,
Casimiroa edulis, Castanea sativa, Cedrela australis, C. Sinensis, C.
Taona, Ceratonia Siliqua, Ceroxylon andicola, Cinchona Calisaya,
C. cordifolia, C. micrantha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra,
Copernicia cerifera, Corylus Avellana, C. Colurna, C. maxima, C.
Pontica, C. rostrata, Dammara australis, D. robusta, Dichopsis Gutta,
in Extra-Tropical Countries. . 455
IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS— continued.
Diospyros Ebenum, D. Kaki, D. Virginiana, Eucalyptus citriodora,
E. crebra, E. Globulus, E. gomphocephala, E. goniocalyx, E.
Leucoxylon, E. melliodora, E. rostrata, E. siderophloia, Ficus Carica,
F. elastica, Fraxinus Americana, F. excelsior, F. Ornus, F. quadran-
gulata, Gink go biloba, Guevina Avellana, Hovenia dulcis, Hymeuaea
Courbaril, Jubaea spectabilis, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra, J. regia,
Juniperus Bermudiana, J. Chinensis, J. drupacea, J. Virginiana,
Liquidambar Altingia, L. orientalis, L. styraciflua, Macadamia terni-
folia, Mangifera Indica, Morus nigra, M. rubra, Nephelium Litchi,
Persea gratissima, Phoenix dactylifera, Pinus Abies, P. amabilis, P.
australis. P. balsamea, P. Cedrus, P. cembroides, P. Coulteri, P.
Douglasii, P. edulis, P. excelsa, P. Fraseri, P. Gerardiana, P.
Haleppensis, P. Hartwegii, P. Knempferi, P. Lambertiana, P. Laricio,
P. Larix, P. longifolia, P. mitis, P. monticola, P. nigra, P. Picea, P.
Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. rigida, P. Sabiniana,
P. silvestris, P. Sitkensis, P. Strobus, P. Webbiana, Pistacia vera^
Populus alba, P. monilifera, P. nigra, Quercus JEgilops, Q. alba, Q.
Cerris, Q. chrysolepis, Q. coccinea, Q. Douglasii, Q: Garryana,
Q. Ilex, Q. incana, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. macrolepis, Q.
Phellos, Q. Robur, Q. serrata, Q. Skinneri, Q. Suber, Q. virens,
Sequoia sempervirens. S. Wellingtonia, Spondias dulcis, Swietenia
Mahagoni, Taxodium distichum, Thuya gigantea, rJ'ilia Americana,
T. Europaea, Ulmus carapestris, U. fulva, U. racemosa.
All these plants fit for extra-tropical countries, but many only for
particular climatic regions ; for information in respect to the latter,
the geographic index is to some extent indicative.
456
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
Abele 295
Aboh-fruit 393
Acacia, Locust 328
Acajou-wood .. 80
Adam's Needle 408
Adeira 68
Agallochum 35
Agath-Dammar 116
Aggur 35
Akamatsou 272
Akeki 374
Alder 24
Aleppo-grass ... 29
Alerce ... 161
Alexandra-Palm 306
Alfalfa 211
Algaroba 82, 182, 299
Algoborillo 63
Alisander 359
Alkanna 22,202
Alkanet 202
Almond-tree 300
Aloe, gigantic 18
,, ordinary 24
Aloe-wood 26
Aloja '.. 299
Alvarillo 407
Angelica 38
Angico-gum 287
Anise 266
Apple : 308
Apple-gumtree 147
Apple-haw 103
Apricot 300
Aracacha 243
Aracua 14
Arbor vike ... 307
Argan-tree 38
Arhar 64
Aroche 46
Arrowroot ...68, 209, 369
Artichoke Ill
,, Jerusalem 176
Aru-root 209
Ash 163
Asparagus ... ... 43
Aspen 297
Assafetida ... ... 155
Atocha 366
Aubergine 360
Avens 167
Avocado-pear 257
Baboot-bark 2
Babur 1
Badjong 8
Bajree 256
Balata 14, 218, 393
Balm-herb 215
Balmony 85
Balsam ... ... 50*
Bamboo reed 42
Bamboos 417
Bananas 222
Bandakai 178
Baneberry 14
Bangalay 132
Banyan- tree 158, 160
Barley ' 179
Barnyard-grass ... 245
Basil ' 233
Basswood-tree 376
Bastard Mahogany 132
Battari 30
Bay-berry 225
Bay-tree 389
Sweet
Beach -Plum
Bean, Broad
Field
French
Haricot
Horse
Kidney
Straight
Windsor
Beebalm-Tea
Beeches
Beet
Begoon
Bembil
Bent-grass
195
302
395
395
260
260
395
260
395
395
280
153
53
360
143
18, 304
Berberry 53
Bermuda-grass ... 112
Bhaib-grass 29
Bilberry 391
Birch 55
Birdsfoot Clover 241
Birdsfoot Trefoil 203
Bitternut-tree 74
Birthroot 382
Blackbutt-tree 142
Black Gumtree 233
Blackberry 333
Blackthorn 303
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
457
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Black wood -tree 7
Bloodroot 344
Blood wood- tree 134
Blue-grass 293
Blue Gumtree 135,146
Blueberry 390
Bluets ' 391
Bog-Bean ... ; 216
Bogum
Boighe
Boldo
Box-Elder ...
Boxtree, Bastard
common
yellow
red
shining
Turkey
161
... 125
... 258
... 11
... 136
137, 138
... 140
... 143
... 143
62
Bramble ' 333
Brasiletto-wood 256
Brazil-wood ... ... ... 63
Brea- turpentine 286
Breadfruit-tree 40
Bringal 360
Brocoli ... 60
Broom-bush- 114
Broom-corn ... ... 30
Broussa-tea 390
Brussels Sprouts ; ... 60
Bucco 52
Buckthorn 320
Buckeye 16
Buckwheat 162
Buffalo-berry 357
Buffalo-grass ... 61, 365, 382
Bullace 302
Bullrush 382
Bunch-grass ... 128, 156, 242
Bunya Bunya 36
Bur-Oak , 315
Burmah-wood
Burnet
Butter-tree
Butternut- tree
Button-Snakeroot ...
Button- wood
372
344
98
188
199
289
Cabbage 59
,, Kerguelen 298
Cactus 83, 239
Caffir-corn 31
Caffir-thorn 205
Cainito 232
Cajaput-tree 212
Calambac , 35
Calamus 28
Calla 326
Calool 366
Camata ;.. ... 310
Camatena 310
Cambuca 209'
Camelthorn 5
Camphor-tree ... ... ... 91
Canada-Rice 411
Canaigre 335
Canary-grass ' 259
Caiidlenut-tree ... 22
Canelo ... 125
Caoutchouc 393
Cape-Gooseberry 266
Caper-plant 70'
Caraguata 130
Caraway ... 72
Cardoon ... Ill
Carnauba-Palm 99
Carob-tree ... ... ... ... 82
Carrot 118
Carrot-tree 374
Cartagena-bark ... 88
Cashaw-tree 299
Cassava 208
Cassia-bark 92
Castor-oilplant 326
Cat ... 79
Catechu 2
Catjang 64
Catmint 230
Catstail-grass ... 261
Cattail 386
Cauliflower 60
Cavan ... 2
Caviuna-wood ... 115
Cayenne-Pepper . . .
Ceara-Eubber
Cedar, Bastard
Bermuda ...
Deodar
Japanese ...
Lebanon . . .
Northern White
Oregon
Pencil
Red
Red Oregon '
Redwood . . .
Singapore ...
White
Yellow
... 70-
... 208
... 355
... 190
... 271
... 106
... 270
... 110
... 108
190, 192
... 79
... 374
... 355
... 80
110, 197
109
Celandine 85
Celery 35
Celery-Pines 265
Chamomile 33
,, annual 210
Chanar 172
Chantarelle 69
Chayota 354
458
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued.
Chelem
PAGE.
18
Coffee-plant
PAGE.
96
Cherimoyer
•Cherry
... 33
... 301
Cohosh
,, Blue
88
197
Black
303
Coigue
153
„ Choke
•Cherry-Capsicum
... 304
70
Coihue
Colic -root
153
22
302
Colocynth . .
107
Cherry -Plum
Chervil
Chestnut-Oaks
... 301
34, 84, 226
311 316
Colorado Bottom-grass
Columbia-bark
Colza
250
88
60
•Chestnut-trees
... 76
368
Wild ... ,}.f^
Chick-Pea .
... 66
87
Copal, Mexican
,, West Indian
62
182
88
194
Chicot
Chillies
... 174
70
Coquito-Palm
188
366
9°
Cork-Oak
318
... 229
Corkwood-tree
357
Chiretta . . . ..
367
169
Chives
Chocho
Christ-Thorn
Christmas-Rose
Chufa
... 23
... 354
... 244
. . 177
112
Cotton-bush
Cotton wood-tree . . .
Couch-grass
Courbaril
Coy am ...
193
296
112
182
154
Chusan-Palm ... .'..
... 84
... 226
Crab- Apple
Crab-grass ...
308
... 249
Cider-Grumtree •«•
... 137
391
92
Cress...
52, 95, 197, 385
Ciruelillo
128
Para
... 364
94
Cuba-grass ...
29
Cloudberry
332
107
380
Cuii-pods ...
7
Bersin
Birdsfoot •••
... 379
241
Culver's Root
394
108
Bokhara
Brown
Buffalo
Cabul
... 214
... 381
... 381
... 214
380
Curly Palm
Currant
„ Black
„ Red
192
402
.'..' ... 305
306
28
Hop
... 379
380
Custard- Apple
Cutch
33
2
Japan
Mayad
Ordinary Red
White ...
Pale-yellow
Pennsyl vanian
Red Zigzag
... 198
... 381
... 381
... 381
... 380
... 381
380
Cypress, Bald
,, Common...
,, Montezuma
,, Swamp ...
Yellow ...
371
108
371
371
374
116
Soola
175
302
381
356
Yellow
379
Date -Palm
261
249
Date-Plum ..
.. 123
Coapinole
182
Deadly Nightshade
47
Coca
130
Deccan-grass
246
114
332
OQg
Dhak
62
245
Dill
258
Cocksmir-Thorn
104
Dita-bark
27
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued.
459
PAGE.
t ... 63
Flax-Lily New Zealand
PAGE.
9fjq
Doab - grass ...
112
Flooded Gumtree
14.fi
Dochna ... . .
30
Flowering Rush
fi'~>
Dogstail -grass
Dogwood
Doornboom
112
101, 288
6
Fluted Gumtree
Foehre
Foxglove ...
... 146
... 285
120
Doorva-grass
Doum-Palm
.• 112
183
Foxtail-grass
Fuji
... 26
406
Dragonblood-tree ...
Drooping Gumtree
Durra ' ...
Dwarf Fan-Palm ...
Dyer's Woad
Earth-Chestnut ...
Earth-Nut
125
142
30, 32
... 84
187
98
... 36
Fuller's Herb
Teazel
Furze ...
Galingale Rush
Gama-grass
Gambo-Hemp
Gamboge ... ... ..<
... 345
... 124
... 386
... 113
... 382
... 178
"... 165
Earth-Pea
434
Garlic . .
23
Ebony
Egg-plant ... ...
122, 124, 149, 206
360
Genipi
Gentian .
13, 40
i«7
344
Giant Gumtree
130
Elecampane
Elemi ... ..;
185
61
Gimlet- wood
Ginger .
... 146
411
Elms
Esparsette
179, 387
238
Ginger-grass
Gingerbread -Palm •
... 29
IQQ
366
Gingili
356
Espino
2
Ginkgo-tree • •
1 liS
39
Ginseng-root
Qfi
421
Golden Seal
Gooseberries
... 182
325
Feather-Palms
Fenkelwertel
Fennel
421
72
162
Gooseberry, Barbadoes ...
Cape
Gooseberry-Tomato
255, 266
.:. 266
266
Fernambuc-wood ...
... 63
Gorse '.'.'.
386
Fescue, Meadow ...
155
107
,, Sheep
Feverfew
Fichte
... 156
87
281
Gram
,, Green
Gramma-grass
87, 125
... 260
58
Figtree
157
254
Fi-Moro
375
Grape Fox
403
Fioriii-grass
Fir, Balm of Gilead
Balsam
Cilician
Double Balsam
Great Silver ...
Noble White
Cyamel
Red
18
... 269
... 269
..; ... 271
274
274
280
... 283
280
Frost
Isabella
Muscadine
Mustang
ordinary ...
Sand
Summer
Winter
Grape-Pear
... 398
... 399
... 403
... 398
... 401
... 401
... 397
... 398
27
Sapindus
280
Grape- Vine..;
401
Scotch ...
285
Green River-grass
250
Siberian Pitch
285
Grass-trees ...
... 407
Spanish
Umbrella
> Veitch's
,m Yellow
Firethorn
282
... 352
284
275
104
Grey Gumtree
Ground -Almond
Ground -Nut ..i
Ground-Ivy
Guabiroba ... ...
... 143
... 112
... 36
... 230
305
Flametree
58
39
Flax ..
, 200
21
460
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Guaparanga 209
Guarana 255
Guavas 227, 304
Ouinea-Corn 28, 32
Guinea-grass .. 247
Oumbo 178
Gunyang 362
£hittapercha-tree 119, 393
•GuttaTaban 119
Habhel
Hackberry-tree
Hack-me-tack
Hair-grass ...
Hamat Kochata
Haricot • ...
Hawthorn ...
Hazel
191
81
272
19
45
260
104
102, 174
Heliotrope 177
Hemlock 98
Hemlock-Spruce 270, 278
Hemp 69
Henbane ( ... 182
Henequen ... ... 18
Henna-bush 196
Henoki 81
Herd-grass 18
Hickory-trees 73
Hickory-Eucalypt 143
Hinoki 109
Hognut-tree 74
Holly 183
Holly-oak ' ... 314
Honey-Locust ... 168
Hoop-koop ... 198
Hop ... 181
Hop-Hornbeam 242
Horehound 209
Hornbeam ... 72
Horse-Chestnut ... 15
Horse-Gram "... 125
Horse-radish 95, 219
Kerguelen 298
Horseshoe-Vetch 178
Hottentot-Fig 216
Huahuoa ... 195
Huanuco-bark ... 89
Huckleberry 390
Huon-pine ... ... 114
Iceland-moss
Imekomatsou
Imphee
Indian Bread
Indian Corn
Indian Fig ...
Indian Hemp
Indigo
84
280
32
243
402
239
35
...51, 185, 294
Inoumaki 228
Ipecacuanha 81
Ironbark- Acacia 5
Ironbark-trees .... 140, 142, 146
Iroii-Gumtree 143
Ironwood ... ... 9, 71
Iva 13
Ivy ... 175
Jaborandi 266
Jacaranda-wood 115
Jack-tree 40
Jalap 186
Janatsi-itsigo ... 118
Jarilla 15
Jarosse 195
Jarrah 139
Jasmine 166, 187
Jujuba 412
Juneberry 27
Juniper 191
Jurbuta-Bamboo 41
Jute-plant ... 100
Kaawi-Yam 120
Kafta 79
Kahikatea ... ... 227
Kai-Apple ... 1
Kail or Kale 60,103
Kamala 207
Kamassi-wood ... . . 169
Kangaroo-grass
Kangaroo-thorn ...
Kaptur-Bamboo ...
Karaka
Karamatsou
Karra-Doorn
Kawi
Kashi
34
2
41
103
277
6
134
314
Kauri-Pine 116
Kau-sun 412
Kaya 378
Keaki 411
Kermes-Oak 312
Kentucky Blue-grass 293
Kidney- vetch ... 35
Kikar 1
Kohlrabi 60
Koho-Khur 181
Kolkas ... 97
Kooya-Maki 352
Kouromatsou ... 286
Kumquat 93
Kuskus 30
Ladanum-resin
Lahual
Lalong-grass
92
227
184
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
4G1
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Madder
Magnolia
Mahin
Mahogany - tree
,, Bastard
Red ...
,, Swamp...
,, West Australian
White ..,
PAGE.
Lamb's Lettuce . 394 j
Larch, American . 280 t
Black 280 |
Chinese 276
Common . 277
Himalayan... ... , 274
Japan . 277
Oregon 280
Laubich -grains ... ... . 396
Laurel, Mountain .389
Spice 200
Warriors 195
Lauristine • ... ... 395
Lavender , 196
Leather-jacket ... , ... ... 143
Leek 23
Lemon 94
Desert 45
Lemon-grass • 32
Leng 378
Lentil 129
Lettuce 194
Lever-wood 242
Lightwood ... 8
Lily of the Valley 99
Lima-Bean 260
Lime ... ... 94
Linden-tree 376
Ling 378
Lingo 306
Links 378
Liquorice ... 169
Litchi 230
Litmus ... 328
Litre 322
Lleuque ... 227
Loblolly-Bay 169
Loco-weed 44
Locust- Acacia 328
Locust-tree 168
Longan 230
Loongmur ... 71
Loquat 264
Lotus 229
Lotus-tree ... ... 81
Loxa-bark ... ... 89
Lucerne ... ... ... ... 211
Lupines 204
331
207
346
368
132
144
144
139
148
PAGE.
Mahwa 184
Maize 410
Mallamak 186
Mallee 141
Mammoth-tree 355
Mandrake 293
Mangaihas ... 174
Mango-tree 208
53
373
224
292
148
227
114
10
Mangold -root
Mangrove-tree
Manilla-hemp
Manna-grass
Manna-Gumtree
Manniu
Manoao
Maples
Marjoram ... ... ... ... 241
Marmalade- tree ... 14
Marmeladinha 22
Marrem 304
Marsh-Mallow 27
Mastic-tree 288
Matai 175,228
Mate 183
Matsou 286
May-Pops 254
Meadow-Fescue ... 155
,, Foxtail-grass
„ Oatgrass...
Meadow-grass
Meadow-Pea
Meadow-Saffron ...
Medick
Medlar
Melon
26
47
293
195
97
... 210
103, 309
... 106
Mesquite 299
Mesquite-grass 248
Messmate- tree ... 141
Metake 41
Mignonette 320
Millets 244,247,256
Millet, Indian 32
,, Sugar 30
Millet-grass 218
Millfoil 13
Mint-plants ... 215, 218, 230
Mint, Mountain ...
Miro
Mitchell-grass
Mockernut-tree
Molle
Monk's Hood
Moram
Morel
Moreton-Bay Ash ...
Moreton-Bay Fig ...
Morrell
Mortina
308
228
45
75
125
14
304
219
147
160
142
391
462
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Mosquito-grass
Moss, Black
, , Florida
, , Long
PAGE.
... 248
377
... 377
377
Palmetto Blue
,, Dwarf
Palm-Lilies
Palms
PAGE.
... 321
... 336
... 100
. 421
Mosscupped Oak ...
Mountain-Ash
Muermo . . ...
312
146, 308
149
Palmyra ...
Pampas-grass
Pampelmos . .
... 57
... 42
93
Mulberry-trees
Mulga-grass ...
219
231
1
Papa w- tree
Paper-Mulberry ...
Pappoose - root
... 71
... 61
197
Mullein . ...
394
Papyrus .
113
Mustard . '
59
Para-gras ...
113 248
Myall-trees... ...
1, 5, 6, 8
... 124
Myrobalams
373
Parsley
... 73
Myrrh
50
Parsnip
... 258
Myrtle
Nasturtium... ...
153, 226
385
Parsnip-Chervil
Passion-flower
Patchouli
... 84
... 254
294
60
Pea Common
288
Nectarine ... ...
303
Cow
396
213
Pea-nut
36
Ngaio
... 225
Pea-tree . .
70
Nika-Palm ...
193
Peach
303
Ningala Bamboo ...
40
... 252
Peach-Palm
Pear
... 49
... 308
Norfolk-Island Palm
Norfolk -Island Pine
192
37
Pear, Snow
Pearl-grass... ...
... 310
... 214
128
Pecan-nut tree
74
Nuble
14
Pelu
... 362
Nut-Pine, Nepal ...
274
Pencil-Cedar
Pennyroyal ... ...
190, 192
175 216
Oak -Chestnut
..; • 77
Pennsylvania-grass
Pepino ... ...
... 293
361
Oaks
310-319
... 233
Oat-grass
Oats ...
47, 48
48
Peppermint ...
Peppermint-tree ...
... 215
130, 141
Ochro
178
Persimmon ... ... ...
124
Ohelo
392
Perubark-trees
88
Olibanum-resin
58
Petsi
... 175
Olive
... 234
Pin-Oak
... 315
288
Pine, Aleppo
. ... 274
Onion
Ooyala-Yam
Orange ...
23
122
92
American Pitch
American White ...
Bastard
... 284
... 286
... 272
Orchard-grass
Orchil
Oregon Larch
Oregon Red Cedar
20
328
280
374
. 186
Bishop's
Black
Bootan
Brazilian
Broom
... 279
... 228
... 273
... 36
... 268
Orseille
... 328
Bull
... 273
Osage-Orange
Osiers . . .
206
... 338
Canary
Celery
... 270
. 265
Oswego-Tea
Overcup-Oak
Oyster-Mushroom
218
... 315
18
Cheer
Cluster
Corsican
Dye
... 277
... 281
... 276
287
Pa-Koo
... 168
Emodi ... ...
... 277
Palixander ...
115, 187
Foxtail ... ...
... 269
in Extra-Tro2ncal Countries.
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
403
Pine, Frankincense
,, Georgia
Giant
PAGE.
... 286
... 268
... 276
Pomegranate
Pompelmos
Pompion
PAGE.
307
93
107
„ Ginger
Golden
... 108
... 276
Poplars
Poppv
295
250
Grev
... 275
Potato
361
,, Hickory
„ Huon
Jersey
... 269
... 114
... 275
Prairie-grass
Prairie-turnip
60, 363
336
41
»» ",7 V
t, Kaurl
,, King
„ Loblolly ...
, Lofty
... 116
... 287
... 286
... 273
Prickly Pear
Pride of India
Privet
240
213
200
302
,, Long-leaved Yellow
Mahogany ...
... 268
... 229
Puccoon
. 182
369
,, Mexican Swamp
... 271
Pulas
62
Moreton-Bay
36
Pulque . . .
18
Norfolk-Island
... 37
Pumpkin
... 107
Nut 274,
278, 284
Putchuk
39
, Okote
... 286
407
, Oregon
, Pitch
Pond
... 272
282, 284
... 284
Pythagorean Bean
Quamash
229
352
) Red
, Scotch
, Screw
' , Shake
, Short-leaved . . .
114, 284
... 285
... 244
... 276
... 278
Quandong
Quannot-tree ... '
Quebracho ...
Queen of the Meadows
345
6
43, 204
151
14
Slash
... 272
Quick ... ...
104
, Southern
... 268
309
, Stone
Sugar
... 282
... 276
Radish
319
, Swamp ...
... 272
21
Torch
... 286
230
, Trucker
... 282
56
, Weymouth ...
... 286
230
White ... 273,
284, 286
243
New Zealand
... 227
Ran til-oil ... ...
174
Yellow ... 272,
278, 282
60
, Pitch ..,
268, 282
Raspberries ...
. 333
Zirbel ... ' ...
... 271
Rata
198
Pine- Apple ... ...
28
Ratanhia-root
193
... Ill
Rattlesnake-grass ...
. 291
... 363
Raiili
154
Pino-nut ,
Piquillin-bush ... »•«
... 273
98
Red Brazil-wood ...
Red Cedar
63
79
... 223
Red Gumtree
132, 144, 147
Pistacia-nut
Pita-fibre
... 288
18
Red Mahogany
Red Pine ...
144
114
Pitaya-bark
Piturv
... 88
... 125
Red Sandal wood ...
Redtop-srrass ..
306
19 156
... 289
Redwood-Cedar . . .
... 355
,, spurious
12
386
Plantain ...
... 223
Reul4
154
Plantain-herb
Plum- Juniper
... 289
... 191
RewaRewa
Rheea
193
56
Plums
300
Rhubarb
321
Pocoon
182
Rib-herb
, 289
2 K
464
Select Plants for Industrial Culture
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Rice
,, Canada
Bicepaper-plant
Rimu
Ringal
Robte
Romerillo-dye
Rose- Apple
Roses ' ...
PAGE.
341
411
155
114
40
154
177
150
328
Rosemary 330
Rosewood 99
Rowan-tree 308
Rubber-trees 159, 393
Rue 336
Rye ..- 353
Rye-grass 202
Sabadilla 352
Sacci 18
Safflower 72
Saffron 125
Sage, Black 379
„ Garden 344
Sainfoin 238
Sakura 303
Salad-Burnet 344
Sallow 340
Salmonbarked Gumtree 145
Salsify 378
Saltbush 45, 46, 152, 193
Sal-tree 357
Sambul 155
Samphire 104
Sandal-trees 306, 345
Sandarac-tree 66
Sandstay 198
Sapodilla-Plum 13
Sarsaparilla ... ... ... 358
Sassafras-tree 346
Satinwood ... 86
Savara 109
Savory 346
Scammonia ... 99
Scarlet Runner 260
Schamum ... ' 364
Scorzonera ... ... 353
Native 217
Scotino 323
Screw-Bean ... 299
Screw-Pine 244
Sea-Kail 103
Sea Lyme-grass ... ... ... 128
Senna 75
Seratella 241
Serradella 241
Shadbush 27
Shaddock 93
Shallot ... 23
Shamalo 247
Sheep-Fescue ... 156
She-Oaks 78
Silt-grass 253
Silver-Fir 267
,, Calif ornian 268
,, Cilician 271
„ Great ... 274
,, Great White 271
Silver tree 198
Silvery Tree- Fern 120
Simbi-Bean 259
Singhara-Nut 378
Siris- Acacia ... 21
Sisal-Hemp 18
Sissoo-tree ... ... 115
Sloe 303
Snake-root 39, 88, 199, 294
Soapwort 345
Soffar 9
Soft-grass 179
Soja 168
Solah 15
Soola-Clover ... 175
Soom-tree 206
Sorrel, French ... 335
,, Kitchen 335
„ Wood 243
Soulchir 18
Sour Gumtree 233
Sour Plum 243
Soursop ... ... 33
SouthernWood 39
Spadic 130
Spearwood 135
Speik 393
Spekboom ... 298
Spikenard 229
Spinage 364
„ New Zealand 373
Spotted Gumtree 136,139
Spruce, Black 279
„ Blue 285
„ Hemlock 270, 278
,, Kutro 285
,, Morindo ... 285
,, Norway 281
„ Red 284
,, Sapindus 280
„ Tideland 285
,, White ... 267
Squash 107
Squill ... 389
Squirting Cucumber ... ... 126
Star-Anise 184
Storax 201
Strawberries 162
Strawberry-Tomato 265
in Extra-Tropical Countries.
465
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued.
Tham- Bamboo
Thimbleberry
Thyme
Tideland-Spruce
Timothy-grass
Tivoli-Yam
Tobacco
Tomato
Tooart
Tornillo
Tragacanth
Tree-Mallow
Trefoil
Truffles
Stringy bark-trees ...
133-143
Styrax-tree
Suak-Gum
367
9
Sugar- Cane
Sugar-Gumtree
337
134
Sugi
106
Sulphur root
, 258
Sumach
323
,, Staghorn...
324
Sunflower
175
Sunflower-Artichoke
176
Sunn-Hemp
105
Sunt
2
Swamp-Gumtree ...
130, 137
,, Mahogany
Sweet Bay ...
144
195
Cane
28
Chervil
226
Fernbush ...
98
Flag
..; ... 14
Gale
225
Gumtree
201
Potato
185
Sweetsop
33, 151
Switch-grass
Sword- Sedge
250
197
Sycamore-Figtree
160
Maple ...
12
Tacamahac
... 295
Tagasaste
114
Talha-Gumtree ...
9
Tallow-tree
153
Tallow- wood
140
Tamarack
280
272
Tamarind ...
269
Tambico- fibre
408
Tanekaha
265
Tangleberry
166
Tanne
267
Tansy
370
208
Tare
395
,, Lentil
396
Taro
97
Tarragon
39
Tata
150
Tea-shrub
67
,, Mexican
85
,, Paraguay
183
Tea of Heaven
182
Teak
372
Teazel
124
Teff
290
Teon-itsigo
118
Teosinte"
148
Terra Japonica
2
PAGE.
41
334
376
285
261
122
231
360
136
299
44
196
203
243, 373, 385
Tsougn6 62
Tuberose 294
Tuggur 35
Tule ... 338
Tulip-tree 201
Tulip-wood 175
Tupelos ... 233
Turkey-Oak 312
Turnips 60
Turnsole 105
Turpentine-tree 288, 369
Tusca 8
Tussock-grass ... 292
Ulmo ... 149
Umbrella-Fir 352
Umbrella-Palm 192
Uvalho do campo 150
Uvi-Yam ... 121
Valonia ... 310
Varnish-tree 213
Vegetable Marrow '107
Velvet-grass 179
Verbena 201
Vernal-grass '34
Vetches 395, 396
Vines 397
Vine-Maple... 10
Violet ... 397
Vitivert 30
Vouvan 195
Waahoo 151
Walnut-trees ... 129, 189, 306
Wandoo 144
Wapatoo 338
Water-Beech 71
Water-Chinquepin 229
Water-Cress 95
Water-Lily 232
Water-Melon 106
Water-Nut 378
Water- Whoflgrass 290
466
Select Plants for Industrial Culture.
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued.
Wattle, Black
,, Golden
,, Silver
3
8
3
Wood-Sorrel
Woodruff
Woollybutt
243
43
138
Wax- Myrtle
Wax-Palm
225
83
Wormseed ...
85
39
Wax-tree ...
324
Wungee
106
Weld
319
Wheat
Whin
383
386
120
White Gumtree
... 137, 142, 144, 148
Yate-tree
13
133
White Thorn
Whorlgrass...
103
290
Yellow-wood
Yew
161, 206
82 371
W hortleberry
391
41
Willow-Oak
Willow-Myrtle
Willows ...
Windmill-grass
Winter-Cherry
316
18
338-343
86
265
York Gumtree
Yorkshire Fog-grass
Zapote
138
179
75
Woad
,.. 187
Zeloak
186
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